This document defines and compares key concepts in reading and writing skills. It defines text as a piece of written or spoken language, while discourse is defined as a longer stretch of language, such as a conversation or story. Sentences are groups of words that express a complete thought, and can follow subject-verb or subject-verb-object patterns. Coherence refers to how ideas in a text are logically connected and arranged to aid comprehension.

1. READING AND WRITING
SKILLS

2. Text is derived from the Latin word
texere, which means to weave,
while discourse comes from
The Latin word discursus, which
denotes conversation speech.

3. Merriam-Webster defines text as a piece
of writing or speech or the main body of
a printed or written matter on a page,
while a discourse is defined as the use of
words to exchange thoughts and ideas. It
is also defined as a long talk or piece of
writing about a subject.

4. Crystal(1992) defines text as a piece of naturally
occurring spoken, written, or signed discourse
identified for purpose of analysis. It is often a
language unit with a definable communicable
function, such as a conversation, a poster. He
defines discourse as a continuous stretch of
(especially spoken) language larger than a
sentence, often constituting a coherent unit
such as a sermon, argument, joke or narrative.

5. Cook91989) defines text as a
stretch of language interpreted
formally, without context. He
defines discourse as a stretch of
language perceived to be
meaningful, unified, and purposive.

6. Connected discourse or connected speech
in linguistics is a continuous sequence of
sounds forming utterances or conversations
in spoken language(Wikipedia). A piece of
discourse consists of more than one
sentence coherently combined-meaning
logical and well-organized, easy to
understand and work closely and well
together.

7. Sentence is a word or group of words that
expresses a complete thought or ideas.
S-LV-C PATTERN
Celia is beautiful.
CELIA – subject is – Linking verb beautiful – Complement
forms of the verb be adjective,noun,pronoun
such as; is, are, was,
were,been,are being,
has been,are being,
might have been

8. 1. They are the poets who started this style.
2. It was he who made the cake.
3. The suitor seems hopeful.
4. I am magnificent.
S-IV PATTERN
1. The criminals escape.
2. The prince sits near the princess.
3. Franco performs with so much grace and passion.
Intransitive verb is a verb that states a doable activity. It does not need an object that will receive
the action or to complete its meaning.

9. S-TV- DO PATTERN
1. John writes poems.
John writes what? Poems
2. The blind man questions God.
The blind man questions who? God
Transitive verb is a verb that has an object to receive the action.
Direct object is the receiver of the action or the object being acted upon.
It can be a noun, a pronoun, a phrase, or a clause.
It answers the question what or who.

10. S-TV-IO-DO PATTERN
1. John writes Martha a poem.
2. The blind man asks God a question.
Indirect object can be a noun, pronoun, or a
phrase. It answers the question to whom or for
whom something is done.
Direct object is the receiver of the action or the
object being acted upon. It can be a noun, a
pronoun, a phrase, or a clause. It answers the
question what or who.

11. S-TV-DO-OC PATTERN
1. The strict coaching made Matt
anxious.
2. The blind man called the man God.
Objective complement renames the
direct object or tells what it has
become. It can be a noun or an
adjective.

12. Coherence is the unifying element in a text and
discourse. It is about how ideas in a sentence are
arranged and are connected so that the
information or points are properly understood.
Likewise, it is about how smooth the ideas are,
and how easily are readers able to follow from
one thought to another. The absence of
coherence in a discourse forces the reader(in a
piece of writing) to stop and read back or the
listener(in a conversation) to stop and clarify.

13. For example:
Please speak softly so that John may
hear you.
Study the sentences below:
Please speak softly or John may hear
you.
Please speak softly so that Joh may not
hear you.