Suprarenal glands
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The document describes the anatomy and structure of the kidneys. The kidneys are located retroperitoneally and rest posteriorly on the diaphragm. They are yellow in color with an outer cortex and inner medulla. The right kidney is pyramidal in shape while the left is crescent shaped. The kidneys secrete mineral corticoids, glucocorticoids, sex hormones in the cortex and epinephrine and norepinephrine in the medulla. They receive blood supply from the aorta and renal arteries and drain into the inferior vena cava and renal vein.
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Anatomy of thyroid gland
The thyroid gland is an endocrine gland located in the front of the neck below the larynx. It produces thyroid hormones that regulate metabolic processes throughout the body. The thyroid gland has two lobes connected by an isthmus. It has a rich blood supply from three main arteries and is composed of follicles containing thyroid epithelial cells that absorb iodine and produce thyroid hormones, as well as parafollicular cells. The thyroid gland receives nerve fibers from cervical ganglia via branches of the vagus nerve.
Anatomy of the adrenal gland
The document describes the anatomy and physiology of the adrenal gland. It discusses the location, shape, size and blood supply of the adrenal glands. It describes the two parts of each adrenal gland - the outer cortex and inner medulla. The cortex contains three zones that secrete different hormones. The medulla contains chromaffin cells that secrete catecholamines. Diseases associated with adrenal gland dysfunction are also mentioned.
Adrenal Glands Anatomy
Adrenal glands are a pair of important
Endocrine glands situated on the
posterior abdominal wall over the upper
pole of kidneys behind the peritoneum.
LOCATION;
Epigastrium, at the upper pole of kidney.
Infront of the crus of the diaphragm,opposite the vertibral
end of the11th intercostal space and12th rib.
SIZE, SHAPE AND WEIGHT
Length-50mm
Bredth-30mm
Thickness-10mm and
Weight-5g
Rt-Triangular or Pyramidal
Lt-Semilunar
Adrenal gland
Adrenal gland tumors can arise from either the adrenal cortex or medulla. Tumors of the cortex include Cushing's syndrome, primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn's syndrome), adrenogenital syndrome, adrenal carcinoma, and incidentalomas. Cushing's syndrome is characterized by excessive cortisol secretion and symptoms include weight gain, diabetes, and hypertension. Primary treatments involve surgical removal of pituitary tumors or adrenal tumors. Pheochromocytomas arise from the adrenal medulla and are characterized by excessive catecholamine secretion.
Thyroid gland
a simple but complete explanation about the physiology thyroid gland and the oral manifestations associated with it.
Thyroid anatomy
The thyroid gland is:
- Butterfly shaped and located in the lower neck
- Formed from the branchial arches during development
- Has important relations to structures like the trachea and laryngeal nerves
- Is well vascularized with arteries like the superior thyroid artery arising directly from the aortic arch
- Drains lymph into cervical lymph nodes and moves with deglutition due to its enclosure in pretracheal fascia
HISTOLOGY OF ADRENAL GLANDS
The adrenal glands secrete both steroid hormones and catecholamines. They are located above the kidneys and have two distinct regions - the cortex and medulla. The cortex lies beneath the capsule and secretes steroid hormones. The medulla lies deep to the cortex and secretes catecholamines. Although embryologically distinct, the cortex and medulla are functionally related.
Adrenal gland endocrine-
The adrenal gland is a retroperitoneal organ located above the kidneys that is composed of an outer cortex and inner medulla. The cortex secretes corticosteroids and androgens, developing from mesoderm, while the medulla secretes catecholamines and develops from neural crest cells. The adrenal gland receives its blood supply from superior, middle, and inferior suprarenal arteries and drains into renal veins. It develops from mesodermal and ectodermal tissues and regulates stress response and metabolism through hormones. Diseases can occur if it over or underproduces hormones, like pheochromocytoma increasing catecholamines or Cushing's syndrome increasing cortisol.
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Anatomy of thyroid gland
The thyroid gland is an endocrine gland located in the front of the neck below the larynx. It produces thyroid hormones that regulate metabolic processes throughout the body. The thyroid gland has two lobes connected by an isthmus. It has a rich blood supply from three main arteries and is composed of follicles containing thyroid epithelial cells that absorb iodine and produce thyroid hormones, as well as parafollicular cells. The thyroid gland receives nerve fibers from cervical ganglia via branches of the vagus nerve.
