1. Delhi Public School
Nacharam
Cambridge Assessment International Education –IN174
Academic Year 2023-2024
End-term Revision Toolkit
Points to
remember
Key words
Sno. Chapters Key Words
1.
2.
History
Lesson 6-The Great Uprising
Lesson 9-Colonialism and
Urban Change
Sepoy mutiny, indigo, Doctrine of Lapse, Enfield
Pritchett rifle, artisans and craftsmen, racial
superiority, military ranks, subsidiary alliance,
annexation revenue, deployment,
industrialization, colonialism, indigenous elite,
port towns, avenues, idgahs, chowks, mohallahs.
3.
4.
Geography
Lesson 7-Manufacturing
Industries
Lesson 10-Disaster and its
Management
Modernizing, tertiary, eradication, foreign
exchange, entrepreneur, infrastructure, self-
reliant, value added products,
telecommunication, calamities, droughts,
earthquakes, natural disasters, efficient
management, strategically, mitigation, hazards
5.
6.
Social and Political life
Lesson 4-The Judiciary
Lesson 8-Government for
Development
Administer justice, watch dog democracy,
arbitrarily, integrated judicial system, Supreme
court, High court, District court, Subordinate
court, economic planning, 5 year plans, utilization
of resources, prosperity , inequality, Gross
Domestic Product,
Key words
Points to
remember
Key Concepts
Revision
Worksheets
2. Sno. Chapters Links for reference
1.
2.
History
Lesson 6-The Great Uprising
Lesson 9-Colonialism and
Urban Change
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=akw0GJ8YpA0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HL1XtorweI4
3.
4.
Geography
Lesson 7-Manufacturing
Industries
Lesson 10-Disaster and its
Management
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rXBAyQycGxI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaWnRznp1AU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TyYrLBKEmeY
5.
6.
Social and Political life
Lesson 4-The Judiciary
Lesson 8-Government for
Development
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G_G2X3pfHwE
History
Topic-Lesson 6-The Great Uprising
a) Why did the artisans and craftsmen join the revolt of 1857?
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b) Explain the concept of Doctrine of Lapse that was introduced by the British?
c) How did it affect the Kings and Queens of India?
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d) How did the British show racial superiority to Indians?
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e) What was the immediate cause of the 1857 revolt?
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f) How did the Industrial revolution change the life of farmers?
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Geography
Topic: Lesson 7-Manufacturing Industries
a) Explain the relationship between manufacturing and other activities.
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b) Describe any two types of industries.
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c) Draw and explain large scale industries? Give 2 examples.
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d) Explain 3 factors affecting the location of industries.
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e) Which are the major industrial regions of India?
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f) How has IT industry developed and changed the face of communication? Give any example.
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Topic- Lesson-10-Disaster and its management
a) Identify the device and explain how it functions?
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b) List a few precautions against floods.
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5. c) Draw and explain an epicentre?
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d) Which commission forecasts the occurrence of floods?
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History
Topic-Lesson 9-Colonialism and Urban changes:
a) What were the port cities and what were they used for?
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b) Why did Shimla and Ooty become popular retreats during the British colonial rule?
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c) How did the urban towns differ from the old towns in India?
Old town Urban town
d) Name the 7 cities of Delhi
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e) How was Shahjahan’s city planning?
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f) What did the British do to Delhi after they recaptured it in 1857?
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g) Who were the British officials responsible for the remodelling of Delhi? What was their
contribution?
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h) Explain why Delhi became the city of refugees.
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Social and Political life
Topic-Lesson 4-Judiciary
a) India has a …………………………… system of Judiciary
b) Mention 3 functions of the Judiciary
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c) Who appoints the Chief Justice of India? What are the criteria for the selection of a Chief
Justice?
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d) What are the scopes of jurisdiction given to the Supreme court? Explain 2 with an example.
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7. e) What is the jurisdiction of the High Court?
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f) Explain any 3 types of Subordinate courts.
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Topic: Lesson 8 Government for Development
a) What are the functions of a Planning Commission?
