The aim of this research is to identify and examine the strategies of the fishing community in Tandurusa Village to survive in the face of weather changes. This research was conducted to obtain data that can be used as a reference in strategies and empowerment models to deal with weather changes which certainly greatly influence fishermen's catches which ultimately affects the household economy. This research was conducted in Tandurusa Village, Aertembaga District, Bitung City using a case study method. The population in this study were all fishermen in Tandurusa Village. The data collection technique was carried out using a sampling method, and the sample collection method used a purposive sampling method. The number of samples to be taken is 10% of the total population, namely 28 people. The data collected is in the form of primary data and secondary data. Primary data collection techniques using observation and interviews guided by questionnaires. The data obtained was analyzed using quantitative descriptive and qualitative descriptive analysis. Based on the results of the research carried out, the results obtained were that: Weather changes that occur every year can cause changes in the economy of fishermen's families. When the weather is friendly, it is often called harvest season because fishermen catch enough to fulfill all their household's living needs. On the other hand, when the weather changes, where strong winds and big waves, fishermen cannot go to sea to catch fish, so there is no income to support their living expenses. they. Situations like this make fishermen and their families look for ways or strategies to survive. There are 3 strategies used by fishermen in Tandurusa Village, Aertembaga District, Bitung City to survive. The three strategies are active strategy, passive strategy and network strategy, all three strategies are used and even combined according to the needs and situation and conditions of the fishing family faced at that time. The active strategy that fishing families use is to seek additional income outside of fishing at sea. Some fishing families are brave, trade, become motorbike taxi drivers, transport workers, construction workers and so on. The passive strategy used by fishing families is to save or reduce all living costs that can still be reduced as much as possible. Meanwhile, the last strategy used by fishing families to survive is the networking strategy, namely seeking loans from family, relatives, cooperatives, banks or others to maintain their family's lives.
Analysis of the Role and Contribution of Fishermen’s Wives to Family Income i...AI Publications
Jayakarsa Village is a coastal village located in West Likupang District which is one of the tourist destinations in North Sulawesi and even in Indonesia. In this village there are still fishing communities who use the traditional fishing gear jubi or arrows to meet their needs. The aim of the research is to identify and analyze the amount and sources of income of jubi fishermen in Jayakarsa Village, West Likupang District, and analyze the amount and type of expenditure of jubi fishermen in Jayakarsa Village, West Likupang District, as well as analyze the standard of living of jubi fishermen in Jayakarsa Village, West Likupang District. The research location was carried out in Jayakarsa Village, West Likupang District using basic survey methods. The population in this research is jubi fishermen who have families in Jayakarsa Village totaling 30 people. The data collection method uses the census method, namely taking the entire population to be used as respondents. Data consists of primary data and secondary data. Primary data collection was carried out by means of interviews using questionnaires and observations. Collecting secondary data is by quoting data from related agencies or data from previous research results. The data obtained will be processed and analyzed descriptively qualitatively and descriptively quantitatively. Qualitative descriptive analysis is used to provide discussions of qualitative data related to existing theory. The data is analyzed and then interpreted as research results. The research results show that the income of jubi fishermen in Jayakarsa Village comes from their main job as crew members on the Pajeko Ship and side jobs. Jubi fishermen's expenditure consists of total food expenditure plus total non-food expenditure. Analysis of the Engel Index obtained was 65.9%, which means that 65.9% of the total income of jubi fishermen in Jayakarsa Village is used to meet food needs. This means that the level of welfare of jubi fishermen in Jayakarsa Village is still relatively low.
Exchange Rate of Fishermen Business Fishing in Kalinaun Village, East Likupan...AI Publications
Kalinaun Village is one of the villages located in East Likupang District, North Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Fisherman. The analysis used in this research is a descriptive quantitative analysis and descriptive qualitative. The economic situation in the form of fishing rods owned by fishermen in Kalinaun village is their own. The initial capital of Rp. 10,000,000 – Rp. 15,000,000 with a percentage of 80 %. the largest investment cost spent on the purchase of a rainbow boat was Rp. 7,500,000, - with a percentage of 70.09% of the total investment cost and the smallest cost for the purchase of a catinting machine was Rp. 3,200,000, - with a percentage of 29.91%. Fishermen go to sea also vary between 1 – 6 times a week, but on average 4 times a week go to sea. Their income as fishermen is only Rp. 48,000,000 in a year. The profit rate in a year is Rp. 41.930.000, - is the profit earned and can be used for saving or making/procuring new fishing units. The caught fish are marketed to the Girian Village or some consumers come to the fish landing site/beside the beach.
Analysis of Living Stages of Traditional Fishermen in Belang District Southea...AI Publications
The purposive of this study, namely to find out how much and what are the sources of income for traditional fishermen's families in Belang District, and the expenses of traditional fishermen's families in Belang District is, te last step is to find out how the standard of living of traditional fishermen's families in Belang District is. The Method used in this research is a survey method. The population in this study are traditional fishermen in Belang District. The data collection method used is Sampling . The sampling method is using a quataed Multi-Stages Purposive Sampling, with the number of sample villages being 15 villages and the sample fishermen taken are fishermen with fishing rods and nets as much as 10% of the total population in each sample village. The data collected consists of primary data and secondary data. Primary data was collected through observation and interviews guided by questionnaires. Secondary data were obtained from the Belang District of office and related to this research. The data analysis used is descriptive qualitative and quantitative analysis. The standard of living of traditional fishing families is analyzed using the Engel index. Based on the results of the analysis, it is known that the income of traditional fishermen's families in Belang District comes from their main job as fishermen, side jobs outside the field of fisheries. The total incomes of traditional fishermen's families in Belang District on average for one year is Rp.53,394,000. There are 2 types of expenditures for traditional fishermen's families in Belang District, namely expenditures for food and expenditures for non-food such as clothing, housing, health, education, electricity, transportation and others. The total average expenditure for one year is Rp. 53,394,000, which is divided into expenditures for food needs of Rp. 32,284,500 and expenditures for non-food needs which are Rp. 21,109,500. The results of the analysis of the Engel index are 60 0.46% , meaning that the total income of traditional fishermen in Belang District is 60.46% used to meet food needs only. The proportion for food, which is 39,54 % . This is indicates that the standard of living of traditional fishermen in Belang District is still relatively low because more than half of their income is only sufficient to meet food needs.
Performances of resource poor households in aquaculture practices in sadar up...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to evaluate the performances of resource poor farmers in fish farming at their homestead ponds in Sadar Upazila under Meherpur district from July to October 2015. Participatory Rural Appraisal tools such as questionnaire interview, cross check interview and secondary information were used to assess the performances in aquaculture activities. Thirty pond fish farmers were purposively selected, among them 10, 5, 5, and 10 participants were involved with carp-mola, carp-tilapia and carp-shing polyculture and vietnam koi mono-culture respectively. The result showed that the majority of the farmers (33.33%) had 51-100 decimal cultivable land followed by 20 and 16.67% participants who possessed 151-200 and >300 decimal of land respectively. It was found that the highest percentage of participants (73.33%) primary occupation was agriculture followed by fish farming (3.33%). A majority of the farmers (53.33%) started fish farming only before 1-5 years influenced by the positive result of fish culture by the villagers and 20% each have started before 6-10 and 11-15 years back. Only 6.67% farmers started fish culture in 16 years before who were the pioneers of fish farming in the region. The average pond size in the area was found 15 decimal with a range of 7 to 35. Before starting fish culture all the farmers got training and inputs support for fish culture from a local NGO called Daridra Bimochon Sangstha (DBS). Prior to start fish farming all of the farmers followed standard procedure of pond preparation and fish fry release in their ponds. Majority farmers (90%) applied homemade feed, whereas rest applied commercial feed to their fish. By contrast, 90% farmers used to feed their fish and rest was reluctant to provide feed to the fish. Almost twenty seven percent respondents annual income was between BDT 61,000 to 80,000 followed by 20 and 10% whose income was 100000-150000 and >150000 BDT per year. During the culture operation, farmers usually had some problems such as pond drying, disease outbreak, dike erosion, shade of tree over the ponds, theft, snakes eating the fish etc.
Socio-economic condition of fish fry and fingerling traders in greater Jessor...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to assess the livelihood status of fish fry and fingerling traders and socioeconomic condition in the greater Jessore, Bangladesh from April 2013 to September 2013. Data were collected through the use of well-structured questionnaire from the selected area. 73% of traders have single family but only 27% have joint family. 45% fish fry and fingerling traders family has four members. 20% family has five members, 14% family has six members, 12% family has three members 9%family has seven to eight members respectively. 92% traders has own bank account but only 7% traders uses their bank account when they trade fry and fingerling. 87% traders have secondary business like rickshaw business, fruit business, cloth business, fish trading etc. Among 300 fish fry and fingerling traders the sanitation facilities are present 100%. It was found that 69% and 31% of fish farmers used semi-pucca and pucca toilet respectively. Among 300 fish fry and fingerling traders 78% of traders have own house but only 22% of trader live in rental house or place. 46% of traders have institutional education that range from primary to higher education and other 54% of traders have no experience in education. In case of illness 58% of traders and trader's family goes to government hospital, 24% uses private clinic, 15% traders are uses local village doctor and another 3% does not get any treatment or not require no treatment. 93% traders have television, 5% house consist radio and another 2% house no instrument for entertainment. Only 10% trader wants their son and grandson engages with this fish fry and fingerling trading profession. The average monthly income of traders in the peak season is 18000 taka and off-peak season the income is less than 7000 taka per month.
Distribution Patterns and Consumer Preferences on Demersal Fish in North Mina...AI Publications
North Minahasa Regency is an area of North Sulawesi Province, which has the potential for capture fisheries that is growing significantly with the demand for raw materials for marine products, both for the consumption needs of the people of North Sulawesi in general and specifically in North Minahasa Regency itself, one of the sub-districts in North Minahasa Regency. which is the center of demersal fish capture fisheries production is Kema District. The success of marketing fish catch production is based on a well-targeted and efficient distribution pattern. This is strongly supported by interests and preferences, giving rise to a choice (preference) which one is desired. Culinary tourism in this area began to develop by showing an increasing trend. The number of restaurants or restaurants that offer grilled fish or seafood products has shown people's interest in fish consumption. The current high level of public interest in consuming fish automatically brightens the fisheries sector from upstream to downstream. The purpose of this study was to identify the marketing distribution pattern of demersal fish in North Minahasa Regency and analyze the attitudes of end consumers towards their preferences for demersal fish in North Minahasa Regency. The basic method in this research is a case study and the primary data source comes from fishermen and collectors as fish marketers, who are involved in marketing channels as well as final consumers who use the product. Respondents who are determined are producers, namely fishermen who catch Demersal fish, collectors or suppliers and final consumers in culinary centers who choose processed demersal fish products. Methods Data collection was carried out by sampling, namely: Purposive sampling for the types of producer and collector respondents, Accidental sampling for final consumers who apply their preferences to processed Demersal fish products in culinary centers located in North Minahasa district. Collecting data through interviews and direct observation as well as filling out a list of questions guided by the researcher. Primary and secondary data types, for primary data were analyzed descriptively qualitatively and descriptively quantitatively using data analysis techniques according to consumer attitude preferences. to the final consumer. The validity test was carried out on the snapper, chair, bobara, grouper, and escape variables, it was found that all the calculated r values were greater than r table, which means that all indicators in the questionnaire were declared valid with a moderately correlated to high category. The reliability test on snapper was 0.626, which means high reliability value, as well as for chariot fish the value was 0.669 , 0.721 passed and Goropa 0.600 which was categorized as sufficient for 5% and 1% error levels.
The document summarizes a study on factors affecting trout protection in Kumrat Valley, Dir (U) KPK, Pakistan. It found that over 50% of respondents believed the local community considers threats to trout, while over 70% felt the community has a positive attitude toward protection. Nearly 80% stated pesticides used in agriculture harm trout. Over 60% agreed the community uses harmful hunting methods like electricity and dynamite. The study concluded there is a significant relationship between positive community perceptions and trout protection. It recommended increasing community awareness and training, as well as government support for trout production, protection policies, and market access to promote conservation.
Contribution of Lake Tondano Fish Breeder’s Wife to Household Income in Eris ...AI Publications
Research on the contribution of women in efforts to support the husband's work generates additional income from the community of caramba fish breeders Nets in Lake Tondano District Eris Minahasa. Data collection is done by observation or direct observation. The population in this study was women as wives of fish farmers, where her husband conducted fish breeding activities with the Karamba Net system. The determination of data retrieval targets is done by interview while using the questioner to fill in the questions made to women like the wife of the cultivator in Eris Village, Eris Subdistrict, Minahasa Regency, questions include Participation / domestic role of women, what kind of work she does, how much time (hours) use in each doing this type of work. Furthermore, the participation / social role of women, often follow the work of devotion in the environment, meetings in the village, counseling activities, follow ppk activities; Participation / productive role in the field of fisheries: the type of work and the allocation of time and how much income per month, the reason the work is done by women and the obstacles faced by the time of doing the work. The contribution of the income of the cultivated wife is 33.63%, where this contribution has an important role in the survival of the family can be fulfilled and support the needs in the family and community in Eris Village. This result shows that one-third of the family's living cost is the contribution of the wife of the fish breeder, which is why the wife not only serves the family and relies only on income from the husband but this contribution in addition to taking care of the household is also very important in supporting the income and meeting the needs of the family dependents.
