The synoptophore is an instrument used in orthoptics to test binocular vision. It works using the haploscopic principle to present separate images to each eye. Various models include additional features like afterimage generation, automatic flashing, and measurement of vertical and torsional deviations. A variety of slide types can be used for testing simultaneous perception, fusion, stereopsis, and abnormal retinal correspondence. The synoptophore allows orthoptists to both diagnose binocular vision issues and provide treatment through vision therapy exercises.
The "Exploring the Versatility of Slit Lamp Examination: A Comprehensive Guide" PowerPoint presentation is designed to provide a thorough understanding of slit lamp examination in ophthalmology. This educational resource aims to equip healthcare professionals, ophthalmologists, optometrists, and medical students with the knowledge and skills necessary to perform accurate and detailed assessments using the slit lamp.
The presentation begins with an introduction to the slit lamp, highlighting its essential components and its significance in ophthalmic practice. Participants will gain a clear understanding of the microscope and illumination system integrated into the slit lamp, enabling them to appreciate the versatility and wide range of applications this instrument offers.
The indications for slit lamp examination will be discussed in detail, emphasizing its role in diagnosing and monitoring various ocular conditions, as well as its utility in preoperative assessments for cataract surgery and other procedures. Participants will also learn about the step-by-step technique of performing a slit lamp examination, including proper patient positioning and adjustments, and the effective use of chin rests, forehead rests, and oculars for optimal visualization.
An in-depth exploration of various illumination techniques used during slit lamp examination will be presented, such as direct illumination, diffuse illumination, retroillumination, and specular reflection. Participants will gain proficiency in applying these techniques to evaluate the anterior segment of the eye, including the conjunctiva, cornea, iris, and lens. They will also learn how to identify and assess abnormalities through the examination of the posterior segment, including the vitreous, retina, and optic nerve.
The presentation will highlight the integration of additional diagnostic tools with slit lamp examination, such as fluorescein staining for corneal integrity assessment, gonioscopy for angle structure evaluation, and anterior segment photography for documentation purposes. Real-life case examples and clinical photographs will be utilized to illustrate common findings observed during slit lamp examination, helping participants enhance their diagnostic skills and understand the significance of each finding.
The limitations and challenges associated with slit lamp examination will also be discussed, including factors that may affect image quality and interpretation. Strategies for managing patient discomfort and maximizing cooperation will be addressed.
In conclusion, this comprehensive guide on slit lamp examination will empower healthcare professionals with the necessary knowledge and techniques to perform accurate assessments and diagnose a wide range of ocular conditions. Attendees will leave with a deep understanding of the slit lamp's versatility and its invaluable role in comprehensive eye care.
The present is on Instrumentation of various microscopes such as compound microscope, stereo microscope, polarized microscope, comparison microscope, fluorescent microscope, dark field microscope, electron microscope and it also discusses about the forensic applications of each microscope briefly.
The "Exploring the Versatility of Slit Lamp Examination: A Comprehensive Guide" PowerPoint presentation is designed to provide a thorough understanding of slit lamp examination in ophthalmology. This educational resource aims to equip healthcare professionals, ophthalmologists, optometrists, and medical students with the knowledge and skills necessary to perform accurate and detailed assessments using the slit lamp.
The presentation begins with an introduction to the slit lamp, highlighting its essential components and its significance in ophthalmic practice. Participants will gain a clear understanding of the microscope and illumination system integrated into the slit lamp, enabling them to appreciate the versatility and wide range of applications this instrument offers.
The indications for slit lamp examination will be discussed in detail, emphasizing its role in diagnosing and monitoring various ocular conditions, as well as its utility in preoperative assessments for cataract surgery and other procedures. Participants will also learn about the step-by-step technique of performing a slit lamp examination, including proper patient positioning and adjustments, and the effective use of chin rests, forehead rests, and oculars for optimal visualization.
An in-depth exploration of various illumination techniques used during slit lamp examination will be presented, such as direct illumination, diffuse illumination, retroillumination, and specular reflection. Participants will gain proficiency in applying these techniques to evaluate the anterior segment of the eye, including the conjunctiva, cornea, iris, and lens. They will also learn how to identify and assess abnormalities through the examination of the posterior segment, including the vitreous, retina, and optic nerve.
The presentation will highlight the integration of additional diagnostic tools with slit lamp examination, such as fluorescein staining for corneal integrity assessment, gonioscopy for angle structure evaluation, and anterior segment photography for documentation purposes. Real-life case examples and clinical photographs will be utilized to illustrate common findings observed during slit lamp examination, helping participants enhance their diagnostic skills and understand the significance of each finding.
The limitations and challenges associated with slit lamp examination will also be discussed, including factors that may affect image quality and interpretation. Strategies for managing patient discomfort and maximizing cooperation will be addressed.