Anatomy of the adrenal gland
The document describes the anatomy and physiology of the adrenal gland. It discusses the location, shape, size and blood supply of the adrenal glands. It describes the two parts of each adrenal gland - the outer cortex and inner medulla. The cortex contains three zones that secrete different hormones. The medulla contains chromaffin cells that secrete catecholamines. Diseases associated with adrenal gland dysfunction are also mentioned.
Adrenal Glands Anatomy
Adrenal glands are a pair of important
Endocrine glands situated on the
posterior abdominal wall over the upper
pole of kidneys behind the peritoneum.
LOCATION;
Epigastrium, at the upper pole of kidney.
Infront of the crus of the diaphragm,opposite the vertibral
end of the11th intercostal space and12th rib.
SIZE, SHAPE AND WEIGHT
Length-50mm
Bredth-30mm
Thickness-10mm and
Weight-5g
Rt-Triangular or Pyramidal
Lt-Semilunar
Adrenal gland
Adrenal gland tumors can arise from either the adrenal cortex or medulla. Tumors of the cortex include Cushing's syndrome, primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn's syndrome), adrenogenital syndrome, adrenal carcinoma, and incidentalomas. Cushing's syndrome is characterized by excessive cortisol secretion and symptoms include weight gain, diabetes, and hypertension. Primary treatments involve surgical removal of pituitary tumors or adrenal tumors. Pheochromocytomas arise from the adrenal medulla and are characterized by excessive catecholamine secretion.
Thyroid gland
a simple but complete explanation about the physiology thyroid gland and the oral manifestations associated with it.
Thyroid anatomy
The thyroid gland is:
- Butterfly shaped and located in the lower neck
- Formed from the branchial arches during development
- Has important relations to structures like the trachea and laryngeal nerves
- Is well vascularized with arteries like the superior thyroid artery arising directly from the aortic arch
- Drains lymph into cervical lymph nodes and moves with deglutition due to its enclosure in pretracheal fascia
HISTOLOGY OF ADRENAL GLANDS
The adrenal glands secrete both steroid hormones and catecholamines. They are located above the kidneys and have two distinct regions - the cortex and medulla. The cortex lies beneath the capsule and secretes steroid hormones. The medulla lies deep to the cortex and secretes catecholamines. Although embryologically distinct, the cortex and medulla are functionally related.
Adrenal gland endocrine-
The adrenal gland is a retroperitoneal organ located above the kidneys that is composed of an outer cortex and inner medulla. The cortex secretes corticosteroids and androgens, developing from mesoderm, while the medulla secretes catecholamines and develops from neural crest cells. The adrenal gland receives its blood supply from superior, middle, and inferior suprarenal arteries and drains into renal veins. It develops from mesodermal and ectodermal tissues and regulates stress response and metabolism through hormones. Diseases can occur if it over or underproduces hormones, like pheochromocytoma increasing catecholamines or Cushing's syndrome increasing cortisol.
Surgical anatomy of thyroid gland
This document provides an overview of the surgical anatomy of the thyroid gland. It describes the embryological development and gross anatomy of the thyroid, including its location in the neck, lobes, and isthmus. It also details the capsules, relationships to surrounding structures, blood supply, lymphatic and nerve drainage of the thyroid gland. Key structures discussed include the recurrent laryngeal nerve, superior and inferior thyroid arteries and veins, and lymph node drainage sites.
01. thyroid anatomy
The thyroid gland is located in the lower neck, extending from the C5 to T1 vertebrae. It has a H or U shape formed by two lateral lobes connected by an isthmus. Each lobe is 50-60mm long, 12-15mm wide, and weighs 25-30g in adults. The thyroid has an inner capsule and septae that divide it into lobes and lobules. The lobules contain follicles which are composed of epithelial cells that enclose a colloid-filled cavity containing thyroid hormones. The thyroid receives its blood supply from the superior and inferior thyroid arteries and drains into the internal jugular and innominate veins. Its lymphatic drainage is to the pretrache
Thyroid gland embryology and physiology
The thyroid gland develops from endodermal thickening in the floor of the mouth and descends to its final location in the neck. It normally forms by week 7 and contains two lobes connected by an isthmus. Congenital abnormalities can include thyroglossal cysts or lingual thyroid. The thyroid produces T4 and T3 hormones which regulate metabolism. Hyperthyroidism includes Graves' disease, while hypothyroidism is often Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Treatment involves restoring normal thyroid levels through medication.
Anatomy of thyroid and parathyroid glands
The thyroid gland is located in the neck below the larynx. It produces three important hormones - thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin. T4 and T3 increase the body's metabolic rate, and their production is regulated by TSH from the pituitary gland. Calcitonin regulates blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption and renal calcium reabsorption. The thyroid receives blood supply from the superior and inferior thyroid arteries and is drained by superior, middle, and inferior thyroid veins.