Analysis of the Role and Contribution of Fishermen’s Wives to Family Income i...AI Publications
Jayakarsa Village is a coastal village located in West Likupang District which is one of the tourist destinations in North Sulawesi and even in Indonesia. In this village there are still fishing communities who use the traditional fishing gear jubi or arrows to meet their needs. The aim of the research is to identify and analyze the amount and sources of income of jubi fishermen in Jayakarsa Village, West Likupang District, and analyze the amount and type of expenditure of jubi fishermen in Jayakarsa Village, West Likupang District, as well as analyze the standard of living of jubi fishermen in Jayakarsa Village, West Likupang District. The research location was carried out in Jayakarsa Village, West Likupang District using basic survey methods. The population in this research is jubi fishermen who have families in Jayakarsa Village totaling 30 people. The data collection method uses the census method, namely taking the entire population to be used as respondents. Data consists of primary data and secondary data. Primary data collection was carried out by means of interviews using questionnaires and observations. Collecting secondary data is by quoting data from related agencies or data from previous research results. The data obtained will be processed and analyzed descriptively qualitatively and descriptively quantitatively. Qualitative descriptive analysis is used to provide discussions of qualitative data related to existing theory. The data is analyzed and then interpreted as research results. The research results show that the income of jubi fishermen in Jayakarsa Village comes from their main job as crew members on the Pajeko Ship and side jobs. Jubi fishermen's expenditure consists of total food expenditure plus total non-food expenditure. Analysis of the Engel Index obtained was 65.9%, which means that 65.9% of the total income of jubi fishermen in Jayakarsa Village is used to meet food needs. This means that the level of welfare of jubi fishermen in Jayakarsa Village is still relatively low.
Exchange Rate of Fishermen Business Fishing in Kalinaun Village, East Likupan...AI Publications
Kalinaun Village is one of the villages located in East Likupang District, North Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Fisherman. The analysis used in this research is a descriptive quantitative analysis and descriptive qualitative. The economic situation in the form of fishing rods owned by fishermen in Kalinaun village is their own. The initial capital of Rp. 10,000,000 – Rp. 15,000,000 with a percentage of 80 %. the largest investment cost spent on the purchase of a rainbow boat was Rp. 7,500,000, - with a percentage of 70.09% of the total investment cost and the smallest cost for the purchase of a catinting machine was Rp. 3,200,000, - with a percentage of 29.91%. Fishermen go to sea also vary between 1 – 6 times a week, but on average 4 times a week go to sea. Their income as fishermen is only Rp. 48,000,000 in a year. The profit rate in a year is Rp. 41.930.000, - is the profit earned and can be used for saving or making/procuring new fishing units. The caught fish are marketed to the Girian Village or some consumers come to the fish landing site/beside the beach.
Analysis of Living Stages of Traditional Fishermen in Belang District Southea...AI Publications
The purposive of this study, namely to find out how much and what are the sources of income for traditional fishermen's families in Belang District, and the expenses of traditional fishermen's families in Belang District is, te last step is to find out how the standard of living of traditional fishermen's families in Belang District is. The Method used in this research is a survey method. The population in this study are traditional fishermen in Belang District. The data collection method used is Sampling . The sampling method is using a quataed Multi-Stages Purposive Sampling, with the number of sample villages being 15 villages and the sample fishermen taken are fishermen with fishing rods and nets as much as 10% of the total population in each sample village. The data collected consists of primary data and secondary data. Primary data was collected through observation and interviews guided by questionnaires. Secondary data were obtained from the Belang District of office and related to this research. The data analysis used is descriptive qualitative and quantitative analysis. The standard of living of traditional fishing families is analyzed using the Engel index. Based on the results of the analysis, it is known that the income of traditional fishermen's families in Belang District comes from their main job as fishermen, side jobs outside the field of fisheries. The total incomes of traditional fishermen's families in Belang District on average for one year is Rp.53,394,000. There are 2 types of expenditures for traditional fishermen's families in Belang District, namely expenditures for food and expenditures for non-food such as clothing, housing, health, education, electricity, transportation and others. The total average expenditure for one year is Rp. 53,394,000, which is divided into expenditures for food needs of Rp. 32,284,500 and expenditures for non-food needs which are Rp. 21,109,500. The results of the analysis of the Engel index are 60 0.46% , meaning that the total income of traditional fishermen in Belang District is 60.46% used to meet food needs only. The proportion for food, which is 39,54 % . This is indicates that the standard of living of traditional fishermen in Belang District is still relatively low because more than half of their income is only sufficient to meet food needs.
Performances of resource poor households in aquaculture practices in sadar up...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to evaluate the performances of resource poor farmers in fish farming at their homestead ponds in Sadar Upazila under Meherpur district from July to October 2015. Participatory Rural Appraisal tools such as questionnaire interview, cross check interview and secondary information were used to assess the performances in aquaculture activities. Thirty pond fish farmers were purposively selected, among them 10, 5, 5, and 10 participants were involved with carp-mola, carp-tilapia and carp-shing polyculture and vietnam koi mono-culture respectively. The result showed that the majority of the farmers (33.33%) had 51-100 decimal cultivable land followed by 20 and 16.67% participants who possessed 151-200 and >300 decimal of land respectively. It was found that the highest percentage of participants (73.33%) primary occupation was agriculture followed by fish farming (3.33%). A majority of the farmers (53.33%) started fish farming only before 1-5 years influenced by the positive result of fish culture by the villagers and 20% each have started before 6-10 and 11-15 years back. Only 6.67% farmers started fish culture in 16 years before who were the pioneers of fish farming in the region. The average pond size in the area was found 15 decimal with a range of 7 to 35. Before starting fish culture all the farmers got training and inputs support for fish culture from a local NGO called Daridra Bimochon Sangstha (DBS). Prior to start fish farming all of the farmers followed standard procedure of pond preparation and fish fry release in their ponds. Majority farmers (90%) applied homemade feed, whereas rest applied commercial feed to their fish. By contrast, 90% farmers used to feed their fish and rest was reluctant to provide feed to the fish. Almost twenty seven percent respondents annual income was between BDT 61,000 to 80,000 followed by 20 and 10% whose income was 100000-150000 and >150000 BDT per year. During the culture operation, farmers usually had some problems such as pond drying, disease outbreak, dike erosion, shade of tree over the ponds, theft, snakes eating the fish etc.
Socio-economic condition of fish fry and fingerling traders in greater Jessor...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to assess the livelihood status of fish fry and fingerling traders and socioeconomic condition in the greater Jessore, Bangladesh from April 2013 to September 2013. Data were collected through the use of well-structured questionnaire from the selected area. 73% of traders have single family but only 27% have joint family. 45% fish fry and fingerling traders family has four members. 20% family has five members, 14% family has six members, 12% family has three members 9%family has seven to eight members respectively. 92% traders has own bank account but only 7% traders uses their bank account when they trade fry and fingerling. 87% traders have secondary business like rickshaw business, fruit business, cloth business, fish trading etc. Among 300 fish fry and fingerling traders the sanitation facilities are present 100%. It was found that 69% and 31% of fish farmers used semi-pucca and pucca toilet respectively. Among 300 fish fry and fingerling traders 78% of traders have own house but only 22% of trader live in rental house or place. 46% of traders have institutional education that range from primary to higher education and other 54% of traders have no experience in education. In case of illness 58% of traders and trader's family goes to government hospital, 24% uses private clinic, 15% traders are uses local village doctor and another 3% does not get any treatment or not require no treatment. 93% traders have television, 5% house consist radio and another 2% house no instrument for entertainment. Only 10% trader wants their son and grandson engages with this fish fry and fingerling trading profession. The average monthly income of traders in the peak season is 18000 taka and off-peak season the income is less than 7000 taka per month.
Distribution Patterns and Consumer Preferences on Demersal Fish in North Mina...AI Publications
North Minahasa Regency is an area of North Sulawesi Province, which has the potential for capture fisheries that is growing significantly with the demand for raw materials for marine products, both for the consumption needs of the people of North Sulawesi in general and specifically in North Minahasa Regency itself, one of the sub-districts in North Minahasa Regency. which is the center of demersal fish capture fisheries production is Kema District. The success of marketing fish catch production is based on a well-targeted and efficient distribution pattern. This is strongly supported by interests and preferences, giving rise to a choice (preference) which one is desired. Culinary tourism in this area began to develop by showing an increasing trend. The number of restaurants or restaurants that offer grilled fish or seafood products has shown people's interest in fish consumption. The current high level of public interest in consuming fish automatically brightens the fisheries sector from upstream to downstream. The purpose of this study was to identify the marketing distribution pattern of demersal fish in North Minahasa Regency and analyze the attitudes of end consumers towards their preferences for demersal fish in North Minahasa Regency. The basic method in this research is a case study and the primary data source comes from fishermen and collectors as fish marketers, who are involved in marketing channels as well as final consumers who use the product. Respondents who are determined are producers, namely fishermen who catch Demersal fish, collectors or suppliers and final consumers in culinary centers who choose processed demersal fish products. Methods Data collection was carried out by sampling, namely: Purposive sampling for the types of producer and collector respondents, Accidental sampling for final consumers who apply their preferences to processed Demersal fish products in culinary centers located in North Minahasa district. Collecting data through interviews and direct observation as well as filling out a list of questions guided by the researcher. Primary and secondary data types, for primary data were analyzed descriptively qualitatively and descriptively quantitatively using data analysis techniques according to consumer attitude preferences. to the final consumer. The validity test was carried out on the snapper, chair, bobara, grouper, and escape variables, it was found that all the calculated r values were greater than r table, which means that all indicators in the questionnaire were declared valid with a moderately correlated to high category. The reliability test on snapper was 0.626, which means high reliability value, as well as for chariot fish the value was 0.669 , 0.721 passed and Goropa 0.600 which was categorized as sufficient for 5% and 1% error levels.
The document summarizes a study on factors affecting trout protection in Kumrat Valley, Dir (U) KPK, Pakistan. It found that over 50% of respondents believed the local community considers threats to trout, while over 70% felt the community has a positive attitude toward protection. Nearly 80% stated pesticides used in agriculture harm trout. Over 60% agreed the community uses harmful hunting methods like electricity and dynamite. The study concluded there is a significant relationship between positive community perceptions and trout protection. It recommended increasing community awareness and training, as well as government support for trout production, protection policies, and market access to promote conservation.
Contribution of Lake Tondano Fish Breeder’s Wife to Household Income in Eris ...AI Publications
Research on the contribution of women in efforts to support the husband's work generates additional income from the community of caramba fish breeders Nets in Lake Tondano District Eris Minahasa. Data collection is done by observation or direct observation. The population in this study was women as wives of fish farmers, where her husband conducted fish breeding activities with the Karamba Net system. The determination of data retrieval targets is done by interview while using the questioner to fill in the questions made to women like the wife of the cultivator in Eris Village, Eris Subdistrict, Minahasa Regency, questions include Participation / domestic role of women, what kind of work she does, how much time (hours) use in each doing this type of work. Furthermore, the participation / social role of women, often follow the work of devotion in the environment, meetings in the village, counseling activities, follow ppk activities; Participation / productive role in the field of fisheries: the type of work and the allocation of time and how much income per month, the reason the work is done by women and the obstacles faced by the time of doing the work. The contribution of the income of the cultivated wife is 33.63%, where this contribution has an important role in the survival of the family can be fulfilled and support the needs in the family and community in Eris Village. This result shows that one-third of the family's living cost is the contribution of the wife of the fish breeder, which is why the wife not only serves the family and relies only on income from the husband but this contribution in addition to taking care of the household is also very important in supporting the income and meeting the needs of the family dependents.
The Role of Women Living in the Region Beach Ecotourism in Increasing Family ...AI Publications
The East Likupang Subdistrict is one of the tourism destinations in North Sulawesi and even in Indonesia. East Likupang District consists of 18 villages and three of them are villages located on the coastline that have a fairly well-known coastal tourism potential, namely Surabaya Beach in Wineru Village, Pal Beach in Marinsow Village, and Pulisan Beach in Pulisan Village. The existence of these three beach tourism destinations helps the economy of the people who live in this beach tourism area. The role of women is carried out to help the husband in making a living which in the end is expected to increase family income so that family needs are met, based on this, this research wants to be carried out. The purpose of the study was to identify and analyze the form of business and activities of women's roles and analyze the amount of women's contribution to family income in the Coastal Ecotourism Area of East Likupang District. The research was carried out in Wineru Village, Marinsow Village, and Pulisan Village using the Purposive Sampling research method, the criteria for respondents were: already settled and living in the Surawaya beach ecotourism area wineru village, Pal Beach Marinsow Village, and Pulisan Beach Pulisan Village, the number of respondents in each village amounted to 20 people so that in total there were 60 respondents. The analytical tools used are Operating Profit, Net Profit, Profit Rate, Benefit Cost Ratio, Rentability, and Break Even Point. The results of the study are various forms of women's businesses living in coastal tourism areas in East Likupang District, namely selling food and soft drinks, renting out toilet services, and renting cottages for visitors where there are two roles of women carried out, namely the domestic role and the public role. The role of women is in the form of a contribution to a family income of 45% of the total family income.