In conclusion, this comprehensive guide on slit lamp examination will empower healthcare professionals with the necessary knowledge and techniques to perform accurate assessments and diagnose a wide range of ocular conditions. Attendees will leave with a deep understanding of the slit lamp's versatility and its invaluable role in comprehensive eye care.
The present is on Instrumentation of various microscopes such as compound microscope, stereo microscope, polarized microscope, comparison microscope, fluorescent microscope, dark field microscope, electron microscope and it also discusses about the forensic applications of each microscope briefly.
SYNAPTOPHORE
Also known as major amblyoscope
It is haploscopic device based on mechanical dissociation of the two eyes , by the means of two optical tubes
Strength of the lenses with eyepiece +6.50D
OPTICS OF SYNAPTOPHORE
Consist of :
Light source
Slide of focal length of lens
Plane mirror
+6.50D eyepiece
SLIDES
Range of slides
Size of picture on the slides subtends , visual angles of different degrees at nodal point .
Simultaneous macular perception (SMPp slides
Fusion slides
Stereopsis slides
After image slides
Haidinger brushes
SLIT LAMP AND ITS DIFFERENT ILLUMINATION TECHNIQUES.pptxAbhishek Kashyap
This presentation explains in detail about different illumination techniques and filters used in slit lamp examination and the procedure to perform slit lamp examination.
This presentation explain about retinoscope, the instrument, its history, its types, the procedure and different cases also the advantages and disadvantages of the instrument and the working lens
Slit lamp biomicroscopy and illumination techniquesLoknath Goswami
It is a presentation on slitlamp for beginner, shown the parts and different illumination techniques both for eye and contact lens and it have short history
SYNAPTOPHORE
Also known as major amblyoscope
It is haploscopic device based on mechanical dissociation of the two eyes , by the means of two optical tubes
Strength of the lenses with eyepiece +6.50D
OPTICS OF SYNAPTOPHORE
Consist of :
Light source
Slide of focal length of lens
Plane mirror
+6.50D eyepiece
SLIDES
Range of slides
Size of picture on the slides subtends , visual angles of different degrees at nodal point .
Simultaneous macular perception (SMPp slides
Fusion slides
Stereopsis slides
After image slides
Haidinger brushes
SLIT LAMP AND ITS DIFFERENT ILLUMINATION TECHNIQUES.pptxAbhishek Kashyap
This presentation explains in detail about different illumination techniques and filters used in slit lamp examination and the procedure to perform slit lamp examination.
This presentation explain about retinoscope, the instrument, its history, its types, the procedure and different cases also the advantages and disadvantages of the instrument and the working lens
Slit lamp biomicroscopy and illumination techniquesLoknath Goswami
It is a presentation on slitlamp for beginner, shown the parts and different illumination techniques both for eye and contact lens and it have short history
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Explore our infographic on 'Essential Metrics for Palliative Care Management' which highlights key performance indicators crucial for enhancing the quality and efficiency of palliative care services.
This visual guide breaks down important metrics across four categories: Patient-Centered Metrics, Care Efficiency Metrics, Quality of Life Metrics, and Staff Metrics. Each section is designed to help healthcare professionals monitor and improve care delivery for patients facing serious illnesses. Understand how to implement these metrics in your palliative care practices for better outcomes and higher satisfaction levels.
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance.pdfNEHA GUPTA
The "ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance" PDF provides a comprehensive overview of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines related to pharmacovigilance. These guidelines aim to ensure that drugs are safe and effective for patients by monitoring and assessing adverse effects, ensuring proper reporting systems, and improving risk management practices. The document is essential for professionals in the pharmaceutical industry, regulatory authorities, and healthcare providers, offering detailed procedures and standards for pharmacovigilance activities to enhance drug safety and protect public health.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
2. Presentation layout
• History
• Introduction
• Principle
• Models
• Parts and slides
• Uses
• Advantages and disadvantages
• Revision
3. History
In 20th century, Claud Worth designed
the Worth-Black amblyoscope which was
later modified by H. M. Black
Claud Worth
4. History
1914- Ettles made a stand amblyoscope,
the Synoptophore, to overcome the
clumsiness of the Worth instrument.
5. History
1930- Green patented his own Synoptophore ,
introducing a set of slides. It has been the basis of
numerous sets of Synoptophore slides that followed
Moorfields synoptophore
Clement Clarke’s major synoptophore
6. INTRODUCTION
• An instrument for diagnosing imbalance of
eye muscles and treating them by orthoptic
methods
• An instrument used in orthoptic to present to
the subject images at different angles of
convergence or divergence so that the
fusional ability can be tested
Syn Opto phore
Both Eye Range
7. Principle
• Haploscopic principle
• Synoptophores are designed on the principle
of division of “physical space” into two
separate areas of “visual space” each of which
is visible to one eye only.