Anatomy -Thyroid gland
The thyroid gland is located in the front of the neck below the larynx. It has a butterfly shape with two lobes joined by an isthmus. It weighs around 25g and is highly vascular. The thyroid secretes thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which are produced from iodine and thyroglobulin and regulate metabolism. Thyroid stimulating hormone from the pituitary gland regulates T3 and T4 secretion. The thyroid hormones affect growth and development as well as metabolism. Calcitonin secreted by the thyroid reduces blood calcium levels.
Thyroid gland surgical anatomy
The thyroid gland is located in the lower front of the neck. It consists of two lobes connected by an isthmus. The lobes extend from the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage to the 4th-6th tracheal rings. The thyroid is highly vascular, receiving blood supply from the superior and inferior thyroid arteries. The recurrent laryngeal nerves pass behind the branches of the inferior thyroid artery and enter the larynx. Care must be taken during thyroid surgery to identify and preserve these structures to avoid complications.
anatomy OF THYROID GLAND
The thyroid gland is the largest endocrine gland in the neck. It produces thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism and thyrocalcitonin, which regulates calcium levels. The thyroid has two lobes connected by an isthmus and is located in the front of the neck, below the larynx. It receives blood supply from the superior and inferior thyroid arteries and drains into thyroid veins that connect to the internal jugular vein. The recurrent laryngeal nerve passes behind the inferior thyroid artery and is at risk during thyroid procedures.
Thyroid Anatomy and embryology Simplified
thyroid anatomy and embryology, embryology of thyroid, anatomy of thyroid gland, thyroid gland, basics of thyroid gland,thyroid gland, thyroid organ, basic anatomy of thyroid, general anatomy of thyroid, surgical anatomy of thyroid,basic embryology of thyroid gland,embryological disorders of thyroid,
Thyroid gland surgical anatomy
The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the front of the neck. It weighs around 25 grams and consists of two lateral lobes connected by a narrow isthmus. Each lobe is pyramidal in shape. The thyroid gland is situated anterior to the larynx and trachea. It receives its blood supply from the superior and inferior thyroid arteries and drains into the internal jugular vein. Lymphatic drainage is to the prelaryngeal, pretracheal, paratracheal, and deep cervical lymph nodes. The document describes the location, structure, blood supply, lymphatic drainage and relations of the thyroid gland.
JUXTA GLOMERULAR apparatus
The document summarizes the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) and tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism. The JGA is located near the glomerulus and is formed by macula densa cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells, and juxtaglomerular cells. The primary function of the JGA is secretion of hormones like renin and prostaglandins. The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism regulates glomerular filtration rate through detection of NaCl concentration by the macula densa cells, which signals the release of adenosine to constrict or dilate the afferent arteriole accordingly.
Thyroid gland
The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the front of the neck. It weighs around 25 grams and is composed of two lateral lobes connected by a narrow isthmus. The gland is situated anterior to the larynx and trachea. It receives blood supply from the superior, inferior, and sometimes thyroid ima arteries, and drains into the superior, middle, and inferior thyroid veins. Lymphatic drainage occurs into the prelaryngeal, pretracheal, paratracheal, deep cervical, and brachiocephalic lymph nodes. The thyroid gland regulates metabolism in the body.
Pons cross sectional anatomy - Dr Sameep Koshti (consultant Neurosurgeon)
Details of Cross section anatomy of Pons and applied aspects for Neurology and Neurosurgery residents
Thyroid anatomy final
The thyroid gland develops from an endodermal diverticulum in the floor of the pharynx early in gestation. It descends into the neck and develops into a bilobed structure located anterior to the larynx and trachea. Thyroid surgery was initially very dangerous, with mortality rates over 40%, but improved techniques in the late 19th century increased safety. The thyroid gland consists of right and left lobes connected by an isthmus, and it is surrounded by a capsule.
Histology of endocrine system
The pituitary gland controls many body functions through the release of hormones into the bloodstream. It is located at the base of the skull and has anterior and posterior lobes. The anterior lobe secretes growth hormone and other hormones that target various endocrine glands and body systems. The posterior lobe stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus. The thyroid gland regulates metabolic rate through the hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine. It has follicles that store and release these hormones into the bloodstream. The adrenal glands sit atop the kidneys and consist of an outer cortex and inner medulla. The cortex secretes corticosteroids and the medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
Thyroid gland anatomy
The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the front of the neck. It consists of two lobes connected by an isthmus. The lobes extend from the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage to the 6th tracheal ring and lie against the C5-T1 vertebrae. The thyroid gland contains follicular cells that secrete the hormones T3 and T4 and parafollicular C cells that secrete calcitonin. Blood supply comes from the superior and inferior thyroid arteries and lymphatic drainage is to the deep cervical lymph nodes.