Marketing channels of mud crab (Scylla serrata) at Nijhum Dwip, Noakhali, Ban...AbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted to assess the marketing and value chain of crab from Nijhum Dwip Island in Noakhali region during July 2015 to December 2015. Data were collected through questionnaire interview and tools of participatory rural appraisal such as focus group discussion. The Meghna estuary, tidal rivers and mangroves were the main sources of crab. Local people including the fishermen can collect the crabs and crab lets. The grading system varied depending on sex and size of the crab. The highest average price was found to be 200 BDT/kg for FF1 grade of female while the minimum price was found to be 500 BDT/kg for XXL grade of male. Crabs were mainly available in April, May, June, July, August, September, and October. It was found that 70% crab catchers were from the age group of 12-28 years, which were the main working force in the society. In the study area, 60% of the crab marketers had monthly income of BDT 9,000-20,000, the farmers living conditions were not up to the mark but the survey suggests that most of the crab marketers and exporters increased their income level. If crab fattening can be established, training can be provided, institutional and policy support can be offered to the farmers and good marketing facilities can be developed, crab can be an alternative source of income and sustainable livelihood for the coastal poor people.
Contribution of aquaculture on livelihood development of fish farmer at Noakh...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to assess the contribution of aquaculture on livelihood status of fish farmer at Noakhali sadar upazila. This research work was carried out during the period of February 2013 to July 2013. A total of 50 fish farmers were interviewed with a well-structured questionnaire. The survey revealed that average pond size was 0.48 ha with 40% of the farmers having ponds of single ownership, 20% having ponds of multiple-ownership, 30% having ponds of single lease and 10% having ponds of multiple leases. Poly culture of Indian major carps and exotic carps has been practiced by most of the farmers. Fish fingerlings were stocked from April to June and average stocking density was 12,370 fingerlings/ha. The average fish production cost was Tk 69,870/ha/yr. Although the living condition of the rural fish farmers were poor, livelihood outcomes were found positive and 88% of the farmers have improved their socioeconomic conditions through fish farming. The gross income and net profit were Tk. 1, 06,400 and Tk. 1, 00,000/ha/yr respectively. The average monthly income was in range of BDT 15,000-25,000. Their basic need like food, cloth, house, education and medical facility had changed after fish farming. The households have broadly improved their food consumption, family education, standards of living, purchasing power, choice and economic ability through fish farming. The constraints for sustainable pond fish farming in the areas were lack of technical knowledge of the farmers, disease of fishes, multiple ownership of the pond, higher production cost (mainly seeds and feed), insufficient supply of fry and fingerlings, lack of money and credit facilities and inadequate extension services. It is therefore essential to provide the necessary training facilities with institutional and organizational supports, credit facilities and extension services for sustainable fish production and livelihoods of rural fish farmers.
Socio economic status of fry collectors at Sundarban regionAbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted on the livelihood approach of fry collectors at Shyamnagar upazila under Satkhira district. The objective of the study was to assess the present livelihood status, to identify the socio-economic condition and problem associated with the alternative livelihood approach of fry collectors. The survey was conducted on three unions of Shyamnagar upazila adjacent to Sundarban as study area. In the study area average family size was 5 persons per family. The maximum age level was 20-30 years old. Among the fry collectors 66% was male and 34% was female. Among them 62% was Muslim and 38% was Hindu. About 78% of total fry collectors are landless in the study area. Literacy was 31% of them where female literacy was 28% and male literacy was 72% and most of them can sign only. Most of the collectors about 63% lived in mud walled with golpata shed house. About 73% families have two earner and 68% have single family. Peak season of fry collection was March to May. For collecting fry they use push net, set bag net mainly. They collect fry in the early morning and in early evening for about 6-8 hours. Men collect 150-200 pieces of fry per day in peak season and 40-60 pieces of fry by women. Price varies from 800-3500 Tk. per thousand golda fry. Price is higher in the month on March-May. About 52% collectors engaged in fishing during off season as alternative income source. Their preferable alternative income source are sustainable agriculture, fry nursing, poultry farming, planned fish cultivation, cattle and goat rearing etc. The main problem of converting of fry collection to other profession was lack of other training of other works, lack of capital, poor infrastructure.facilities, absence of industrialization, lack of land, government and NGO level work is very limited.
This document analyzes the determinants of labor productivity in the fishing industry in Maluku Province, Indonesia. It finds that average productivity is higher in Central Maluku than Southeast Maluku. In Central Maluku, more fishermen use rods and bobo nets while Southeast Maluku uses regular nets. In Central Maluku, family size, experience, fishing hours and market access positively impact productivity, while age, education, boats, credit, training and outside income negatively impact it. In Southeast Maluku, age, family size, boats and credit positively impact productivity, while education, experience, training, markets and outside income negatively impact it. The study concludes that improving factors like credit access, training and markets could increase productivity in both regions
Aquaculture facilities used by farmers in Barangay Day-asan, Surigao City, Ph...Open Access Research Paper
The purpose of the study was to determine the aquaculture facilities used by the fish farmers in Barangay Day-asan, Surigao City, Philippines, and its effect to the fish farm production. This study utilized a survey questionnaire administered to aquaculture operators in the study area. The respondents were randomly selected, and data were collected through personal interviews and ocular inspections of the facilities. The collected data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results showed that aquaculture farming in the study area was predominantly carried out by males. A significant proportion of older individuals above 50 years old remained active in the industry. The majority of the respondents were married, indicating that fish farming was often pursued as a livelihood activity within families. Practical experience and traditional methods played a significant role in fish farming practices, as many respondents had lower levels of formal education. Most of the fish farmers were full-time and engaged in intensive aquaculture, particularly in lobster culture. The farmers’ choice of fish species was not significantly influenced by their years of farming experience, but their management options were significantly affected by their experience. The type of culture facility used did not significantly impact fish farm production, suggesting that similar production levels could be achieved with different facility choices.
This document discusses sustainable living and blue revolution in India and the state of Odisha. It presents research on the impact of technological developments on fisheries resources and the livelihoods of traditional fishers in Odisha. The research aims to address social, ecological and economic issues related to fisheries and the need for conservation. Key findings indicate that technological changes have resulted in stagnating fish catches, affecting fisher livelihoods, and that policies are needed to support fisher communities and balance ecosystem protection with development.
Socio-economic uplifting analysis of ESBN fishery of the coastal villages, Ku...AbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted in 2 ESBN fishing villages namely Kumira and another is South Kattoli coordinates namely, 22°30'58.9"N and 91°41'37.1"E for Kumira and 22°21'06.6"N and 91°45'. It was found, in 2005 Kattoli and Kumira has largest portion of the 20-30 age group, 55% and 58% respectively and according to survey, in 2018 it was found 30-40 age group is dominant as 50% and 46% of total fisher population. The total family number of the study area is 580 in Kattoli and 550 in Kattoli in 2005 whereas; total family number of the study area is increasing in 2018. There are about 65% Hindu communities and 35% Muslim in Kattoli where Kumira comprises 80 % Hindu (jolodash) and 20% Muslim in 2005 where muslim population is incresasing in 2018. There are significant number of secondary education holder population is increasing in 2018 comparison to 2005. According to study, the total population of Kattoli were 867, out of which about 52% male and 48% female in 2005 and about 57% male and 43% female in 2018. In Kumira village, total population was 670, out of which about 60 % male and 40 % female in 2005 and about 55 % male and 45 % female in 2018. Concrete made building is increasing in 2018 in the study area. Shallow and deep tube well number is also increasing in study area. Use of utility electricity, television, cassette player/radio, VCR/CD player and mobile phone are also increasing in study area. Rich and moderate rich number is increasing in comparison with 2005. Visit to the MBBS doctor trend instead of quack doctor is increasing in study area. Daily meal uptake by thee meal has a increasing trend in the study area. Overall the wealth is increasing in the study area.
The Roles of Women in Fish Processing Activities in Some Local Government Are...BRNSS Publication Hub
Fish processing activities in some communities of Rivers State were investigated to determine the
role of women in its development and sustainability. Fifty structured questionnaires were randomly
distributed in five communities (10 per community) across three local government areas of the state.
The results from the study indicated that most of the respondents are young and married women. They
are actively involved in fish processing activities in combination with fishing. The women had between
6 and 10 years of experience in fish processing. In the study area, women utilized smoking as major
processing methods, with mullets, sardine, and tilapia as major species processed by the women. Fish
processing in these communities is done mostly by smoking using a locally made kiln which can dry a
lot of fish at a time. Occupational hazards associated with fish processing include skin rashes, redness
of the eye, offensive body odor, and bruises. Moreover, insufficient capital, lack of modern processing
facilities, poor storage facilities, and scarcity in fish supply have been identified as major constraints
facing women involvement in processing activities in these communities. There is, therefore, the need
to empower the women fish processors in these areas through granting of loans and credit facilities,
capacity building, introduction of improved fish processing equipment, and storage facilities. These will
go a long way in enhancing fish production, improve their livelihood, and boost socioeconomic status of
these women processors in the study areas
1. The document discusses methodologies for collecting data on inland fisheries in India. It outlines the types of data collected, including on fish biology, the fishery, and the environment.
2. It describes the timing and locations of data collection, including at markets, landing centers, and fishing villages. Frame surveys and regular surveys are used to monitor changes.
3. The development of data collection methods in India is summarized, from initial pilot investigations in the 1950s to the establishment of standardized methodology by CIFRI in the 1990s. Water bodies are classified into three groups for stratified sampling approaches.
Gender Analysis on Efficiency of Pelagic Fish Marketing Chain in Bulawan II V...AI Publications
The purpose of this study is to identify, and examine gender in the pelagic fish marketing value chain, then analyze gender differences in the pelagic fish marketing value chain in Bulawan II Village, Kotabunan District, East Bolaang Mongondow Regency. This research is expected to provide information and knowledge about gender roles and the impact of inequality on the marketing chain of pelagic fish in Bulawan II Village, Kotabunan District, East Bolaang Mongondow Regency, where women as fishermen's wives have many limitations in terms of skills caused by various obstacles, including lack of knowledge. , so that the interest in self-development is hindered by the inability to think innovatively. This research was conducted in the village of Bulawan II, Kotabunan District using a survey method. Respondents were taken by purposive sampling on fishermen's families, specifically husbands and wives of fishermen. The data collected includes primary data and secondary data, where primary data is obtained through observation, direct interviews by filling out structured questionnaires. Analysis of research data, namely descriptive qualitative and quantitative analysis by making a systematic, factual and accurate description of the facts, characteristics and relationships of the phenomena studied objectively. The results of this study indicate that there are gender differences in each pelagic fish marketing value chain ranging from fishermen, village petibo traders, urban petibo traders to retailers and the role of men is more in jobs that require extra labor, while women play an important role in work. light.
Indigenous knowledge transfer and acquisition by fishers of Kigungu landing s...SamPatrickOgwang
This study describes the pedagogical principles, modes of learning and gender roles in the fishing vocation at Kigungu. Data were collected using participant observation and standardized interview guide from twenty one fishers and eight women. The study aimed to find out the fishers indigenous knowledge contents and how such knowledge is preserved and passed on to the next generation. Findings revealed that fishers who were only male learnt gear construction, fishing, boating, weather, safety at sea, while women provided auxiliary services and employment to fishers. Teachers of the vocation were relatives and the fishers joined the vocation at early ages from ten years. Learning was by doing, physical demonstration and verbal instructions from skills masters. The present study highlighted contributions that local fishers “curricular “could make to improve the training of vocational fisheries scientist in formal institutions. Further investigation on whether living close to urban dwellings and absence of elderly fishers could limit the transfer of indigenous knowledge among fisher is recommended.
By D. Dhanuraj
This is an interesting study on community management of fishery resources in Pulicat Lake in India. Pulicat Lake is the second largest backwater lake in India.It lies almost parallel to the Bay of Bengal and covers an area about 461 square kilometers.
Manta Harvesting in the Alor and Solor Waters in Eastern Indonesia 2004Lida Pet
This document reports on monitoring activities related to manta harvesting in the Alor and Solor waters of Eastern Indonesia. It describes the methods used, including site visits and interviews. Key findings include:
1) Manta rays are harvested for their leather and meat, with meat exported for shark fin soup. Catches appear to be high based on preliminary calculations, potentially threatening manta populations.
2) Local communities in Lamakera and Lamalera depend on fishing and harvest mantas. Fishers use specific techniques and operate at certain times/locations. Annual manta catches in the hundreds are reported.
3) The report recommends establishing marine protected areas, enforcement programs, improving infrastructure and markets to reduce pressure
11.willingness of marine artisanal fishermen to integrate aquaculture in ente...Alexander Decker
- The document discusses a study that assessed marine artisanal fishermen in Ghana's willingness to adopt aquaculture.
- A survey of 150 fishermen found that 62% were willing to integrate aquaculture into their livelihoods.