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b) Explain the importance of Five-Year Plans.
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c) Why was the Green Revolution important to the field of agriculture?
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d) How did modern machinery help in the increase of agricultural output?
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8. e) Which institutes and departments research about agriculture? Give 2 examples
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f) Trace the growth of industries due to the implementation of the Five-Year plans.
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g) What are the objectives of the Bharat Nirman Plan?
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h) How has the government helped the men and women under the poverty line in terms of
employment?
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i) Which plan caters to the urban and rural housing development?
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Objectives:
1.The new rifle that was introduced in the British army was ………………………………………
2. The different sections of the society expressed their anger through protests and revolts
between………………………………..
3. A large part of India was under direct……………………….
4. The Mughal empire existed only in name as the emperor ……………. had neither territory nor power
5. The noble men were angered by the loss of their …………
6. The farmers were forced to pay ………… even when their crops failed.
7. …………………………………annexed Awadh in 1857
8. A major cause of the uprising was the fear among people that the company wanted to convert all
Indians to …………………..
9. The scope of promotion was very limited as Indians were not allowed to rise higher than a
………………………...
10. In Jhansi ……… challenged the British authority.
11. To underplay the importance of the uprising, British historians refer to it as a ………….
12.Indian historians have termed the Sepoy mutiny as …………….
13…………….. and ……………… became presidencies as they were important Centres of political power
9. 14. Port cities like ………. Bombay and Madras became important as raw materials were sent to
England from these ports
15. Shahjahanabad was called the ………… city because of its wall and gates
16……….. …………. Embarked on the task of building the city of New Delhi
17. Many products from primary activities such as ……………. and …………… cannot be utilized without
processing.
18. The processing of raw materials into finished products such as cotton into cloth sugarcane into
sugar etc. is called …………….
19. Manufacturing also helps to remove poverty and ………….
20. …………… industries obtain raw materials from agriculture that is plants and animals
21. ……….. industries obtain raw materials from rock and minerals
22. The size of an industry depends on the amount of capital invested and ………. Employed and
amount of goods produced
23. ……………… industries utilize local raw materials , basic tools and equipment
24. ……………. industries are owned and managed by an individual or a group of individuals
25. One of the factors affecting location of industries is adequate supply of ………….. at reasonable
wages
26. In a cotton textile mill, the inputs are ………….. the cost of setting up the factory, ……….. paid to
labours and transportation costs
27. The areas which have high concentration are called…………
28 …………. are the destructions caused by nature like earthquakes, floods ,droughts, cyclones ,
landslides and forest fires
29. A hazard causing destruction is called a …………….
30. The shaking movements sent out by an earthquake are called ……………
31. The occurrence of an earthquake is detected by a sensitive instrument called …………..
32. The intensity of an earthquake is measured using an instrument called …………. Scale
33. A cyclone develops when a ……… area is surrounded by high pressure
34. One of the precautions to be safe from cyclones is to secure your home and move to a ……….
Place
35. One of the reasons floods occur is due to …………. And storms in the sea
36. The main season for occurrence is floods is the rainy season …………… …………….
37. The ……….. commission forecast the floods in India
Notes-History
Lesson 6-The Great Uprising
• The revolt of 1857 was the conscious beginning of the Independence struggle against the
colonial tyranny of the British. There are various names for the revolt of 1857 – India’s First
War of Independence, Sepoy Mutiny, etc.
• The revolt began on May 10, 1857, at Meerut as a sepoy mutiny. It was initiated by sepoys in
the Bengal Presidency against the British officers.
• The immediate factor was the introduction of the ‘Enfield’ rifle. The cartridge had to be bitten
off before loading it into the gun. Indian sepoys believed that the cartridge was greased with
either pig fat or made from cow fat. This was against the Hindu and Muslim sentiments. Thus
they were reluctant to use the ‘Enfield’ rifle. This was a flashpoint to enrage the soldiers
against the British.