Histological structure of pituitory gland
The pituitary gland, also known as the hypophysis, is located at the base of the brain and has a complex histological structure. It has two main parts - the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis. The adenohypophysis consists of the pars distalis, pars tuberalis, and pars intermedia. It contains different cell types that secrete various hormones like growth hormone, prolactin, TSH, FSH, and LH. The neurohypophysis is derived from neural tissue and secretes oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone. The pituitary gland plays an important role in regulating many physiological processes in the body.
anatomy of Thyroid gland
The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the neck. It consists of two lobes connected by an isthmus. The thyroid gland is responsible for secreting thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism. It receives its blood supply from the superior and inferior thyroid arteries. During surgery near the thyroid gland, the recurrent laryngeal nerve must be avoided to prevent voice changes, as it travels between the branches of the inferior thyroid artery.
Thyroid gland
This document summarizes the anatomy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands. It describes the location, shape, and extent of the thyroid gland. The thyroid has two lobes connected by an isthmus. Each lobe has an apex, base, and surfaces. The document outlines the relationships of the lobes, isthmus, and surfaces to surrounding structures. It also details the blood supply, venous drainage, and lymphatic drainage of the thyroid gland. The location and anatomy of the parathyroid glands are summarized as well.
Relevant anatomy of the thyroid gland
The document summarizes the surgical anatomy of the thyroid gland. It describes the gland's embryological development from endodermal epithelial cells in the pharynx. It details the thyroid's location in the neck, consisting of two lobes connected by an isthmus. The gland typically weighs 15-25g and produces important hormones. The summary outlines the gland's blood supply from the superior, inferior, and thyroid ima arteries and venous drainage routes. It also notes the gland's relations to surrounding structures like the larynx, trachea and nerves, and that knowledge of its anatomy is important for thyroid surgeries.
Thyroid gland
The thyroid gland is located in the neck below the laryngeal prominence. It produces thyroid hormones like T3 and T4 which regulate growth and function of other body systems. Hormone production is regulated by TSH from the pituitary gland and TRH from the hypothalamus. The thyroid begins developing in the embryo as an outpocketing from the tongue, and descends in front of the trachea while sometimes connected by the thyroglossal duct which usually disappears. Remnants of this duct can form thyroglossal cysts or fistulas along the gland's migratory path.
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Surgical anatomy of thyroid gland
This document provides an overview of the surgical anatomy of the thyroid gland. It describes the embryological development and gross anatomy of the thyroid, including its location in the neck, lobes, and isthmus. It also details the capsules, relationships to surrounding structures, blood supply, lymphatic and nerve drainage of the thyroid gland. Key structures discussed include the recurrent laryngeal nerve, superior and inferior thyroid arteries and veins, and lymph node drainage sites.
01. thyroid anatomy
The thyroid gland is located in the lower neck, extending from the C5 to T1 vertebrae. It has a H or U shape formed by two lateral lobes connected by an isthmus. Each lobe is 50-60mm long, 12-15mm wide, and weighs 25-30g in adults. The thyroid has an inner capsule and septae that divide it into lobes and lobules. The lobules contain follicles which are composed of epithelial cells that enclose a colloid-filled cavity containing thyroid hormones. The thyroid receives its blood supply from the superior and inferior thyroid arteries and drains into the internal jugular and innominate veins. Its lymphatic drainage is to the pretrache
Thyroid gland embryology and physiology
The thyroid gland develops from endodermal thickening in the floor of the mouth and descends to its final location in the neck. It normally forms by week 7 and contains two lobes connected by an isthmus. Congenital abnormalities can include thyroglossal cysts or lingual thyroid. The thyroid produces T4 and T3 hormones which regulate metabolism. Hyperthyroidism includes Graves' disease, while hypothyroidism is often Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Treatment involves restoring normal thyroid levels through medication.
Anatomy of thyroid and parathyroid glands
The thyroid gland is located in the neck below the larynx. It produces three important hormones - thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin. T4 and T3 increase the body's metabolic rate, and their production is regulated by TSH from the pituitary gland. Calcitonin regulates blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption and renal calcium reabsorption. The thyroid receives blood supply from the superior and inferior thyroid arteries and is drained by superior, middle, and inferior thyroid veins.