8. Principle
• The object and its image are “conjugate”,
being join by the optical system so that if test-
object pictures are placed in a choosen
position relative to each other it follows that
the image will be directed into similar relative
positions
• By altering the position of the test objects in
an instrument that their image can be made
to stimulate selected retinal areas as required
9. Optics
• A ray of light from the picture at P strikes the mirror
at O, is reflected in the direction of OD and appears
to come from a point X, at a distance behind the
mirror equal to OP
10. Optics
• The eye piece contains a convex lens D whose
focal distance is DX = (DO + OP)
• The image of the test object slide is therefore
situated at the principle focus of the lens
• Rays of light emanating from the principle
focus will, after refraction by the lens D in the
eye-piece, emerge as parallel rays; this means
that an eye when viewing the image is relaxed
or focused for distance, no accommodation
being required
11. The Major Synoptophore Model 2051
• In addition to measuring
deviation and
management of binocular
vision function, there are
provisions for afterimages,
automatic flashing and
haidinger’s brushes
• 2051 is the most
comprehensive one with
all the above mentioned
additions
13. Model 2052
• This synoptophore resembles model 2051,
with the exception that the haidinger’s Brush
device is not included
• The automatic flashing unit is precisely the
same but instead of being attached to the
base of the instrument it is housed in a well in
the table
• The after-image device is the same as that in
model 2051
15. Model 2053
• This is the basic model synoptophore
• It has all the features of Models 2051 and
2052 except the Haidinger’s brush, after-
image and automatic flashing devices
16.
17. Model 2051
• The base of the instrument contains the
electrical components and controls needed for
operation, including the transformer for
reducing the mains current to the required
low level
• A voltage selector enables the synoptophore
to be used on any A.C. current
18. Model 2051
• Rising from the base
are two columns each
of which supports an
optical tube
19. Model 2051
• The two optical tubes each contain
– A low intensity light source
for the illumination of slides
– A high intensity light source
for creating after-images and
Haidinger’s brushes
– A slide carrier, with a plastics
diffusing screen
– An iris diaphragm for
reducing the field of vision
when Haidinger’s brushes are
used
– A reflecting mirror and an
eyepiece lens of +6.50 D sph
20. Model 2051
• The slide carrier is situated at the focal point
of the eyepiece lens, thus parallel rays of light
emerge which should ensure relaxation of the
patient’s accommodation
• Accommodation can be induced by the
introduction of minus lenses, placed in the
lens holders which are situated in front of the
eyepiece lenses
21. Model 2051
• The optical tubes can be
adjusted by means of
controls so that the
distance between the
centres of the eye-piece
lenses and the patient’s
IPD are the same
22. Model 2051
• The horizontal angle
between the optical
tubes can be
increased or
decreased by moving
the handles which are
sloped downwards so
that even the smallest
child is able to grip
them comfortably
23. Model 2051
• The tube-lock
together with the
central lock allow
vergence exercises to
be given, so that each
eye slowly converges,
or diverges, to an
equal extent
24. Model 2051
• The angles through
which the tubes are
moved are recorded
in degrees on the
outer edge and in
prism diopters on the
inner edge of the
scales
25. Model 2051
• The slide carriers can
be moved upwards
or downwards to the
extent of 10 pd by
the controls, and
vertical deviations
and vergences are
recorded on scales.
26. Model 2051
• If it is necessary to
measure a vertical
deviation greater
than 10pd the
elevation and
depression controls
may be used to
augment the
movement
27. Model 2051
• Torsional deviation is
measured and corrected
by operating one or
other the controls, the
effect of which is to
rotate the slide carrier
around the optical axis
of the tube
• Rotation of 20 degrees
on either side of zero is
obtainable and is
recorded on the scales
28. Model 2051
• On the base of the instrument there are two
rheostats
• These enable the illumination of each slide to
be varied
29. Model 2051
• When examining patients shortly after
operation it may be desirable to reduce the
luminousity of one or both lamps on account
of photophobia; and when examining or
treating amblyopes it may be advisable to
increase the illumination in front of the
amblyopic eye and reduce it infront of the
other eye
30. Model 2051
• The two buttons are microswitches each of
which when depressed, extinguishes the lamp,
illuminating the ipsilateral slide. This device
avoids the necessity of covering one eye in
order to detect ocular movement when
measuring the angle of deviation objectively
31. Model 2051
• A rotary switch on the base operates each of
after-image lamps in turn and the slide
illumination lamps are automatically
extinguished whilst the test is carried out
32. Model 2051
• In order to maintain the after-image for a
period of time and to use them in treatment of
abnormal retinal correspondence it is necessary
to provide the patient with an alternate light