• Political Causes – The British expansion had led to the propagation of unjust policies that led
to the loss of power of the Nawabs and Zamindars residing at various places of India. The
introduction of unfair policies like the policy of Trade and Commerce, the policy of indirect
subordination (subsidiary alliance), the policy of war and annexation, the policy of direct
subordination (doctrine of lapse), the policy of mis governance (through which Awadh was
annexed) greatly hampered the interests of the rulers of the native states, and they one by
one became victims of British expansionism. Therefore, those rulers, who lost their states to
the British, were naturally against the British and took sides against them during the revolt.
• Economic Factors -There were various reforms in the taxation and revenue system that
affected the peasants’ heavily. British Government had imposed and introduced various
administrative policies to expand their territory.
• Military Factors: Another major cause was the General Enlistment Act of July 25 1856.
• 10 months before the rebellion, the act required that new recruits to the Bengal Army to
accept a commitment for general service. Earlier the enlisted men of the Bengal Army had
been exempted from serving overseas as they believed that such an act would be against
their beliefs. But the Madras and Bombay regiments had no such inhibitions. Governor-
General Lord Dalhousie felt it unfair that the burden of deployment fell squarely on the smaller
presidency armies. With the signing of the act, sepoys of the Bengal Army felt that it would
also prevent their sons from following their footsteps while fearing the prospect of serving
overseas.
• The revolt of 1857 shook the foundation of British East India Company and disclosed their
inefficiency in handling the Indian administration. The major impact was the introduction of
the Government of India Act, 1858 which abolished the rule of British East India Company
and marked the beginning of British raj that bestowed powers in the hands of the British
government to rule India directly through representatives.
10. Lesson 9-Colonialism and Urban Change
• The British came to India as traders and gradually became the rulers of India. During their
rule, they brought about many changes. They built big cities to glorify their power. However,
some cities suffered a decline while other like Delhi were completely transformed during
and after the British rule.
• Colonialism had its impact on the Indian cities as well. But the impact varied from city to
city. Some cities declined whereas others flourished. Industrialisation had led to
urbanisation in the west. However, this was not so for India.
CHANGING FORTUNES OF CITIES
• The Presidency cities like-Calcutta, Madras and Bombay became very important and
developed rapidly during the British period. Calcutta became a colonial metropolis. Both,
the British and the indigenous elite contributed to the growth of the city. With further British
expansion, it became the capital of the British Empire in India. Bombay became a major
commercial and industrial centre. Madras was an important hub in South India.
• The British chose it because it provided a natural harbor which gave easy access to the
maritime trade. Earlier, towns like-Dacca, Mushidabad, Ahemdabad, Masulipatnam,
Chanderi and many others were flourishing centres of the textile industry. These declined
because there was a demand for cheap British made goods. New ports like Bombay gained
importance and Masulipatnam, an old port declined. Similarly, the capital cities of the rulers
whose kingdoms were annexed by the British, declined. Thus, there was widespread de-
urbanisation in India.
TALE OF A CAPITAL CITY: DELHI
• Delhi has been the capital of several empires in history. It was built near the river Yamuna.
For a period of 1000 years, it has been the site of at least eight capital cities created by
different rulers. Many of these capitals were built in a small area of 60 square miles within
Delhi. Some of them are reduced to villages today and the ruins act as a testimony of the
evolution of times, while some others have been modernized. Although Delhi was
destroyed many times, each time a New Delhi arose, right next to the ruins.
MUGHAL CAPITAL-SHAHJAHANABAD
• Shahjahanabad, the seventeenth century city of Delhi, was built by Shah Jahan between
1639 and 1648. It was the seventh city of Delhi. The city was enclosed by about ten
kilometer long wall. It spread out over a large area along the banks of river Yamuna. The
city had fourteen gates only four of which exist today.
• The walled city included broad avenues with water channels, markets, mosques, gardens,
houses of the nobility, and the fortified palace known as the Red Fort or Lal Qila. Built of
red sandstone, the Red Fort constituted the palace of the emperor and his court. It also
housed the administrative officials, a military garrison, the imperial treasury, factories for
the manufacture of luxury commodities, and much more. There were elegant mosques,
crowded 'nohallas, enchanting bazaars, royal gardens and fountains.