- A logistic regression model revealed that fishermen who lacked savings, had difficulty accessing credit, did not belong to a fisherman's association, and were new to marine fishing were more likely to be open to adopting aquaculture.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Socio-economic conditions of the fish farmers in Jessore, BangladeshAbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted the fish farmers in some selected area at sadar upazila in Jessore under the district of Jessore from September to December 2013. A total of 100 fishermen were selected by stratified random sampling method and interviewed. The average me mbers of single family were 5-6 people per household. Single families were much more (62 %) than joint families. Most of the fish far mers were Muslims 92% and few of them were Hindus 8%Most of them had the secondary educational background and some of them with different levels of higher education. It was found that the number of school going children was 2-3 per house. Full katcha (17 %) houses were few, while the semi-pucca (40%) and pucca (43%) houses were more abundant. Regarding health and sanitation, 31% fishermen reported to suffer fro m gastric and 17% suffered from fever. Most of the interviewees were found to take credit facilities from different sources for the subsistence of their family and their venture. The 98% were found to have their tube-wells, others using Governmental tube-well, or those belonging to schools or neighbors However, they need more institutional, organizational, and technical and credit support for their better socioeconomic and sustainable livelihood.
Exploring the Conservation Success in Eastern Plains and Prey Lang Landscapes...Mengey Eng
The document discusses a USAID-funded project aimed at improving conservation and governance of forests in Cambodia. It provides details on:
1) The Supporting Forests and Biodiversity Project's goal of mitigating climate change and conserving biodiversity while increasing economic benefits for forest communities.
2) How the project works with government agencies and focuses on training natural resource managers, community forest groups, and private sector firms.
3) The project's objectives of strengthening skills and building participation to implement sustainable forest management practices that reduce emissions, conserve biodiversity, and support livelihoods.
The Existence of Coastal Community Culture during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Si...AI Publications
The profile of coastal communities in various places in Indonesia is always described by showing their distinctive characteristics, such as poor villages, low formal education, lack of human resources, poor residential and health conditions, and lack of access to the use of socio-economic facilities and infrastructure. financial institutions (cooperatives, banks), transportation and communication, and other physical. This profile looks inversely proportional to the socio-economic potential of coastal resources. This study aims to see and reveal the cultural existence of coastal communities during the Covid-19 pandemic in Sinonsayang District, South Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi Province. The method used is descriptive method. Data collection was carried out by direct observation of the object that became the research objective, then interviews were carried out using the help of a questionnaire. Based on the results of research conducted on the Cultural Existence of Coastal Communities in the Covid-19 Pandemic Period in Sinonsayang District (Aergale Village and Blongko Village), it shows that culture according to the gender system is not concerned with the division of its roles in activities on land and activities at sea. Fishermen and fishermen's wives will help each other voluntarily. According to patron-client culture, it occurs because of the urgent economic interests between traditional fishermen and fisherman bosses, while socially there is harmony between communities when someone is sick and when they are sad. Local culture in the exploitation of fishery resources still uses the calculation of the moon in the sky and the distribution of fishing seasons according to the way of fishermen from the Sangihe area. Culture according to social leadership is known to have two, namely the existence of religious leaders and community leaders, each of which has a role to lead and protect the community. In this time of the covid-19 pandemic, all of the above cultures continue to do as they have been from the past, only the culture of coastal communities which usually have to involve many people with large expenditures, is currently not being implemented.
The Statutory Interpretation of Renewable Energy Based on Syllogism of Britis...AI Publications
The current production for energy consumption generates harmful impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment causing instability to sustainable development goals. The constitutional reforms of British Government serve to be an important means of resolving any encountered incompatibilities to political environment. This study aims to evaluate green economy using developed equation for renewable energy towards political polarization of corporate governance. The Kano Model Assessment is used to measure the equivalency of 1970 Patents Act to UK Intellectual Property tabulating the criteria for the fulfillment of sustainable development goals in respect to the environment, artificial intelligence, and dynamic dichotomy of administrative agencies and presidential restriction, as statutory interpretation development to renewable energy. The constitutional forms of British government satisfy the sustainable development goals needed to fight climate change, advocate healthy ecosystem, promote leadership of magnates, and delegate responsibilities towards green economy. The presidential partisanship must be observed to delineate parties of concerns and execute the government prescriptions in equivalence to the dichotomous relationship of technology and the environment in fulfilling the rights and privileges of all citizens. Hence, the political elites can execute corporate governance towards sustainable development of renewable energy promoting environmental parks and zero emission target of carbon dioxide discharges. The economic theory developed in statutory interpretation for renewable energy serves as a tool to reduce detrimental impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment, mitigate climate change, and produce artefacts of bioenergy and artificial intelligence promoting sustainable development. It is suggested to explore other vulnerabilities of artificial intelligence to prosper economic success.
Enhancement of Aqueous Solubility of Piroxicam Using Solvent Deposition SystemAI Publications
Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is characterized by low solubility-high permeability. The present study was designed to improve the dissolution rate of piroxicam at the physiological pH's through its increased solubility by using solvent deposition system.
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Similar to Survival Strategy of the Fisherman Community Against Weather Changes in Tandurusa Village, Aertembaga District Bitung City
The Role of Women Living in the Region Beach Ecotourism in Increasing Family ...AI Publications
The East Likupang Subdistrict is one of the tourism destinations in North Sulawesi and even in Indonesia. East Likupang District consists of 18 villages and three of them are villages located on the coastline that have a fairly well-known coastal tourism potential, namely Surabaya Beach in Wineru Village, Pal Beach in Marinsow Village, and Pulisan Beach in Pulisan Village. The existence of these three beach tourism destinations helps the economy of the people who live in this beach tourism area. The role of women is carried out to help the husband in making a living which in the end is expected to increase family income so that family needs are met, based on this, this research wants to be carried out. The purpose of the study was to identify and analyze the form of business and activities of women's roles and analyze the amount of women's contribution to family income in the Coastal Ecotourism Area of East Likupang District. The research was carried out in Wineru Village, Marinsow Village, and Pulisan Village using the Purposive Sampling research method, the criteria for respondents were: already settled and living in the Surawaya beach ecotourism area wineru village, Pal Beach Marinsow Village, and Pulisan Beach Pulisan Village, the number of respondents in each village amounted to 20 people so that in total there were 60 respondents. The analytical tools used are Operating Profit, Net Profit, Profit Rate, Benefit Cost Ratio, Rentability, and Break Even Point. The results of the study are various forms of women's businesses living in coastal tourism areas in East Likupang District, namely selling food and soft drinks, renting out toilet services, and renting cottages for visitors where there are two roles of women carried out, namely the domestic role and the public role. The role of women is in the form of a contribution to a family income of 45% of the total family income.
Marketing channels of mud crab (Scylla serrata) at Nijhum Dwip, Noakhali, Ban...AbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted to assess the marketing and value chain of crab from Nijhum Dwip Island in Noakhali region during July 2015 to December 2015. Data were collected through questionnaire interview and tools of participatory rural appraisal such as focus group discussion. The Meghna estuary, tidal rivers and mangroves were the main sources of crab. Local people including the fishermen can collect the crabs and crab lets. The grading system varied depending on sex and size of the crab. The highest average price was found to be 200 BDT/kg for FF1 grade of female while the minimum price was found to be 500 BDT/kg for XXL grade of male. Crabs were mainly available in April, May, June, July, August, September, and October. It was found that 70% crab catchers were from the age group of 12-28 years, which were the main working force in the society. In the study area, 60% of the crab marketers had monthly income of BDT 9,000-20,000, the farmers living conditions were not up to the mark but the survey suggests that most of the crab marketers and exporters increased their income level. If crab fattening can be established, training can be provided, institutional and policy support can be offered to the farmers and good marketing facilities can be developed, crab can be an alternative source of income and sustainable livelihood for the coastal poor people.
Contribution of aquaculture on livelihood development of fish farmer at Noakh...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to assess the contribution of aquaculture on livelihood status of fish farmer at Noakhali sadar upazila. This research work was carried out during the period of February 2013 to July 2013. A total of 50 fish farmers were interviewed with a well-structured questionnaire. The survey revealed that average pond size was 0.48 ha with 40% of the farmers having ponds of single ownership, 20% having ponds of multiple-ownership, 30% having ponds of single lease and 10% having ponds of multiple leases. Poly culture of Indian major carps and exotic carps has been practiced by most of the farmers. Fish fingerlings were stocked from April to June and average stocking density was 12,370 fingerlings/ha. The average fish production cost was Tk 69,870/ha/yr. Although the living condition of the rural fish farmers were poor, livelihood outcomes were found positive and 88% of the farmers have improved their socioeconomic conditions through fish farming. The gross income and net profit were Tk. 1, 06,400 and Tk. 1, 00,000/ha/yr respectively. The average monthly income was in range of BDT 15,000-25,000. Their basic need like food, cloth, house, education and medical facility had changed after fish farming. The households have broadly improved their food consumption, family education, standards of living, purchasing power, choice and economic ability through fish farming. The constraints for sustainable pond fish farming in the areas were lack of technical knowledge of the farmers, disease of fishes, multiple ownership of the pond, higher production cost (mainly seeds and feed), insufficient supply of fry and fingerlings, lack of money and credit facilities and inadequate extension services. It is therefore essential to provide the necessary training facilities with institutional and organizational supports, credit facilities and extension services for sustainable fish production and livelihoods of rural fish farmers.
Socio economic status of fry collectors at Sundarban regionAbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted on the livelihood approach of fry collectors at Shyamnagar upazila under Satkhira district. The objective of the study was to assess the present livelihood status, to identify the socio-economic condition and problem associated with the alternative livelihood approach of fry collectors. The survey was conducted on three unions of Shyamnagar upazila adjacent to Sundarban as study area. In the study area average family size was 5 persons per family. The maximum age level was 20-30 years old. Among the fry collectors 66% was male and 34% was female. Among them 62% was Muslim and 38% was Hindu. About 78% of total fry collectors are landless in the study area. Literacy was 31% of them where female literacy was 28% and male literacy was 72% and most of them can sign only. Most of the collectors about 63% lived in mud walled with golpata shed house. About 73% families have two earner and 68% have single family. Peak season of fry collection was March to May. For collecting fry they use push net, set bag net mainly. They collect fry in the early morning and in early evening for about 6-8 hours. Men collect 150-200 pieces of fry per day in peak season and 40-60 pieces of fry by women. Price varies from 800-3500 Tk. per thousand golda fry. Price is higher in the month on March-May. About 52% collectors engaged in fishing during off season as alternative income source. Their preferable alternative income source are sustainable agriculture, fry nursing, poultry farming, planned fish cultivation, cattle and goat rearing etc. The main problem of converting of fry collection to other profession was lack of other training of other works, lack of capital, poor infrastructure.facilities, absence of industrialization, lack of land, government and NGO level work is very limited.
This document analyzes the determinants of labor productivity in the fishing industry in Maluku Province, Indonesia. It finds that average productivity is higher in Central Maluku than Southeast Maluku. In Central Maluku, more fishermen use rods and bobo nets while Southeast Maluku uses regular nets. In Central Maluku, family size, experience, fishing hours and market access positively impact productivity, while age, education, boats, credit, training and outside income negatively impact it. In Southeast Maluku, age, family size, boats and credit positively impact productivity, while education, experience, training, markets and outside income negatively impact it. The study concludes that improving factors like credit access, training and markets could increase productivity in both regions
Aquaculture facilities used by farmers in Barangay Day-asan, Surigao City, Ph...Open Access Research Paper
The purpose of the study was to determine the aquaculture facilities used by the fish farmers in Barangay Day-asan, Surigao City, Philippines, and its effect to the fish farm production. This study utilized a survey questionnaire administered to aquaculture operators in the study area. The respondents were randomly selected, and data were collected through personal interviews and ocular inspections of the facilities. The collected data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results showed that aquaculture farming in the study area was predominantly carried out by males. A significant proportion of older individuals above 50 years old remained active in the industry. The majority of the respondents were married, indicating that fish farming was often pursued as a livelihood activity within families. Practical experience and traditional methods played a significant role in fish farming practices, as many respondents had lower levels of formal education. Most of the fish farmers were full-time and engaged in intensive aquaculture, particularly in lobster culture. The farmers’ choice of fish species was not significantly influenced by their years of farming experience, but their management options were significantly affected by their experience. The type of culture facility used did not significantly impact fish farm production, suggesting that similar production levels could be achieved with different facility choices.
This document discusses sustainable living and blue revolution in India and the state of Odisha. It presents research on the impact of technological developments on fisheries resources and the livelihoods of traditional fishers in Odisha. The research aims to address social, ecological and economic issues related to fisheries and the need for conservation. Key findings indicate that technological changes have resulted in stagnating fish catches, affecting fisher livelihoods, and that policies are needed to support fisher communities and balance ecosystem protection with development.
Socio-economic uplifting analysis of ESBN fishery of the coastal villages, Ku...AbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted in 2 ESBN fishing villages namely Kumira and another is South Kattoli coordinates namely, 22°30'58.9"N and 91°41'37.1"E for Kumira and 22°21'06.6"N and 91°45'. It was found, in 2005 Kattoli and Kumira has largest portion of the 20-30 age group, 55% and 58% respectively and according to survey, in 2018 it was found 30-40 age group is dominant as 50% and 46% of total fisher population. The total family number of the study area is 580 in Kattoli and 550 in Kattoli in 2005 whereas; total family number of the study area is increasing in 2018. There are about 65% Hindu communities and 35% Muslim in Kattoli where Kumira comprises 80 % Hindu (jolodash) and 20% Muslim in 2005 where muslim population is incresasing in 2018. There are significant number of secondary education holder population is increasing in 2018 comparison to 2005. According to study, the total population of Kattoli were 867, out of which about 52% male and 48% female in 2005 and about 57% male and 43% female in 2018. In Kumira village, total population was 670, out of which about 60 % male and 40 % female in 2005 and about 55 % male and 45 % female in 2018. Concrete made building is increasing in 2018 in the study area. Shallow and deep tube well number is also increasing in study area. Use of utility electricity, television, cassette player/radio, VCR/CD player and mobile phone are also increasing in study area. Rich and moderate rich number is increasing in comparison with 2005. Visit to the MBBS doctor trend instead of quack doctor is increasing in study area. Daily meal uptake by thee meal has a increasing trend in the study area. Overall the wealth is increasing in the study area.