Anatomy -Thyroid gland
The thyroid gland is located in the front of the neck below the larynx. It has a butterfly shape with two lobes joined by an isthmus. It weighs around 25g and is highly vascular. The thyroid secretes thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which are produced from iodine and thyroglobulin and regulate metabolism. Thyroid stimulating hormone from the pituitary gland regulates T3 and T4 secretion. The thyroid hormones affect growth and development as well as metabolism. Calcitonin secreted by the thyroid reduces blood calcium levels.
Thyroid gland surgical anatomy
The thyroid gland is located in the lower front of the neck. It consists of two lobes connected by an isthmus. The lobes extend from the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage to the 4th-6th tracheal rings. The thyroid is highly vascular, receiving blood supply from the superior and inferior thyroid arteries. The recurrent laryngeal nerves pass behind the branches of the inferior thyroid artery and enter the larynx. Care must be taken during thyroid surgery to identify and preserve these structures to avoid complications.
anatomy OF THYROID GLAND
The thyroid gland is the largest endocrine gland in the neck. It produces thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism and thyrocalcitonin, which regulates calcium levels. The thyroid has two lobes connected by an isthmus and is located in the front of the neck, below the larynx. It receives blood supply from the superior and inferior thyroid arteries and drains into thyroid veins that connect to the internal jugular vein. The recurrent laryngeal nerve passes behind the inferior thyroid artery and is at risk during thyroid procedures.
Thyroid Anatomy and embryology Simplified
thyroid anatomy and embryology, embryology of thyroid, anatomy of thyroid gland, thyroid gland, basics of thyroid gland,thyroid gland, thyroid organ, basic anatomy of thyroid, general anatomy of thyroid, surgical anatomy of thyroid,basic embryology of thyroid gland,embryological disorders of thyroid,
Thyroid gland surgical anatomy
The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the front of the neck. It weighs around 25 grams and consists of two lateral lobes connected by a narrow isthmus. Each lobe is pyramidal in shape. The thyroid gland is situated anterior to the larynx and trachea. It receives its blood supply from the superior and inferior thyroid arteries and drains into the internal jugular vein. Lymphatic drainage is to the prelaryngeal, pretracheal, paratracheal, and deep cervical lymph nodes. The document describes the location, structure, blood supply, lymphatic drainage and relations of the thyroid gland.
JUXTA GLOMERULAR apparatus
The document summarizes the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) and tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism. The JGA is located near the glomerulus and is formed by macula densa cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells, and juxtaglomerular cells. The primary function of the JGA is secretion of hormones like renin and prostaglandins. The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism regulates glomerular filtration rate through detection of NaCl concentration by the macula densa cells, which signals the release of adenosine to constrict or dilate the afferent arteriole accordingly.
Thyroid gland
The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the front of the neck. It weighs around 25 grams and is composed of two lateral lobes connected by a narrow isthmus. The gland is situated anterior to the larynx and trachea. It receives blood supply from the superior, inferior, and sometimes thyroid ima arteries, and drains into the superior, middle, and inferior thyroid veins. Lymphatic drainage occurs into the prelaryngeal, pretracheal, paratracheal, deep cervical, and brachiocephalic lymph nodes. The thyroid gland regulates metabolism in the body.
Pons cross sectional anatomy - Dr Sameep Koshti (consultant Neurosurgeon)
Details of Cross section anatomy of Pons and applied aspects for Neurology and Neurosurgery residents
Thyroid anatomy final
The thyroid gland develops from an endodermal diverticulum in the floor of the pharynx early in gestation. It descends into the neck and develops into a bilobed structure located anterior to the larynx and trachea. Thyroid surgery was initially very dangerous, with mortality rates over 40%, but improved techniques in the late 19th century increased safety. The thyroid gland consists of right and left lobes connected by an isthmus, and it is surrounded by a capsule.
Histology of endocrine system
The pituitary gland controls many body functions through the release of hormones into the bloodstream. It is located at the base of the skull and has anterior and posterior lobes. The anterior lobe secretes growth hormone and other hormones that target various endocrine glands and body systems. The posterior lobe stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus. The thyroid gland regulates metabolic rate through the hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine. It has follicles that store and release these hormones into the bloodstream. The adrenal glands sit atop the kidneys and consist of an outer cortex and inner medulla. The cortex secretes corticosteroids and the medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
Thyroid gland anatomy
The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the front of the neck. It consists of two lobes connected by an isthmus. The lobes extend from the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage to the 6th tracheal ring and lie against the C5-T1 vertebrae. The thyroid gland contains follicular cells that secrete the hormones T3 and T4 and parafollicular C cells that secrete calcitonin. Blood supply comes from the superior and inferior thyroid arteries and lymphatic drainage is to the deep cervical lymph nodes.