• Chandni Chowk, a busy marketplace was designed by the Princess Jahanara. This had a
canal running down the centre with pools at the intersection. Besides, there were numerous
dargahs, idgahs, chowks and cul-e-sacs. The Jama Masjid stands across the road in front
of the Red Fort. It is the largest mosque in India and its spacious courtyard can hold up to
25/000 devotees.
• History Reveals
• The celebrated poet Mirza Galib wrote: "If the world is body, Delhi is the soul".
DELHI; BEFORE AND AFTER THE REVOLT OF 1857
• Though Delhi became a part of the British Empire in 1803, Calcutta continued to be the
Imperial capital. The Mughal Emperor was pensioned off but allowed to live in the Red
Fort.
• Delhi a colonial city wasn't the capital of India at the time, but it was an important
commercial centre. The king, the seat of power, resided in Delhi. The wealthy people and
British lived in the walled city. This was unlike the Presidency cities where the city was
divided into two parts- the White Town where the Europeans lived and the Black Town
where the Indians lived.
• The British interest in Delhi was immensely increasing. The Delhi College was established
in the year, 1792; which is presently known as Zakir Husain Delhi College. It was initially
founded as the Madrasa. It became the first centre in Delhi to offer English as a subject.
Here all the subjects, even modern science, were taught in Urdu. There was great
intellectual development in Urdu as well as English. A member of the faculty of the college
bought a small press in 1837 and started 'Delhi Urdu Akhbar', probably the first newspaper
in all of north India. Telegraph and photography also began to make their presence felt in
the same decades. This period between 1803 and 1857 is known as Delhi Renaissance.
• The Revolt of 1857 changed the situation. The rebels had proclaimed the aging Bahadur
Shah Zafar as the Mughal Emperor of India. Delhi was under the control of the rebels for
11. almost four months. The British recaptured Delhi in mid-September 1857 and the city was
set on a course that was to change it forever.
• The recapture of Delhi is known as the 'Seige of Delhi'.
Geography
Lesson 7-Manufacturing Industries
• Importance of Manufacturing
• The manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of development due to
the following reasons.
• Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture as it provides jobs in secondary
and tertiary sectors.
• It helps in the eradication of unemployment and poverty.
• Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce and brings in much-needed
foreign exchange.
• It helps in prospering the country by giving a boost to the economy.
• Contribution of Industry to National Economy
• The trend of growth rate in manufacturing over the last decade has been
around 7 percent per annum.
• Industrial Location
• Industrial locations are influenced by the availability of:
• Raw material
• Labour
• Capital
• Power
• Market
• Government policies
• Manufacturing activity tends to locate at the most appropriate place where all
the factors of industrial location are either available or can be arranged at a
lower cost. The figure below shows the industry market linkage.
•
• Agro-Based Industries
• Cotton, jute, silk, woollen textiles, sugar and edible oil, etc. industries are
based on agricultural raw materials. Let’s know about each of them, one by
one.
• Textile Industry
• It is the only industry in India which is self-reliant and complete in the value
chain, i.e., from raw materials to the highest value-added products. It
contributes to industrial production, employment generation and foreign
exchange earnings.
• Cotton Textiles
• This industry has close links with agriculture and provides a living to farmers,
cotton ball collecters and workers engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving,
dyeing, designing, packaging, tailoring and sewing. It supports many other
industries, such as chemicals and dyes, packaging materials and engineering
works.
• Jute Textiles
• India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods. Most of the mills are
located in West Bengal, mainly along the banks of the Hugli River.
• Sugar Industry
• India stands second as a world producer of sugar but occupies first place in
the production of Gur and Khandsari. This industry is seasonal in nature.
12. • Mineral-Based Industries
• Industries that use minerals and metals as raw materials are called mineral-
based industries. Let’s discuss some industries that fall under this category.