The Roles of Women in Fish Processing Activities in Some Local Government Are...BRNSS Publication Hub
Fish processing activities in some communities of Rivers State were investigated to determine the
role of women in its development and sustainability. Fifty structured questionnaires were randomly
distributed in five communities (10 per community) across three local government areas of the state.
The results from the study indicated that most of the respondents are young and married women. They
are actively involved in fish processing activities in combination with fishing. The women had between
6 and 10 years of experience in fish processing. In the study area, women utilized smoking as major
processing methods, with mullets, sardine, and tilapia as major species processed by the women. Fish
processing in these communities is done mostly by smoking using a locally made kiln which can dry a
lot of fish at a time. Occupational hazards associated with fish processing include skin rashes, redness
of the eye, offensive body odor, and bruises. Moreover, insufficient capital, lack of modern processing
facilities, poor storage facilities, and scarcity in fish supply have been identified as major constraints
facing women involvement in processing activities in these communities. There is, therefore, the need
to empower the women fish processors in these areas through granting of loans and credit facilities,
capacity building, introduction of improved fish processing equipment, and storage facilities. These will
go a long way in enhancing fish production, improve their livelihood, and boost socioeconomic status of
these women processors in the study areas
1. The document discusses methodologies for collecting data on inland fisheries in India. It outlines the types of data collected, including on fish biology, the fishery, and the environment.
2. It describes the timing and locations of data collection, including at markets, landing centers, and fishing villages. Frame surveys and regular surveys are used to monitor changes.
3. The development of data collection methods in India is summarized, from initial pilot investigations in the 1950s to the establishment of standardized methodology by CIFRI in the 1990s. Water bodies are classified into three groups for stratified sampling approaches.
Gender Analysis on Efficiency of Pelagic Fish Marketing Chain in Bulawan II V...AI Publications
The purpose of this study is to identify, and examine gender in the pelagic fish marketing value chain, then analyze gender differences in the pelagic fish marketing value chain in Bulawan II Village, Kotabunan District, East Bolaang Mongondow Regency. This research is expected to provide information and knowledge about gender roles and the impact of inequality on the marketing chain of pelagic fish in Bulawan II Village, Kotabunan District, East Bolaang Mongondow Regency, where women as fishermen's wives have many limitations in terms of skills caused by various obstacles, including lack of knowledge. , so that the interest in self-development is hindered by the inability to think innovatively. This research was conducted in the village of Bulawan II, Kotabunan District using a survey method. Respondents were taken by purposive sampling on fishermen's families, specifically husbands and wives of fishermen. The data collected includes primary data and secondary data, where primary data is obtained through observation, direct interviews by filling out structured questionnaires. Analysis of research data, namely descriptive qualitative and quantitative analysis by making a systematic, factual and accurate description of the facts, characteristics and relationships of the phenomena studied objectively. The results of this study indicate that there are gender differences in each pelagic fish marketing value chain ranging from fishermen, village petibo traders, urban petibo traders to retailers and the role of men is more in jobs that require extra labor, while women play an important role in work. light.
Indigenous knowledge transfer and acquisition by fishers of Kigungu landing s...SamPatrickOgwang
This study describes the pedagogical principles, modes of learning and gender roles in the fishing vocation at Kigungu. Data were collected using participant observation and standardized interview guide from twenty one fishers and eight women. The study aimed to find out the fishers indigenous knowledge contents and how such knowledge is preserved and passed on to the next generation. Findings revealed that fishers who were only male learnt gear construction, fishing, boating, weather, safety at sea, while women provided auxiliary services and employment to fishers. Teachers of the vocation were relatives and the fishers joined the vocation at early ages from ten years. Learning was by doing, physical demonstration and verbal instructions from skills masters. The present study highlighted contributions that local fishers “curricular “could make to improve the training of vocational fisheries scientist in formal institutions. Further investigation on whether living close to urban dwellings and absence of elderly fishers could limit the transfer of indigenous knowledge among fisher is recommended.
By D. Dhanuraj
This is an interesting study on community management of fishery resources in Pulicat Lake in India. Pulicat Lake is the second largest backwater lake in India.It lies almost parallel to the Bay of Bengal and covers an area about 461 square kilometers.
Manta Harvesting in the Alor and Solor Waters in Eastern Indonesia 2004Lida Pet
This document reports on monitoring activities related to manta harvesting in the Alor and Solor waters of Eastern Indonesia. It describes the methods used, including site visits and interviews. Key findings include:
1) Manta rays are harvested for their leather and meat, with meat exported for shark fin soup. Catches appear to be high based on preliminary calculations, potentially threatening manta populations.
2) Local communities in Lamakera and Lamalera depend on fishing and harvest mantas. Fishers use specific techniques and operate at certain times/locations. Annual manta catches in the hundreds are reported.
3) The report recommends establishing marine protected areas, enforcement programs, improving infrastructure and markets to reduce pressure
11.willingness of marine artisanal fishermen to integrate aquaculture in ente...Alexander Decker
- The document discusses a study that assessed marine artisanal fishermen in Ghana's willingness to adopt aquaculture.
- A survey of 150 fishermen found that 62% were willing to integrate aquaculture into their livelihoods.
- A logistic regression model revealed that fishermen who lacked savings, had difficulty accessing credit, did not belong to a fisherman's association, and were new to marine fishing were more likely to be open to adopting aquaculture.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Socio-economic conditions of the fish farmers in Jessore, BangladeshAbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted the fish farmers in some selected area at sadar upazila in Jessore under the district of Jessore from September to December 2013. A total of 100 fishermen were selected by stratified random sampling method and interviewed. The average me mbers of single family were 5-6 people per household. Single families were much more (62 %) than joint families. Most of the fish far mers were Muslims 92% and few of them were Hindus 8%Most of them had the secondary educational background and some of them with different levels of higher education. It was found that the number of school going children was 2-3 per house. Full katcha (17 %) houses were few, while the semi-pucca (40%) and pucca (43%) houses were more abundant. Regarding health and sanitation, 31% fishermen reported to suffer fro m gastric and 17% suffered from fever. Most of the interviewees were found to take credit facilities from different sources for the subsistence of their family and their venture. The 98% were found to have their tube-wells, others using Governmental tube-well, or those belonging to schools or neighbors However, they need more institutional, organizational, and technical and credit support for their better socioeconomic and sustainable livelihood.
Exploring the Conservation Success in Eastern Plains and Prey Lang Landscapes...Mengey Eng
The document discusses a USAID-funded project aimed at improving conservation and governance of forests in Cambodia. It provides details on:
1) The Supporting Forests and Biodiversity Project's goal of mitigating climate change and conserving biodiversity while increasing economic benefits for forest communities.
2) How the project works with government agencies and focuses on training natural resource managers, community forest groups, and private sector firms.
3) The project's objectives of strengthening skills and building participation to implement sustainable forest management practices that reduce emissions, conserve biodiversity, and support livelihoods.
The Existence of Coastal Community Culture during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Si...AI Publications
The profile of coastal communities in various places in Indonesia is always described by showing their distinctive characteristics, such as poor villages, low formal education, lack of human resources, poor residential and health conditions, and lack of access to the use of socio-economic facilities and infrastructure. financial institutions (cooperatives, banks), transportation and communication, and other physical. This profile looks inversely proportional to the socio-economic potential of coastal resources. This study aims to see and reveal the cultural existence of coastal communities during the Covid-19 pandemic in Sinonsayang District, South Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi Province. The method used is descriptive method. Data collection was carried out by direct observation of the object that became the research objective, then interviews were carried out using the help of a questionnaire. Based on the results of research conducted on the Cultural Existence of Coastal Communities in the Covid-19 Pandemic Period in Sinonsayang District (Aergale Village and Blongko Village), it shows that culture according to the gender system is not concerned with the division of its roles in activities on land and activities at sea. Fishermen and fishermen's wives will help each other voluntarily. According to patron-client culture, it occurs because of the urgent economic interests between traditional fishermen and fisherman bosses, while socially there is harmony between communities when someone is sick and when they are sad. Local culture in the exploitation of fishery resources still uses the calculation of the moon in the sky and the distribution of fishing seasons according to the way of fishermen from the Sangihe area. Culture according to social leadership is known to have two, namely the existence of religious leaders and community leaders, each of which has a role to lead and protect the community. In this time of the covid-19 pandemic, all of the above cultures continue to do as they have been from the past, only the culture of coastal communities which usually have to involve many people with large expenditures, is currently not being implemented.
Similar to Survival Strategy of the Fisherman Community Against Weather Changes in Tandurusa Village, Aertembaga District Bitung City (20)
The Statutory Interpretation of Renewable Energy Based on Syllogism of Britis...AI Publications
The current production for energy consumption generates harmful impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment causing instability to sustainable development goals. The constitutional reforms of British Government serve to be an important means of resolving any encountered incompatibilities to political environment. This study aims to evaluate green economy using developed equation for renewable energy towards political polarization of corporate governance. The Kano Model Assessment is used to measure the equivalency of 1970 Patents Act to UK Intellectual Property tabulating the criteria for the fulfillment of sustainable development goals in respect to the environment, artificial intelligence, and dynamic dichotomy of administrative agencies and presidential restriction, as statutory interpretation development to renewable energy. The constitutional forms of British government satisfy the sustainable development goals needed to fight climate change, advocate healthy ecosystem, promote leadership of magnates, and delegate responsibilities towards green economy. The presidential partisanship must be observed to delineate parties of concerns and execute the government prescriptions in equivalence to the dichotomous relationship of technology and the environment in fulfilling the rights and privileges of all citizens. Hence, the political elites can execute corporate governance towards sustainable development of renewable energy promoting environmental parks and zero emission target of carbon dioxide discharges. The economic theory developed in statutory interpretation for renewable energy serves as a tool to reduce detrimental impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment, mitigate climate change, and produce artefacts of bioenergy and artificial intelligence promoting sustainable development. It is suggested to explore other vulnerabilities of artificial intelligence to prosper economic success.
Enhancement of Aqueous Solubility of Piroxicam Using Solvent Deposition SystemAI Publications
Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is characterized by low solubility-high permeability. The present study was designed to improve the dissolution rate of piroxicam at the physiological pH's through its increased solubility by using solvent deposition system.
Analysis of Value Chain of Cow Milk: The Case of Itang Special Woreda, Gambel...AI Publications
Ethiopia has a long and rich history of dairy farming, which was mostly carried out by small and marginal farmers who raised cattle, camels, goats, and sheep, among other species, for milk. Finding the Itang Special Woreda cow milk value chain is the study's main goal. In order to gather primary data, 204 smallholder dairy farmer households were randomly selected, and the market concentration ratio was calculated using 20 traders. Descriptive statistics, econometric models, and rank analysis were used to achieve the above specified goals. Out of all the participants in the milk value chain, producers, cafés, hotels, and dairy cooperatives had the largest gross marketing margins, accounting for 100% of the consumer price in channels I and II, 55% in channels III and V, and 25.5% in channels V. The number of children under five, the number of milking cows owned, the amount of money from non-dairy sources, the frequency of extension service contacts, the amount of milk produced each day, and the availability of market information were found to have an impact on smallholders' involvement in the milk market. Numerous obstacles also limited the amount of milk produced and marketed. The poll claims that general health issues, sickness, predators, and a lack of veterinary care are plaguing farmers. In order to address the issue of milk perishability, the researchers recommended the host community and organization to construct an agro milk processor, renovate the dairy cooperative in the study region, and restructure the current conventional marketing to lower the transaction and cost of milk marketing.
Minds and Machines: Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Investment Decisions ...AI Publications
In the evolving landscape of financial decision-making, this study delves into the intricate relationships among Emotional Intelligence (EI), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Investment Decisions (ID). By scrutinizing the direct influence of human emotional intelligence on investment choices and elucidating the mediating role of AI in this process, our research seeks to unravel the complex interplay between minds and machines. Through empirical analysis, we reveal that EI not only directly impacts ID but also exerts its influence indirectly through AI-mediated pathways. The findings underscore the pivotal role of emotional awareness in investor decision-making, augmented by the technological capabilities of AI. It suggests that most investors are influenced by the identified emotional intelligence when making investment decisions. Furthermore, AI substantially impacts investors' decision-making process when it comes to investing; nevertheless, AI partially mediates the relationship between emotional intelligence and investment decisions. This nuanced understanding provides valuable insights for financial practitioners, policymakers, and researchers, emphasizing the need for holistic strategies that integrate emotional and technological dimensions in navigating the intricacies of modern investment landscapes. As the synergy between human intuition and artificial intelligence becomes increasingly integral to financial decision-making, this study contributes to the ongoing discourse on the symbiotic relationship between minds and machines in investments.0
Bronchopulmonary cancers are common cancers with a poor prognosis. It is the leading cause of death by cancer in Algeria and in the world. Behind this unfavorable prognosis hides numerous disparities according to age, sex, and exposure to risk factors, ranking 4th among incident cancers and developing countries including Algeria, all sexes combined. It ranks 2nd cancers in men and 3rd among women. Whatever the age observed, the incidence of this cancer is higher in men than in women, however the gap is narrowing to the detriment of the latter. The results of scientific research agree to relate trends in incidence and mortality rates to tobacco consumption, including passive smoking. Furthermore, other risk factors are mentioned such as exposure to asbestos in the workplace or to radon for the general population, or even genetic predisposition. However, the weight of these etiological and/or predisposing factors is in no way comparable to that of tobacco in the genesis of lung cancer and the resulting mortality. We provide a literature review in our article on the descriptive and analytical epidemiology of lung cancer.
Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thaila...AI Publications
The objective of this paper is to present Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thailand agriculture and enhancing farmer productivity. In view of the demand for organic fertilizers, efforts should also be made to enhance and to develop more effective of compost, bio-fertilizer, and bio-pesticides currently used by farmers. Likewise, emphasis should also be laid on the cultivation of legumes and other crops that can enhance the fertility of the soil, as practiced by farmers in many developing countries to fertilize their lands. On the other hand, most of the farmers who practice this farm system found that they are adopting a number of SLMs and interested in joining the meeting or training to gain more and more knowledge.
Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Tha...AI Publications
The objective os this study is to present Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Thailand and Vietnam with SLM practices. Farmer’s adoption and investment in SLM is a key for controlling land degradation, enhancing the well-being of society, and ensuring the optimal use of land resources for the benefit of present and future generations (World Bank, 2006; FAO, 2018). And agriculture remains an essential element of lives of many farmers in term of the strong cultural and symbolic values that attach current working generation to do and to spend time for it but not intern of income generating.
Growth, Yield and Economic Advantage of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Varieties in R...AI Publications
Haphazard and low soil fertility, low yielding verities and poor agronomic practices are among the major factors constraining onion production in the central rift valley of Ethiopia. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted in East Showa Zone of Adami Tulu Jido Combolcha district in central rift valley areas at ziway from October 2021 to April 2022 to identify appropriate rate of NPSB fertilizer and planting pattern of onion varieties. The experiment was laid out in split plot design of factorial arrangement in three replications. The main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates and varieties (red coach and red king) significantly (p<0.01) influenced plant height, leaf length, leaf diameter, leaf number and fresh leaf weight, shoot dry matter per plant, and harvest index. Total dry biomass, bulb diameter, neck diameter, average fresh bulb weight, bulb dry matter, marketable bulb yield, and total bulb yield were significantly (p<0.01) influenced only by the main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates. In addition, unmarketable bulb yield was statistically significantly affected (p≥0.05) by the blended fertilizer rates and planting pattern. Moreover, days to 90% maturity of onion was affected by the main factor of NPSB fertilizer rate, variety and planting pattern. The non-fertilized plants in the control treatment were inferior in all parameters except unmarketable bulb yield and harvest index. Significantly higher marketable bulb yield (41 t ha-1) and total bulb yield (41.33 t ha-1) was recorded from 300 kg ha-1 NPSB blended fertilizer rate applied. Double row planting method and hybrid red coach onion variety had also gave higher growth and yields. The study revealed that the highest net benefit of Birr, 878,894 with lest cost of Birr 148,006 by the combinations of 150 kg blended NPSB ha-1 with double row planting method (40cm*20cm*7cm) and red coach variety which can be recommendable for higher marketable bulb yield and economic return of hybrid onion for small scale farmers in the study area. Also, for resource full producers (investors), highest net benefit of Birr 1,205,372 with higher cost (159,628 Birr) by application of 300 kg NPSB ha-1 is recommended as a second option. However, the research should be replicated both in season and areas to more verify the recommendations.
Evaluation of In-vitro neuroprotective effect of Ethanolic extract of Canariu...AI Publications
The ethanolic extract of canarium solomonense leaves (ecsl) was studied for its neuroprotective activity. The neuroprotective activity of ECSL was found to have a significant impact on neuronal cell death triggered by hydrogen peroxide (MTT assay) in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Scopolamine, a muscarinic receptor blocker, is frequently used to induce cognitive impairment in laboratory animals. Injections of scopolamine influence multiple cognitive functions, including motor function, short-term memory, and attention. Using the Morris water maze, the Y maze, and the passive avoidance paradigm, memory enhancing activity in scopolamine-induced amnesic rats was evaluated. Using the Morris water maze, the Y maze, and the passive avoidance paradigm, ECSL was found to have a substantial effect on the memory of scopolamine- induced amnesic rats. Our experimental data indicated that ECSL can reverse scopolamine induced amnesia and assist with memory issues.
The goal of neuroprotection is to shield neurons against damage, whether that damage is caused by environmental factors, pathogens, or neurodegenerative illnesses. Inhibiting protein-based deposit buildup, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, as well as rectifying abnormalities of neurotransmitters like dopamine and acetylcholine, are some of the ways in which medicinal herbs have neuroprotective effects [1-3]. This review will focus on the ways in which medicinal herbs may protect neurons.
A phytochemical and pharmacological review on canarium solomonenseAI Publications
The genus Canarium L. consists of 75 species of aromatic trees which are found in the rainforests of tropical Asia, Africa and the Pacific. The medicinal uses, botany, chemical constituents and pharmacological activities are now reviewed. Various compounds are tabulated according to their classes their structures are given. Traditionally canarium solomonense have been used to treat a broad array of illnesses. Pharmacological actions for canarium solomonense as discussed in this review include antibacterial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and antitumor activity.
Influences of Digital Marketing in the Buying Decisions of College Students i...AI Publications
This research investigates the influence of digital marketing channels on purchasing decisions among college students in Ramanathapuram District. The study highlights that social media marketing, online advertising, and mobile marketing exhibit substantial positive effects on purchase decisions. However, email marketing's impact appears to be more complex. Moreover, the study explores how demographic variables like gender and academic level shape these effects. Notably, freshman students display varying susceptibility to specific digital marketing messages compared to their junior, senior, or graduate counterparts. These findings offer crucial insights for marketers aiming to tailor their strategies effectively to the preferences and behaviors of college students. By understanding the differential impacts of various digital marketing channels and considering demographic nuances, marketers can refine their approaches, optimize engagement, and ultimately enhance the effectiveness of their campaigns in targeting this demographic.
A Study on Performance of the Karnataka State Cooperative Agriculture & Rural...AI Publications
The Karnataka State Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank Limited is the apex bank of all the primary co-operative agriculture and rural development banks in the state. All the PCARD Banks in the state are affiliated to it. The KSCARD Bank provides financial accommodation to the PCARD Banks for their lending operations. In order to quick sanction and disbursement of loans and supervision over the PCARD Banks the KSCARD Bank has opened district level branches. Bank has established Women Development Cell to promote entrepreneurship among women in 2005. The Bank is identifying women borrowers in the rural areas by assigning suitable projects to motivate their self-confidence to lead independent life. Progress made in financing women entrepreneurs women.
Breast hamartoma is a rare, well-circumscribed, benign lesion made up of a variable quantity of glandular, adipose and fibrous tissue. This is a lesion that can affect women at any age from puberty. With the increasingly frequent use of imaging methods such as mammography and ultrasound as well as breast biopsy, cases of hamartoma diagnosed are increasing. The diagnosis of these lesions is made by mammography. The histological and radiological aspects are variable and depend on its adipose tissue content. The identification of these lesions is important in order to avoid surgical excisions. We report radio-clinical and pathological records of breast hamartoma.
A retrospective study on ovarian cancer with a median follow-up of 36 months ...AI Publications
Ovarian cancer is relatively common but serious and has a poor prognosis. The aim of this study is to highlight the epidemiological, diagnostic, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects of this malignant pathology managed at the Bejaia university hospital center. This is a retrospective and descriptive study over a period of 3 years (2019 - 2022) carried out on 20 patients who developed ovarian cancer. The average age of the patients was 50 years old, 53.23% of whom were over 45 years old. The CA-125 blood test was positive in 18 out of 20 patients. The tumors were discovered on ultrasound in 87.10% of cases and at laparotomy in 12.90%. Total hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy was the most performed procedure (64.52%). The early postoperative course was simple. 15 patients underwent second look surgery (16.13%) for locoregional recurrences. Epithelial tumors were the most frequent histological type (93.55%), including 79% in the advanced stage ( IIIc -IV) and 21% in the early stage (Ia- Ib ). Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered in 80% of patients. With a median follow-up of 36 months, 2 patients were lost to follow-up. The evolution was favorable in 27.42% and in 25.81% deaths occurred late postoperatively. Ovarian cancer is not common but serious given the advanced stages and the high rate of late postoperative deaths which were largely observed in patients deprived of adequate neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy.
More analysis on environment protection and sustainable agriculture - A case ...AI Publications
This study presents a case of tea and coffee crops , esp. environment protection and sustainable agriculture in Son La and Thai Nguyen of Vietnam. Research results show us that The process of having an agricultural product goes through many steps such as planting, planning, harvesting, packing, transporting, storing and distributing. - The State adopts policies to encourage innovation of agricultural production models and methods towards sustainability, adapting to climate change, saving water, and limiting the use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides. chemicals and products for environmental treatment in agriculture; develop environmentally friendly agricultural models. Our research limitation is that we can expand for other crops, industries and markets as well.
Assessment of Growth and Yield Performance of Twelve Different Rice Varieties...AI Publications
The present investigation entitled “Assessment of growth and yield performance of twelve different rice varieties under north Konkan coastal zone of Maharashtra” was carried out during the kharif season of the year 2021 and 2022 on the field of ASPEE, Agricultural Research and Development Foundation, Tansa Farm, At Nare, Taluka Wada, District Palghar, Maharashtra, India. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD). The twelve varieties namely Zini, Jaya, Dandi, Rahghudya, Govindbhog, Dangi, Gurjari, VNR-7, VNR-8, VNR-9, Karjat-3, and Karjat-5 were replicated thrice. The plant height (cm), number of tillers per plant, number of panicles per plant, number of panicles (m²), and length of panicle (cm) were noted to the maximum with cv. “VNR-7”. The highest number of seeds per panicle, test weight (gm), grain yield (q/ha), and straw yield (q/ha) were recorded with the cv. “VNR-7”. While the lowest number of days to 50% flowering was also recorded with cv. “VNR-7” during the year 2021 and 2022.
Cultivating Proactive Cybersecurity Culture among IT Professional to Combat E...AI Publications
In the current digital landscape, cybercriminals continually evolve their techniques to execute successful attacks on businesses, thus posing a great challenge to information technology (IT) professionals. While traditional cybersecurity approaches like layered defense and reactive security have helped IT professionals cope with traditional threats, they are ineffective in dealing with evolving cyberattacks. This paper focuses on the need for a proactive cybersecurity culture among IT professionals to enable them combat evolving threats. The paper emphasis that building a proactive security approach and culture can help among IT professionals anticipate, identify, and mitigate latent threats prior to them exploiting existing vulnerabilities. This paper also points out that as IT professionals use reactive security when dealing with traditional attacks, they can use it collaboratively with proactive security to effectively protect their networks, data, and systems and avoid heavy costs of dealing with cyberattack’s aftermaths and business recovery.
The Impacts of Viral Hepatitis on Liver Enzymes and BilrubinAI Publications
Viral hepatitis is an infection that causes liver inflammation and damage. Several different viruses cause hepatitis, including hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. The hepatitis A and E viruses typically cause acute infections. The hepatitis B, C, and D viruses can cause acute and chronic infections. Hepatitis A causes only acute infection and typically gets better without treatment after a few weeks. The hepatitis A virus spreads through contact with an infected person’s stool. Protection by getting the hepatitis A vaccine. Hepatitis E is typically an acute infection that gets better without treatment after several weeks. Some types of hepatitis E virus are spread by drinking water contaminated by an infected person’s stool. Other types are spread by eating undercooked pork or wild game. Hepatitis B can cause acute or chronic infection. Recommendation for screening for hepatitis B in pregnant women or in those with a high chance of being infected. Protection from hepatitis B by getting the hepatitis B vaccine. Hepatitis C can cause acute or chronic infection. Doctors usually recommend one-time screening of all adults ages 18 to 79 for hepatitis C. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent liver damage. The hepatitis D virus is unusual because it can only infect those who have a hepatitis B virus infection. A coinfection occurs when both hepatitis D and hepatitis B infections at the same time. A superinfection occurs already have chronic hepatitis B and then become infected with hepatitis D. The aim of this study is to find the effect of each type of viral hepatitis on the bilirubin (TB , DSB) , and liver enzymes; AST, ALT, ALP,GGT among viral hepatitis patients. 200 patients were selected from the viral hepatitis units in the central public health laboratory in Baghdad city, all the chosen cases were confirmed as a positive samples , they are classified into four equal group each with fifty individual and with a single serological viral hepatitis type either; anti-HAV( IgM ) , HBs Ag , anti-HCV ,or anti-HEV(IgM ). All patients were tested for; serum bilirubin ( TB ,D.SB ) , AST , ALT , ALP , GGT. Another fifty quite healthy and normal person was selected as a control group for comparison. . Liver enzymes and bilirubin changes are more pronounced in HAV, HEV than HCV and HBVAST and ALT lack some sensitivity in detecting HCV ,HBV and mild elevations of ALT or AST in asymptomatic patients can be evaluated efficiently by considering ,hepatitis B, hepatitis C. ALT is generally a more sensitive indicator of acute liver cell damage than AST, It is relatively specific for hepatocyte necrosis with a marked elevations in viral hepatitis. Liver enzymes and bilirubin changes are more pronounced in HAV, HEV than HCV and HBV.AST and ALT lack some sensitivity in detecting HCV ,HBV and mild elevations of ALT or AST in asymptomatic patients can be evaluated efficiently by considering ,hepatitis B, hepatitis C. ALT is generally a more sensitive indicator of acute liver
Determinants of Women Empowerment in Bishoftu Town; Oromia Regional State of ...AI Publications
The purpose of this study was to determine the status of women's empowerment and its determinants using women's asset endowment and decision-making potential as indicators. To determine representative sample size, this study used a two-stage sampling technique, and 122 sample respondents were selected at random. To analyze the data in this study, descriptive statistics and a probit model were used. The average women's empowerment index was 0.41, indicating a relatively lower status of women's empowerment in the study area. According to the study's findings, only 40.9% of women were empowered, while the remaining 59.1% were not. The probit model results show that women's access to the media, women's income, and their husbands' education status have a significant and positive impact on the status of women's empowerment, while the family size of households has a negative impact. As a result, it is important to enhance women's access to the media and income, promote family planning and contraception, and improve men's educational status in order to improve the status of women's empowerment.