and dark background
• One or both of the tubes can be intermittently
illuminated
• If both tubes are intermittently illuminated the
period of illumination may be simultaneous or
alternating
33. Model 2051
• A variety of speeds and different lengths of
light and dark phase can be produced by
manipulating the various controls on the
flashing unit
• Thus variations can be made are:
34. Model 2051
1. Simultaneous flashing: both lamps flashing for
the same sequence of light and dark, the periods
of light and dark being variable
2. Alternate flashing: in which the period of light in
one slide carrier coincides with a period of dark in
the other, and vice versa
3. One lamp flashing according to the light and dark
setting, whilst the other lamp is extinguished
4. One lamp flashing variably according to dial
setting whilst the other remain illuminated
continuously
36. SLIDES
• SIMULTANEOUS PERCEPTION SLIDES –
• These are two dissimilar slides of two
different pictures which can be overlapped
• Each slide is presented separately to each eye
• Each slide size has been calculated to subtend
a different angle at the nodal point of the eye
• These are graded into 3 groups by their size
1) Foveal
2) Macular
3) Paramacular
37. 1) Foveal-
• These slides have small sized pictures
• They do not exceed the size of the fovea
• Foveal slide- 1°
2) Macular-
• They have pictures slightly larger than the foveal slides
• Macular slide 1-3°
3) Paramacular-
• They have the largest pictures that extends into
paramacular areas
• Paramacular slide 1-5°
38. Some of the simultaneous perception
slides are:
39. Some of the simultaneous perception
slides are:
40. Some of the simultaneous perception
slides are:
41. Some of the simultaneous perception
slides are:
42. FUSION SLIDES
• Consists of two dissimilar pictures each of
which is incomplete in each details. For ex-
two rabbits each lacking a tail or a bunch of
flowers
• If there is presence of fusion in a patient then
he will see the complete image of the rabbit
holding a bunch of flowers
• In the presence of suppression either tail or
bunch of flowers will be missing
47. STEREOPSIS SLIDES
• Consisting of two pairs of same objects
hypothetically taken from slightly different
angles to indicate depth perception
• These slides are inserted into the slide holders
with the controls of each slide positioned
towards or away from the subject.
• The patient is then required to describe the
apparent effect
48. Some of the slides used for stereopsis
testing are:
49. Some of the slides used for stereopsis
testing are:
50. Some of the slides used for stereopsis
testing are:
51. Some of the slides used for stereopsis
testing are:
52. SPECIAL PURPOSE SLIDES
• These special purpose slides are used to
assess Abnormal Retinal
Correspondance(ARC).
• Using the illumination settings on
Synoptophore, horizontal and vertical
alignment can be achieved in the presence of
steady foveal fixation
• These are graded into 3 groups
53. AFTER IMAGE SLIDE
• Horizontal streak and one vertical streak, each
with central red fixation mark
55. HAIDINGER BRUSHES
• Haidinger brushes are an entoptic
phenomenon seen only at the fovea
• It is produced by viewing a revolving polarised
light through a blue filter
57. Diagnostic
• Measurement of deviation
– With each eye fixing (Paralytic squints)
– Objective angle and subjective angle (ARC)
– In different gaze position (incomitant squints)
– Horizontal, vertical and torsional deviations can be
measured
• Special functions as adaptability to function in
aniseikonia with help of special slides
• “After image” testing
58. Diagnostic
• Assessment of binocular status:
– Simultaneous macular perception
– Fusion
– Stereopsis
• For foveal, macular and paramacular retinal areas
• Measurement of range of fusion
• Cases with incomplete suppression can also be
tested by using differential illumination and by
using flashing devices
• Appreciation of entoptic phenomena, Haidinger
brushes
59. Therapeutic
• Fusional vergence exercises
• Management of suppression-antisuppression
exercises
• Treatment of anomalous retinal
correspondence
• Amblyopia therapy with the help of Haidinger
brushes
61. Advantages
• Accurate measurement is possible
• Tube can move separately
• Large selection of suitable slides are available
• The patient’s eye can be seen by the examiner
and the corneal reflections can be observed.
• There can be rapid interchange from objective
to subjective conditions
62. Disadvantages
• Not useful in non cooperative child
• Bulky instrument, difficult to transfer from
one place to other.
• Though the slides are kept in optical infinity
distance but still it stimulates proximal
accommodation of the patient.
• Needs skill to handle the instrument
accurately.
63. 1) Optical tube
2) Chin rest
3) Head rest
4) Handles for
adjustments of
horizontal angles
between the tubes
5) Scales for
measuring
horizontal
deviations
8) Slide carrier
11) IPD controls
Parts of Synoptophore
64. 6) Central lock
7) Horizontal vergence scale
9) Vertical controls
10) Vertical deviation scales
12) Chin rest controls
13) Torsional deviation controls
14) Elevation depression
controls
15) Elevation depression scales
16) Light and dark phase
controls
17) Rapid and variable switch
18) Speed controls
19) Lamp housing
Parts of Synoptophore