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Symbolism
Symbolism
• “a word or phrase referring to a concrete object, scene or action which also has
some further significance associated with it” (“symbol”).
• Symbol:
Concrete image (stated) 
multiple associated meanings (unstated)
• Symbol:
Rose 
Love, beauty, beloved (female), Virgin Mary, House of Lancaster
• The symbol’s context will determine which associated meanings are relevant.
“symbol.” Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms. 2nd ed., 2001.
Symbolism (cont’d)
• Symbols are succinct and concise
e.g. dove, cross, ring
• Symbols often represent more abstract,
complex ideas
e.g. peace, sacrifice, eternity
• Meaning is developed through context
Cultural context (public symbols)
Repeated reference in the text (private symbols)
Symbolism: Words
HERMIA (waking)
Help me, Lysander, help me! Do thy best
To pluck this crawling serpent from my breast!
Ay me, for pity. What a dream was here?
Lysander, look how I do quake with fear.
Methought a serpent eat my heart away,
And you sat smiling at his cruel pray.
(Shakespeare 2.2.151-56)
Shakespeare, William. A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Oxford UP, 2008.
• What is the symbol in this passage?
– A serpent (emerging from breast/eating heart)
• What concept might this symbol represent?
– Jealousy destroying love
– Sexual desire consuming love
• Snake = sexual desire in some religions
– Temptation corrupting love
Symbolism: Gesture
• What does this gesture mean? That is, what
does it symbolize?
Symbolism: Lighting
• What associations does the colour blue have?
– Ocean
– Night
– Sadness
– Heaven
– Calm
• To choose which association(s) are
appropriate in this example, we would need to
know more about the events and characters in
this scene.
Symbolism: Costume
• What kind of behavior do we expect from a
character who dresses in white?
• What about a character who dresses in black?
• How can costume be used as a symbol of a
character’s personality or profession?
Symbolism: Objects and Props
• In Henrick Ibsen's A
Doll's House, the
first act opens with
the wife, Nora,
entering with a
newly purchased
Christmas tree,
which she then
lovingly decorates.
• What do we
associate with
Christmas trees?
• But these are the stage directions for the
beginning of Act 2:
THE SAME SCENE.—The Christmas Tree is
in the corner by the piano, stripped of its
ornaments and with burnt-down candle-
ends on its dishevelled branches. NORA'S
cloak and hat are lying on the sofa. She is
alone in the room, walking about uneasily.
She stops by the sofa and takes up her
cloak.
• What might this
disheveled, dying
Christmas tree
symbolize?
Recap
• Symbol:
Concrete image (stated) 
multiple associated meanings (unstated)
• The symbol’s context determines which associations
are relevant
• In drama, symbols can take the following forms:
– Words
– Gesture
– Lighting
– Costume
– Objects and Props

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Symbols

  • 2. Symbolism • “a word or phrase referring to a concrete object, scene or action which also has some further significance associated with it” (“symbol”). • Symbol: Concrete image (stated)  multiple associated meanings (unstated) • Symbol: Rose  Love, beauty, beloved (female), Virgin Mary, House of Lancaster • The symbol’s context will determine which associated meanings are relevant. “symbol.” Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms. 2nd ed., 2001.
  • 3. Symbolism (cont’d) • Symbols are succinct and concise e.g. dove, cross, ring • Symbols often represent more abstract, complex ideas e.g. peace, sacrifice, eternity • Meaning is developed through context Cultural context (public symbols) Repeated reference in the text (private symbols)
  • 5. HERMIA (waking) Help me, Lysander, help me! Do thy best To pluck this crawling serpent from my breast! Ay me, for pity. What a dream was here? Lysander, look how I do quake with fear. Methought a serpent eat my heart away, And you sat smiling at his cruel pray. (Shakespeare 2.2.151-56) Shakespeare, William. A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Oxford UP, 2008.
  • 6. • What is the symbol in this passage? – A serpent (emerging from breast/eating heart) • What concept might this symbol represent? – Jealousy destroying love – Sexual desire consuming love • Snake = sexual desire in some religions – Temptation corrupting love
  • 8.
  • 9. • What does this gesture mean? That is, what does it symbolize?
  • 11.
  • 12. • What associations does the colour blue have? – Ocean – Night – Sadness – Heaven – Calm • To choose which association(s) are appropriate in this example, we would need to know more about the events and characters in this scene.
  • 14.
  • 15. • What kind of behavior do we expect from a character who dresses in white? • What about a character who dresses in black? • How can costume be used as a symbol of a character’s personality or profession?
  • 17. • In Henrick Ibsen's A Doll's House, the first act opens with the wife, Nora, entering with a newly purchased Christmas tree, which she then lovingly decorates. • What do we associate with Christmas trees?
  • 18. • But these are the stage directions for the beginning of Act 2: THE SAME SCENE.—The Christmas Tree is in the corner by the piano, stripped of its ornaments and with burnt-down candle- ends on its dishevelled branches. NORA'S cloak and hat are lying on the sofa. She is alone in the room, walking about uneasily. She stops by the sofa and takes up her cloak.
  • 19. • What might this disheveled, dying Christmas tree symbolize?
  • 20. Recap • Symbol: Concrete image (stated)  multiple associated meanings (unstated) • The symbol’s context determines which associations are relevant • In drama, symbols can take the following forms: – Words – Gesture – Lighting – Costume – Objects and Props