• Iron and Steel Industry
• Iron and steel is the basic industry as all the other industries – heavy, medium
and light, depend on it for their machinery. It is considered a heavy
industry because all the raw materials, as well as finished goods, are heavy
and bulky entailing high transportation costs.
• India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world, yet, we are
not able to perform to our full potential largely due to the following reasons.
• High costs and limited availability of coking coal
• Lower productivity of labour
• Irregular supply of energy
• Poor infrastructure
• Automobile Industry
• This industry deals with the manufacturing of trucks, buses, cars, motorcycles,
scooters, three-wheelers and multi-utility vehicles. These industries are
located around Delhi, Gurugram, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow,
Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and Bengaluru.
• Information Technology and Electronics Industry
• The electronics industry covers a wide range of products, from transistor sets
to television, telephones, cellular telecom, telephone exchange, radars,
computers and other equipment required by the telecommunication industry.
This industry has generated employment in India. Bengaluru is known as the
electronic capital of India.
Lesson 10-Disaster and its Management
What is Disaster Management?
Natural calamities come in different shapes and dimensions. Industrial explosions
and structural failures, both of which are caused by human error, are examples of
human-induced disasters.
Physical processes, such as earthquakes and droughts, produce natural disasters.
Complex disasters include epidemics and armed wars, to name a few.
Disaster Management
The practice of efficient management and response to disasters is known as disaster
management. It entails strategically giving priority to repair the harm caused by
disasters. It also includes a systematic approach to managing disaster prevention,
preparation, response, and recovery duties.
Prevention:
Disaster mitigation and prevention measures strive to limit the potential for disaster-
related damage and suffering. While disaster management cannot prevent disasters,
it can help to prevent them from getting worsened by ignoring cause elements and
manageable hazards.
Actions performed to decrease the intensity of a disaster's impact are referred to as
mitigation. Disasters can be considerably reduced by investing in measures that limit
dangers.
The below are among some of the methods that disaster response
professionals use to safeguard vulnerable communities and reduce hazards:
1. Increasing public knowledge of potential hazards and how to deal with them.
2. Providing information to the public on how to effectively prepare for all types of
disasters.
3. Prediction and warning systems are being installed and strengthened.
Disaster Management is necessary or expedient for:
1. Prevention
2. Mitigation
13. 3. Preparedness
4. Response
5. Recovery
6. Rehabilitation
Disaster Management Cycle:
Disaster Management Cycle
Pre – Disaster Phase:
1. Prevention and Mitigation:
The activities that are conducted to prevent or lessen the negative impacts of a
disaster in the short term and long term are known as disaster mitigation. On the one
hand, they comprise political, legal, administrative, and infrastructure measures; on
the other, they include educating vulnerable people and influencing their lifestyles
and behaviours to lower catastrophe risk.
2. Preparedness:
Disaster preparedness aims to prevent or reduce losses and damage in the event of
a disaster. This would include the readiness of all civic bodies, such as the civil
administration, the fire department, hospitals, and the police force, among others.
The third step of emergency management is preparedness.
3. Response, Recovery and Reconstruction:
The search and recovery phase, but also addressing survivors' basic humanitarian
requirements, as well as aid from regional, national, and international authorities, are
all part of the reaction phase.
After the immediate threat to human life has passed, the recovery period begins. The
initial purpose of the recovery phase is to restore some degree of normalcy to the
damaged area. During reconstruction, the property's location and construction
materials are taken into account.
4. Early Warning:
An Early Warning System (EWS) is a collection of capabilities for generating and
disseminating timely and relevant warning information about potential extreme
occurrences or disasters (such as floods, droughts, fires, earthquakes, and
tsunamis) that endanger people's lives.
The goal of this information is to assist individuals, communities, and organisations
that are at risk to plan and respond effectively and in a timely manner in order to
minimise the chance of harm, loss, or risk.
5. The Disaster Impact:
This is the "event of a hazard occurring in real time and affecting elements at
risk".
The length of the event will be determined by the type of threat; for example, during
an earthquake, ground shaking may occur in a matter of seconds. Flooding, on the
other hand, may occur over a longer period of time.