Implementing ELDs or Electronic Logging Devices is slowly but surely becoming the norm in fleet management. Why? Well, integrating ELDs and associated connected vehicle solutions like fleet tracking devices lets businesses and their in-house fleet managers reap several benefits. Check out the post below to learn more.
Understanding Catalytic Converter Theft:
What is a Catalytic Converter?: Learn about the function of catalytic converters in vehicles and why they are targeted by thieves.
Why are They Stolen?: Discover the valuable metals inside catalytic converters (such as platinum, palladium, and rhodium) that make them attractive to criminals.
Steps to Prevent Catalytic Converter Theft:
Parking Strategies: Tips on where and how to park your vehicle to reduce the risk of theft, such as parking in well-lit areas or secure garages.
Protective Devices: Overview of various anti-theft devices available, including catalytic converter locks, shields, and alarms.
Etching and Marking: The benefits of etching your vehicle’s VIN on the catalytic converter or using a catalytic converter marking kit to make it traceable and less appealing to thieves.
Surveillance and Monitoring: Recommendations for using security cameras and motion-sensor lights to deter thieves.
Statistics and Insights:
Theft Rates by Borough: Analysis of data to determine which borough in NYC experiences the highest rate of catalytic converter thefts.
Recent Trends: Current trends and patterns in catalytic converter thefts to help you stay aware of emerging hotspots and tactics used by thieves.
Benefits of This Presentation:
Awareness: Increase your awareness about catalytic converter theft and its impact on vehicle owners.
Practical Tips: Gain actionable insights and tips to effectively prevent catalytic converter theft.
Local Insights: Understand the specific risks in different NYC boroughs, helping you take targeted preventive measures.
This presentation aims to equip you with the knowledge and tools needed to protect your vehicle from catalytic converter theft, ensuring you are prepared and proactive in safeguarding your property.
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What Could Be Behind Your Mercedes Sprinter's Power Loss on Uphill RoadsSprinter Gurus
Unlock the secrets behind your Mercedes Sprinter's uphill power loss with our comprehensive presentation. From fuel filter blockages to turbocharger troubles, we uncover the culprits and empower you to reclaim your vehicle's peak performance. Conquer every ascent with confidence and ensure a thrilling journey every time.
EV Charging at MFH Properties by Whitaker JamiesonForth
Whitaker Jamieson, Senior Specialist at Forth, gave this presentation at the Forth Addressing The Challenges of Charging at Multi-Family Housing webinar on June 11, 2024.
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Expanding Access to Affordable At-Home EV Charging by Vanessa WarheitForth
Vanessa Warheit, Co-Founder of EV Charging for All, gave this presentation at the Forth Addressing The Challenges of Charging at Multi-Family Housing webinar on June 11, 2024.
2. Suhaeni et al. International Journal of Forest, Animal and Fisheries Research (IJFAF)
7(5)-2023
www.aipublications.com Page | 45
Tandurusa Village, which is located in the Lembeh
Strait, although protected by Lembeh Island, is by no
means independent from weather changes. When
strong winds and big storms hit the sea, fishermen
from Tandurusa Village still cannot go to sea to catch
fish. Not to mention when the moon is bright, the
brightness of the moon can overpower the light of
the lamp, causing the fish to not be able to gather in
the light boat to be caught, which causes fishermen's
catch to be very small or even empty.
The fishing community's efforts to respond to the
problems that occur during the lean season in
Tandurusa Village, which only have a little capital
and basic fishing equipment and low human
resource (HR) capacity, however, must still be
sufficient for their family's living needs. Thus, action
or survival strategies are needed as are done by other
poor families.
The difficulty of fishermen in catching fish during
unfriendly weather causes fishermen to have to look
for solutions in various ways and strategies on how
their families can survive in the face of unpredictable
weather changes. Fishermen's difficulties in dealing
with weather changes make fishermen more creative
and innovative to look for other sources of income as
alternative jobs so that their families can survive.
These fishermen's strategies and ways to survive are
what attracted researchers to conduct research in
Tandurusa Village, Aertembaga District, Bitung City.
II. RESEARCH METHODS
The research method used in this research is a case
study method with the case unit being the survival
strategy of fishing communities in facing weather
changes in Tandurusa Village, Aertembaga District,
Bitung City. The approach used in this case study is a
qualitative and quantitative approach through
primary and secondary data collection
The population in this research is the fishing
community in Tandurusa Village. Data collection
was carried out using a sampling method, namely
taking a portion of the population to become
respondents. The sampling method uses Accidental
Sampling, that is, any fisherman the researcher meets
when out in the field and is willing to be interviewed
and used as a respondent as a data source will be
used as a respondent. The number of samples taken
was 10% of the total population, namely 267
fishermen, so the samples taken were 27 fishermen.
The sample collection method used purposive
sampling, namely fishermen who happened to meet
the researcher while out in the field and were willing
to be interviewed.
The data collected is in the form of primary data and
secondary data. The primary data collection
technique used in this research is by conducting
observations and interviews using a list of verbal
questions to respondents so that they can provide
accurate information about the object under study.
Secondary data was obtained by quoting from
existing data at the sub-district office or from
previous research.
Primary data collection was carried out by
observation, interviews guided by questionnaires
and documentation. The data analysis used is
quantitative descriptive analysis and qualitative
descriptive analysis. Qualitative descriptive analysis
is data processing carried out through logical
considerations using the author's systematic
language. The data that has been analyzed is then
interpreted with logical considerations using the
author's systematic language by referring to
references related to research results, journals.
Quantitative descriptive analysis is data analysis by
providing a discussion or study of existing data
using calculations.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
State of the research area
Tandurusa Village is one of the sub-districts in
Aertembaga District, Bitung City. The distance
between Tandurusa sub-district and the capital of
Aertembaga District is 5 km and Bitung City is 8 km.
Tandurusa subdistrict is divided into 5 wards or
wards which are headed by ward heads, and each
ward is supervised by the village head. The
boundaries of Tandurusa Subdistrict are as follows:
To the north it borders the Protected Forest; To the
east it borders Makawidey Village; To the south it
borders the Lembeh Strait and to the west it borders
Aertembaga Village.
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State of the Population
Based on data available at the Tandurusa Subdistrict
office, the population of Tandurusa subdistrict is
3,864 people, consisting of 1,951 male residents or
50.49% and 1,913 female residents or 49.51%. Most of
the population in Tandurusa sub-district is in the
productive age group, namely 15-65 years,
amounting to 71.3%, while the population in the
unproductive age category <15 has 23.6%, and those
in the elderly age group >65 have the smallest
percentage. namely 5.1%. The majority of residents in
Tandurusa Village make their living as fishermen,
namely 267 people or 24.4%. The population who
work as employees in companies or as honorary
employees in government agencies is at the next
level, namely 253 people or 23.1% and the least
livelihood is as livestock breeders, which is only 2
people or 0.1%.
Respondent Profile
The respondents in this research were 27 fishermen
in Tandurusa Village. The respondent profile can be
detailed as follows:
Respondents by gender and fishing gear
The respondents in this study were all fishermen, but
of their gender, 8 people (30%) were female
fishermen, the rest were male. All female fishermen
are labor fishermen or work as workers to pull beach
seines or better known in the regional language,
namely Soma Dampar. The process of operating a
Beach Seine or Soma Dampar requires quite a lot of
labor, namely around 16 people to pull the net to the
beach, especially if there are quite a lot of fish caught
in the net so the net is heavy enough to be pulled to
the beach. Apart from being fishing workers, there
are fishermen who own Beach Trawlers or Soma
Dampar and there are also light boat fishermen and
fishing rod fishermen.
Respondents According to Age
According to Imelda in Tuankotta (2018), age is one
of the factors that determines activities, perspective
and also ways of thinking. Age of workers who are of
productive age (15-65 years). Productive age has a
positive relationship with labor productivity. This
means that if the age of the workforce is in the
productive category, their work productivity will
increase. This is because at the productive age level
the workforce has high creativity in their work
because it is supported by better knowledge and
insight and has high responsibility for the tasks
given.
Respondents in this study were aged between 18 and
66 years, so the majority of respondents were of
productive age because there was only one person
who was 66 years old, so 96% of respondents were of
productive age, namely around 15 - 65 years, while
4% were of the same age. not productive. This
indicates that they have high work productivity and
creativity in pursuing their work as fishermen.
Respondents According to Education
Education is the main need today, with education a
person can gain knowledge or skills that will be
needed in the world of work. Of the 27 respondents,
only 8 people or 30% of fishermen had elementary
school education and the others had 10 people from
junior high school or 37% and 9 people from high
school or 33%.
Socio-Economic Conditions of the Fishing
Community in Tandurusa Village
The fishing community of Tandurusa Village, even
though their main job is fishermen, on average they
have other jobs which are additional income and as a
backup if their income as fishermen is insufficient or
even non-existent because fishermen cannot go to sea
due to weather changes. Income as a fisherman
cannot be predicted, sometimes it is a lot but
sometimes it is little or even none at all.
Several factors cause fishermen to not earn any
income at all, one of which is weather changes or
climate change. These weather changes have a big
impact on the activities of fishermen and the
economic needs of fishermen's families. The impact
of these weather changes is felt by fishing families
(women and men) in Tandurusa Village, including:
1. Changes in weather that are increasingly extreme,
hot in a short time and suddenly raining,
accompanied by storms which make it impossible for
fishermen to work at sea and of course this affects the
family economy.
2. Changes in seasons and rainfall mean that female
fishermen are unable to carry out activities selling
fish caught by fishermen at the market.
3. Meanwhile, changes in the weather mean that
fishing families who live on the coast have to accept
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gusts of wind and storms, even though Tandurusa
Village is in the Lembeh Strait, these weather
changes have greatly affected the socio-economic life
of the community, especially the fishing community.
4. The fishermen of Tandurusa Village are still
technologically clueless so it is still difficult for them
to read natural signs such as: wind, temperature,
astronomy, biota or ocean currents on social media or
the internet. Finally, fishermen find it difficult to
predict when to go to sea and where potential catch
areas are.
In general, changes in weather also influence changes
in roles, functions and responsibilities in fishing
families. Not only male fishermen work but also
female fishermen play productive roles, roles
involving work that produces goods and services,
both for consumption and for trade. It is the family's
economic limitations that require fishing families,
both men and women, and even children, to work
hard to face changes in the weather.
While facing climate change in coastal communities,
fishing families, both women and men, try to survive
with various tips and strategies. Strategy is a careful
plan of activities to achieve specific goals. Strategy is
an action used to overcome problems by determining
choices from several available alternative actions.
These weather changes encourage fishing families to
work together to carry out various strategies to
survive. This way of working together between men
and women criticizes stereotypes in society that view
the world of women's work as different from the
world of men's work. However, due to economic
needs, women dare to work in the male workforce.
The proof is that 8 respondents in this study were
women who always took part in pulling Soma
Dampar nets to the beach.
Impact of Weather Changes
These weather changes are not only limited to
changes in the rainy-dry season, rising sea levels, but
have an impact on various aspects of fishermen's
lives: economic life, health, food security and others.
These weather changes have a big impact, both
directly and indirectly, on the lives of fishermen in
Tandurusa Village, direct changes for example:
1) Fishermen's Catch
Fishermen in Tandurusa Village generally consider
that changes in weather which cause them not to be
able to go to sea or only able to go to sea around the
Lembeh Strait which causes their catch to decrease
drastically is a famine or difficult time. These
weather changes make it increasingly difficult to get
their catch or they can't even go to sea so they don't
get any results at all, this causes fishermen's income
to decrease or they don't get any income at all.