Histological structure of pituitory gland
The pituitary gland, also known as the hypophysis, is located at the base of the brain and has a complex histological structure. It has two main parts - the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis. The adenohypophysis consists of the pars distalis, pars tuberalis, and pars intermedia. It contains different cell types that secrete various hormones like growth hormone, prolactin, TSH, FSH, and LH. The neurohypophysis is derived from neural tissue and secretes oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone. The pituitary gland plays an important role in regulating many physiological processes in the body.
anatomy of Thyroid gland
The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the neck. It consists of two lobes connected by an isthmus. The thyroid gland is responsible for secreting thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism. It receives its blood supply from the superior and inferior thyroid arteries. During surgery near the thyroid gland, the recurrent laryngeal nerve must be avoided to prevent voice changes, as it travels between the branches of the inferior thyroid artery.
Thyroid gland
This document summarizes the anatomy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands. It describes the location, shape, and extent of the thyroid gland. The thyroid has two lobes connected by an isthmus. Each lobe has an apex, base, and surfaces. The document outlines the relationships of the lobes, isthmus, and surfaces to surrounding structures. It also details the blood supply, venous drainage, and lymphatic drainage of the thyroid gland. The location and anatomy of the parathyroid glands are summarized as well.
Relevant anatomy of the thyroid gland
The document summarizes the surgical anatomy of the thyroid gland. It describes the gland's embryological development from endodermal epithelial cells in the pharynx. It details the thyroid's location in the neck, consisting of two lobes connected by an isthmus. The gland typically weighs 15-25g and produces important hormones. The summary outlines the gland's blood supply from the superior, inferior, and thyroid ima arteries and venous drainage routes. It also notes the gland's relations to surrounding structures like the larynx, trachea and nerves, and that knowledge of its anatomy is important for thyroid surgeries.
Thyroid gland
The thyroid gland is located in the neck below the laryngeal prominence. It produces thyroid hormones like T3 and T4 which regulate growth and function of other body systems. Hormone production is regulated by TSH from the pituitary gland and TRH from the hypothalamus. The thyroid begins developing in the embryo as an outpocketing from the tongue, and descends in front of the trachea while sometimes connected by the thyroglossal duct which usually disappears. Remnants of this duct can form thyroglossal cysts or fistulas along the gland's migratory path.
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Pons cross sectional anatomy - Dr Sameep Koshti (consultant Neurosurgeon)
Pons cross sectional anatomy - Dr Sameep Koshti (consultant Neurosurgeon)
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This document discusses amino acid metabolism. It notes that proteins are composed of amino acids, which can be classified as essential, non-essential, or semi-essential. The body contains an amino acid pool of around 100g that is dynamic and participates in metabolic reactions. The pool is mostly composed of glutamate and glutamine. Amino acids come from protein turnover and ingestion. Amino acid metabolism involves two steps - transamination and deamination. Transamination involves transferring the amino group between amino acids and keto acids, catalyzed by transaminases. Deamination removes the amino group as ammonia and can occur oxidatively via glutamate dehydrogenase or non-oxidatively via various enzymes.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
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9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
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1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
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Suprarenal glands
- 1. ANATOMY & DESCRIPTION MUHAMMAD HASEEB TARIQ
- 2. LOCATION: These are located on the kidneys. These are Retroperitoneal organs. Both rest posteriorly on Diaphragm.
- 4. STRUCTURE: These are yellow in color. Have an outer Yellow Cortex. Have an inner Brown Medulla. Right is Pyramidal in shape. Left is Crescent shape.
- 6. SECRETIONS: CORTICAL: Mineral corticoids Glucocorticoids Sex hormones MEDULLARY: Epinephrine Norepinephrine
- 7. BLOOD SUPPLY: Aorta Inferior phrenic artery Renal artery VEINS: On the right side drain into Inferior vena cava , on left drain into Renal vein.
- 9. LYMPH DRAINAGE: Lateral aortic lymph nodes. NERVE SUPPLY: Preganglionic nerve supply from splanchnic nerves. Most nerves supply the Medulla.
- 10. THE END