Social and Political Life:
Lesson 4-The Judiciary
The judiciary is that branch of the government that interprets the law, settles disputes
and administers justice to all citizens. The judiciary is considered the watchdog of
democracy, and also the guardian of the Constitution. For democracy to function
effectively, it is imperative to have an impartial and independent judiciary.
Independent Indian Judiciary
• It means that the other branches of the government, namely, the executive and the
legislature, does not interfere with the judiciary’s functioning.
• The judiciary’s decision is respected and not interfered with by the other organs.
• It also means that judges can perform their duties without fear or favour.
14. Independence of the judiciary also does not mean that the judiciary functions
arbitrarily and without any accountability. It is accountable to the Constitution of the
country.
How Indian Judiciary is granted its independence?
The Constitution provides for a number of provisions that ensure that the
independence of the judiciary is maintained and protected. For more on this, you can
check the below links.
Indian Judiciary – Structure
India has a single integrated judicial system. The judiciary in India has a pyramidal
structure with the Supreme Court (SC) at the top. High Courts are below the SC, and
below them are the district and subordinate courts. The lower courts function under
the direct superintendence of the higher courts.
Lesson 8-Government for Development
Economic Planning In India – Five Year Plans
The term economic planning is used to describe the long term plans of the
government of India to develop and coordinate the economy with efficient utilization
of resources. Economic planning in India started after independence in the year
1950 when it was deemed necessary for economic growth and development of the
nation.
Long term objectives of Five Year Plans in India are:
• High Growth rate to improve the living standard of the residents of India.
• Economic stability for prosperity.
• Self-reliant economy.
• Social justice and reducing the inequalities.
• Modernization of the economy.
The idea of economic planning for five years was taken from the Soviet Union under
the socialist influence of first Prime Minister Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru.
The first eight five year plans in India emphasised on growing the public sector with
huge investments in heavy and basic industries, but since the launch of Ninth five
year plan in 1997, attention has shifted towards making government a growth
facilitator.
Objectives of Economic Planning in India
The following were the original objectives of economic planning in India:
• Economic Development: This is the main objective of planning in India.
Economic Development of India is measured by the increase in the Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) of India and Per Capita Income
• Increased Levels of Employment: An important aim of economic planning in
India is to better utilise the available human resources of the country by
increasing the employment levels.
• Self Sufficiency: India aims to be self-sufficient in major commodities and also
increase exports through economic planning. The Indian economy had
reached the take-off stage of development during the third five-year plan in
1961-66.
• Economic Stability: Economic planning in India also aims at stable market
conditions in addition to the economic growth of India. This means keeping
inflation low while also making sure that deflation in prices does not happen. If
15. the wholesale price index rises very high or very low, structural defects in the
economy are created and economic planning aims to avoid this.
• Social Welfare and Provision of Efficient Social Services: The objectives of all
the five year plans as well as plans suggested by the NITI Aayog aim to
increase labour welfare, social welfare for all sections of the society.
Development of social services in India, such as education, healthcare and
emergency services have been part of planning in India.
• Regional Development: Economic planning in India aims to reduce regional
disparities in development. For example, some states like Punjab, Haryana,
Gujarat, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu are relatively well developed
economically while states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, Assam and
Nagaland are economically backward. Others like Karnataka and Andhra
Pradesh have uneven development with world class economic centres in
cities and a relatively less developed hinterland. Planning in India aims to
study these disparities and suggest strategies to reduce them.
• Comprehensive and Sustainable Development: Development of all economic
sectors such as agriculture, industry, and services is one of the major
objectives of economic planning.
• Reduction in Economic Inequality: Measures to reduce inequality through
progressive taxation, employment generation and reservation of jobs has
been a central objective of Indian economic planning since independence.
• Social Justice: This objective of planning is related to all the other objectives
and has been a central focus of planning in India. It aims to reduce the
population of people living below the poverty line and provide them access to
employment and social services.
• Increased Standard of Living: Increasing the standard of living by increasing
the per capita income and equal distribution of income is one of the main aims
of India’s economic planning.