Sometimes fishermen can get a lot of results, but the
weather is often unpredictable at sea and this
requires hard work because the fishing area becomes
uncertain. Bad weather causes fish not to rise to the
surface. This is an obstacle among traditional
fishermen who still rely on local knowledge and
experience alone in catching fish. When weather
changes have a significant impact on the condition of
marine ecosystems and make many differences
compared to previous ocean conditions, fishermen's
experience in catching fish no longer applies. It
becomes difficult for fishermen to determine fishing
areas.
2) Reduced Income
As a result, fishermen's catches decrease due to
changes in weather, which in itself has an impact on
fishermen's income, which also inevitably decreases.
The reduction in fishermen's income makes
fishermen and their families think about how to find
other income to survive. In general, fishermen's
education is low so finding alternative livelihoods is
quite difficult except becoming a farmer or unskilled
laborer which does not require a diploma. This is
what fishermen in Tandurusa Village do when the
weather makes it impossible to go out to sea to catch
fish. However, there are no fewer fishermen who are
looking for loans to cover their family's living needs,
in the hope that when the weather changes to become
friendlier, they will be able to fish again and their
income will be able to pay off their debts. The lack of
income earned by fishing families also greatly affects
their family's diet. Families must be able to save
money by reducing daily living costs so that debt
does not pile up further.
3) Economic Difficulties
This kind of condition causes fishermen to often face
economic difficulties, while their primary needs for
life cannot be postponed. Fishermen doing side jobs
when they are not fishing is an option and this must
be done in order to overcome the family's economic
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difficulties. The ability and willingness to do side
work is really needed by fishermen to meet their
daily living needs. The abilities or skills of fishermen
are quite varied, there are fishermen who are used to
doing side work when they are not at sea. However,
quite a few fishermen admit that they have difficulty
and are even reluctant to look for part-time work,
because they feel they are not used to doing it and if
there are difficulties in meeting their daily living
needs, everything is handed over to their wives to
find a way out.
Fisherman's Family Survival Strategy
Economic problems involving meeting the needs of
life require various survival strategies to overcome
them. A survival strategy is a person's ability to
apply a set of methods to overcome various problems
that surround his or her life. The strategy for
handling this problem is basically the ability of all
family members to manage all the assets they own.
People have ways or efforts to survive when facing
difficult times in their lives. One of the efforts made
by the community can be to change their way of
thinking, where they usually only rely on one job to
meet their living needs, they can start trying other
jobs that can improve their family's economy. Some
survival strategies are trading, farming, gardening or
working in companies in the area where they live.
The survival strategy of the fishing community in
Tandurusa Village is the efforts made by fishermen
and their family members to survive in the same or
better conditions in living their lives. A survival
strategy for them is basically a way to fulfill their
living needs, even though their lives are in difficult
and worrying conditions, but they can survive with
various efforts or methods that can be done.
Tandurusa Village fishermen carry out strategies to
survive in 3 ways, namely active, passive and
network strategies, even a combination of these three
strategies. The strategy that fishermen from
Tandurusa Village and their families use is:
1. Active Strategy.
Active strategies, namely strategies that optimize all
family potential, for example by carrying out their
own activities, extending working hours, utilizing
wild sources or plants in the surrounding
environment and so on. Based on the results of the
research conducted, it is known that the active
strategy used by fishermen in Tandurusa Village and
their families to survive is by optimizing all the
family's potential in order to improve family welfare,
including by doing other work such as:
a) Farming or Gardening
A total of 8 fishermen respondents or 30% have an
active strategy to survive by farming or gardening.
Tandurusa Village has hilly land topography, only a
few are flat on the beach. The hilly land is mostly
used for planting sweet potatoes, chilies, bananas,
taro, nutmeg and coconut, the results of which are
not much because the gardens owned by the
fishermen are not large, in fact there are 3 fishermen
who only borrow land from neighbors which is not
used to plant bananas and sweet potatoes. Even
though the results from gardening or farming are not
much, they are very helpful for survival when there
is no income from fishermen. The majority of
fishermen in Tandurusa Village are from the Sangir
Talaud tribe, so when they don't have money to buy
rice they can replace their staple food with sweet
potatoes or bananas. Other garden products are only
sold or sold in Tandurusa Village or the neighboring
village in Naimundung. Selling the garden products
obtained can be used to buy other basic living
necessities.
b) Labor
Tandurusa Village is 5 Km from the center of
Aertembaga District and 8 Km from the center of
Bitung City which is famous as an industrial city,
especially fisheries and there are 6 ports, so a lot of
workers are needed as laborers. That is why there are
10 fishermen or 37% of respondents who do not go to
sea and work as laborers, either construction workers
or transport workers at markets or ports. Working as
a laborer who receives daily wages also really helps
fishermen's families to survive when weather
changes make it impossible for fishermen to catch
fish at sea. Income as a laborer cannot be predicted
every day because it depends on the number of
customers who need his labor, however, it is very
helpful to reduce the burden of life in difficult times.
c) Motorbike taxi driver
The mobility of Bitung city residents is very dense, so
practical and fast transportation is needed. There are
6 fishermen respondents or 22% of respondents who
own two-wheeled motorized vehicles to earn
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additional income as motorbike taxi drivers. When
seasonal changes make it impossible for fishermen to
go to sea to catch fish, they seek other income by
becoming motorbike taxi drivers. Becoming a
motorbike taxi driver is only done in your spare time,
to earn additional income so that fishing families can
meet their daily living needs, this is one way for
fishing families to survive.
d) Trade
One way to overcome life difficulties for fishing
families is to trade, in this case by opening a stall for
daily living necessities or basic necessities. There are
as many as 4 fishermen or 15% of respondents who
open a basic food stall at home, this is not only done
by fishermen but also with their families, this stall is
opened every day, so even though the fisherman is
going to sea it doesn't mean the stall is closed but can
be guarded or served by wife or other family. The
income from this trade really helps fishermen's
families so that when fishermen cannot go to sea to
catch fish and do not earn income, the difficulty of
meeting their living needs is not so pronounced
because they still have other income from trading
profits.
e) Spouse's income
The majority of fishermen's spouses, both wives and
husbands, do not rely on income from fishing alone,
but also look for other income to help the family
economy. For example, there are 8 women fishermen
or 28% who help their husbands by working to pull
beach seine nets or Soma Dampar so they can get
additional income to help their household economy.
Apart from that, there are 7 wives who help earn
additional income by making cakes or ready-made
dishes which are then sold around the village. There
are also 2 fishermen's wives who work as
housemaids at the Bitung Polytechnic complex who
earn income once a month, although it is not much, it
is enough to help ease the family's economic burden.
There are also 2 husbands of female fishermen whose
main income is working at a ship docking company,
and another husband of a female fisherman who
works as a microbus driver.
2. Passive Strategy
Fisherman families in Tandurusa Village, apart
from using various active strategies to survive in the
face of weather changes, they also use passive
strategies to maintain their families' lives. The
passive strategy used by fishing families is to reduce
as far as possible the necessities of life which are not
primary and which can still be reduced. Here, the
difference between an active strategy and a passive
strategy is that if you are active you are trying to find
additional income in various ways, whereas if you
are passive you only try to reduce the cost of living
by reducing various living necessities that can still be
reduced.
According to Gilarso in La Ode Sawaluddin et al,
2020 the necessities of life are a need that must or
must be fulfilled as a means of living. The needs for
life arise when impulses arise from within humans
and as a fact that humans need something to survive
(Mangkunegara in La Ode Sawaludin et al, 2020). In
this case, the needs of family members are an issue
that must be met and resolved. According to
fishermen in Tandurusa Village, several variables for
fulfilling family living needs that can and cannot be
saved are as follows:
a) Food needs
Food needs are basic or basic needs that must be met.
Lack of food needs can have negative consequences
on the human body, according to Tejasari in Bakri,
2020, food needs must be met to survive because
food is the vitality needed by the human body. There
are 21 respondents or 78% of fishermen in Tandurusa
Subdistrict who can no longer save on food needs
because their families only eat what they have, only
setting aside a small amount of the catch which is not
economically important fish and which is not sold as
a side dish for the family or with the vegetables they
grow. just in their yard. However, some fishermen (6
people or 22%) stated that they could still save
money by refraining from buying snacks if they
didn't have money, because they were often tempted
when there were people selling food around the
village, even though they had to go into debt.
b) Clothing needs
The need for clothing is a need necessary to protect
the body and provide comfort for the individual, as
well as placing the individual in reality in normal
social conditions. North Sulawesi is generally famous
for its clothing and accessories with a motto that is
often heard, namely "Let's lose on rice but don't lose
on action" which, translated, means that even if you
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don't eat, the important thing is that your appearance
must follow the trend. This is a culture that is
difficult to eradicate, so many fishing families are in
debt just to keep up with the trends in their social
life. There are 19 fishermen or 70% of fishermen who
stated that they cannot save on clothes because they
only buy new clothes at Christmas and birthdays
every year. However, 8 fishermen or 30% of
respondents stated that they could still save money
by not buying clothes if they felt there were still
clothes that were good enough to wear to church or
worship.
c) Board requirements
The need for shelter is a need that must be met
because humans need a place to shelter and shelter.
Every family needs a house for its survival as a place
for family activities to shape the happiness and
welfare of humans, namely individuals, families and
society. Of the fishermen respondents in Tandurusa
Village, 59% or 16 fishermen already have their own
house and 11 people or 41% still live at the house of
their parents or in-laws because 2 of them are still
single or unmarried. The need for houses for
fishermen can be saved because according to them
the important thing is that they can provide enough
shelter, so spending on housing, the majority of
fishermen state that they do not spend on houses
every year except for electricity for lighting.
d) Educational needs
The need for education is a need that is useful for
improving individual welfare. Education is a process
of character formation and preparing oneself to be
able to live in a complex society. Education is also a
process of changing a person's behavior in an effort
to improve the quality of human life through lessons
and training. According to fisherman respondents in
Tandurura Subdistrict, education is just a formality
to obtain a diploma, and it is not required to become
a fisherman. That is why fishermen do not place
much importance on education. If they feel they
cannot afford to pay for their children's schooling, to
save on living costs, many fishermen's children drop
out of school. The majority of respondent fishermen
or 67% only have elementary and middle school
education. Maybe this is one of the reasons for the
circle of poverty in fishing communities who do not
want to change their mindset, to save on living costs
fishermen actually stop their children's education.
For them they say the important thing is that children
already know how to read and write and count,
because being a fisherman is not there are
educational or diploma requirements.
e) Health needs
Health is an indispensable need because being
healthy is a requirement for an individual to be
productive. For fishermen, health is absolutely
necessary because their work requires physical
strength to work in the open air and on the high seas.
However, none of the fishermen set aside money to
look after their health, so there is no need to save
money on fishermen's health because they only pay
money if their family members are really sick and
only need doctor's fees. If that happens and there is
no money, they will suddenly look for a loan.
3. Network Strategy
Network Strategy is a survival strategy carried out
by establishing relationships, both formal and
informal, with the social environment and
institutional environment. When respondents were
asked whether they had debt, 100% of respondents
answered yes. All of them (100%) have debts to
relatives or family and 26% or 7 people have debts in
cooperatives, but no one has debts in banks because
they don't have collateral and the procedures are
complicated. They go into debt to pay for the family's
needs, because their income is not sufficient to cover
the family's living expenses, especially when the
weather changes when there is no income at all.
Fisherman's families try to survive by going into
debt, they hope that when the weather gets better
and more conducive to going out to sea to fish, they
can pay off their debts.
Based on the results of research conducted, regarding
the gradual life strategies carried out by fishermen in
Tandurusa Village, Aertembaga District, Bitung City
in facing weather changes, it is known that there are
3 strategies for survival for fishing families in
Tandurusa Village. The three strategies are active
strategy, passive strategy and network strategy.
These three strategies were all used and even
combined according to the needs and situations and
conditions of the fishing families faced at that time.
The livelihood as fishermen is a seasonal livelihood
where the income is uncertain, they will only survive
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with the circumstances and what they have in order
to continue to meet their needs, especially food.
IV. CONCLUSION
The Based on the results of the research conducted,
regarding the gradual life strategies carried out by
fishermen in Tandurusa Village, Aertembaga
District, Bitung City in facing weather changes, it can
be concluded that:
1. Weather changes that occur every year can cause
changes in the economy of fishing families. When the
weather is friendly, it is often called harvest season
because fishermen catch enough to meet all their
household needs. On the other hand, when the
weather changes, where strong winds and big waves,
fishermen cannot go to sea to catch fish, so there is no
income to support their living. . Situations like this
make fishermen and their families look for ways or
strategies to survive
2. There are 3 strategies used by fishermen in
Tandurusa Village, Aertembaga District, Bitung City
to survive. The three strategies are active strategy,
passive strategy and network strategy, all three
strategies are used and even combined according to
the needs and situation and conditions of the fishing
family faced at that time. The active strategy that
fishing families use is to seek additional income
outside of fishing at sea. Some fishing families are
brave, trade, become motorbike taxi drivers,
transport workers, construction workers and so on.
The passive strategy used by fishing families is to
save or reduce all living costs that can still be
reduced as much as possible. Meanwhile, the last
strategy used by fishing families to survive is the
networking strategy, namely seeking loans from
family, relatives, cooperatives, banks or others to
maintain their family's lives.
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