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1. Synthesis and Characterization
of
Multi-ferroics
a research proposal

2. Multi-Ferroic Materials
Multi ferroic materials are those that combine two or
three ferroic properties such as
 Ferroelectricity
 Ferromagnetism
 ferroelasticity

3. Magneto- Electric Multiferroic
materials
• Simultaneously exhibit both ferroelectric and ferromagnetic
properties along magnetoelectric coupling
• Electric polarization/magnetization in these material can be
induced on application of magnetic/electric field
• Such materials exhibit more than one functionality that could
lead to entirely new device concept like electric field
controlled magnetic data storage. With this type of random
access memory (RAM), data could be read magnetically and
written electrically which would be faster and less power
consuming

4. What`s a ferroelectric crystal ?
• Ferroelectrics are a class of materials exhibiting spontaneous
polarisation below the ferroelectric curie temperature (TC),
and the polarisation direction can be modified by applied
electric field.
• Ferroelectric materials— barium titanate (batio3) and rochelle
salt
• Ferroelectricity in such crystals appears above a certain
temperature (transition temperature) and disappears above a
specific temperature (curie temperature).

5. FERROMAGNETISM
• Physical phenomenon in which certain electrically uncharged
materials strongly attract others.
• Ferromagnetic materials are magnetized easily, and in strong
magnetic fields the magnetization approaches a definite limit
called saturation.

6. SOME PREPARATION METHODS FOR
FERROELECTRICS
 Solid state reactions
 Thermal decomposition
 Thin films by Sol – gel process
 Patterned microstructures by sol electrodeposition
 Pulsed laser deposition
 Polymer composite films
 Hydrothermal epitaxial thin films formed on epitaxial

7.  The solid-state reaction route involves chemical
decomposition reactions, in which a mixture of solid reactants
is heated to produce a new solid composition and gases. This
method is commonly used for the production of complex
oxides from simple oxides, carbonates, nitrates, hydroxides,
oxalates, alkoxides, and other metal salts.
The sol–gel process is a wet chemical technique also known as
chemical solution deposition, and involves several steps, in the
following chronological order: hydrolysis and
polycondensation, gelation, aging, drying, densification, and
crystallization.

8. •X-Ray diffraction analysis (XRD) is a nondestructive technique
that provides detailed information about the crystallographic
structure, chemical composition, and physical properties of a
material
The intensity of the diffracted rays scattered at different angles of
material are plotted to display a diffraction pattern.

9. • In SEM, a fine beam of electrons scan across the prepared
sample in a series of parallel tracks. The electrons interact with
the sample, and produce different signals which can be detected
and displayed on the screen of a cathode ray tube

10. •Multiferroic materials are a huge source of technological
applications because they can simultaneously display tunable
mechanical, magnetic, electric/dielectric, thermal and optical
properties.