Summary of topic 5.4
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Eutrophication is caused by excess nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus entering a water body, which causes algal blooms. As the algae and plants die, oxygen levels in the water decrease and the water becomes unsuitable for most species. Symptoms include increased turbidity, loss of submerged plants, toxic algal blooms, and decreased biodiversity. Management strategies include altering activities that contribute excess nutrients, clean-up of impacted water bodies, and regulations on sources of nutrients like sewage and fertilizers.
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Summary of topic 3.5
The document discusses several topics related to global food resources and production. It notes that about 1 billion people are undernourished, most living in less economically developed countries. Food production varies from subsistence farming in LEDCs to commercial farming in more economically developed countries. Climate change is expected to have greater negative impacts on agriculture in LEDCs through increased drought, flooding, and heat waves. The document also compares intensive, extensive, and subsistence farming as well as terrestrial and aquatic food production systems, and examines several case studies of different societies and their associated food production methods.
Summary of topic 5.2
1) Food production systems range from subsistence farming in LEDCs to intensive commercial farming in MEDCs. LEDCs often focus on subsistence farming for local consumption while MEDCs protect domestic agriculture through import tariffs.
2) Climate change is expected to negatively impact food production more in LEDCs through increased drought, flooding and heat waves. This could destroy crops over large areas.
3) Sustainable agriculture practices include reducing meat consumption, increasing organic and local foods, improving food labels, and planting buffer zones to reduce nutrient runoff.
Summary of topic 3.2
Natural capital refers to the resources available for human exploitation including those in the biosphere, lithosphere, and atmosphere. Some natural capital such as timber and food crops is renewable as it can regenerate quickly through natural processes like photosynthesis. Other resources like solar and geothermal energy are replenishable through abiotic processes. Fossil fuels and minerals are non-renewable as they cannot be replaced within human timescales. Natural capital provides both goods like timber and services like climate stabilization. Sustainability requires balancing the exploitation of renewable resources with their regeneration rates to ensure their availability for future generations.
Resource
1. The document discusses the importance of resource conservation. It defines resources and categorizes them as natural or artificial, renewable or non-renewable.
2. Conservation aims to prevent overexploitation of natural resources so they can be sustained for future generations. It involves proper management and planning to ensure balanced use of resources.
3. As population grows, consumption of resources is increasing rapidly. If not properly managed, this could lead to serious scarcity. Conservation helps maintain balance and biodiversity for all living things.
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The document discusses several topics related to global food resources and production. It notes that about 1 billion people are undernourished, most living in less economically developed countries. Food production varies from subsistence farming in LEDCs to commercial farming in more economically developed countries. Climate change is expected to have greater negative impacts on agriculture in LEDCs through increased drought, flooding, and heat waves. The document also compares intensive, extensive, and subsistence farming as well as terrestrial and aquatic food production systems, and examines several case studies of different societies and their associated food production methods.
Summary of topic 5.2
1) Food production systems range from subsistence farming in LEDCs to intensive commercial farming in MEDCs. LEDCs often focus on subsistence farming for local consumption while MEDCs protect domestic agriculture through import tariffs.
2) Climate change is expected to negatively impact food production more in LEDCs through increased drought, flooding and heat waves. This could destroy crops over large areas.
3) Sustainable agriculture practices include reducing meat consumption, increasing organic and local foods, improving food labels, and planting buffer zones to reduce nutrient runoff.
Summary of topic 3.2
Natural capital refers to the resources available for human exploitation including those in the biosphere, lithosphere, and atmosphere. Some natural capital such as timber and food crops is renewable as it can regenerate quickly through natural processes like photosynthesis. Other resources like solar and geothermal energy are replenishable through abiotic processes. Fossil fuels and minerals are non-renewable as they cannot be replaced within human timescales. Natural capital provides both goods like timber and services like climate stabilization. Sustainability requires balancing the exploitation of renewable resources with their regeneration rates to ensure their availability for future generations.
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Point source pollution originates from identifiable, localized sources like sewage treatment plants, industrial facilities, and fish farms. It is easier to regulate than non-point source pollution. Major sources release excess nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus that can cause algal blooms, fish kills, and dead zones in affected water bodies. New technologies aim to further reduce nutrient levels in treated wastewater effluent. Excess nutrients from both point and non-point sources can lead to eutrophication if not properly managed. Wetlands and riparian buffer strips help mitigate non-point source pollution and enhance restoration efforts.
Eutrophication teddy, veli, alex kanov
Eutrophication is the process by which a body of water becomes overly enriched with minerals and nutrients which induces excessive growth of algae. This excess algae growth eventually dies and decomposes, consuming oxygen and releasing toxins. As a result, oxygen levels in the water decrease and some aquatic life may die, creating "dead zones". Two major examples discussed are the Gulf of Mexico dead zone caused by fertilizer runoff from farming, and the Baltic Sea dead zone exacerbated by agricultural and municipal waste. Reducing nutrient inputs from fertilizers and wastewater is necessary to prevent further eutrophication.
Lecture 13.pptx
Water pollution affects plants in several ways. It can damage foliage and bark through acid rain, disrupt photosynthesis by affecting gas levels in water, remove nutrients from soil by leaching, and introduce toxic chemicals that accumulate in plants and food chains. Pollution from sources like sewage, agriculture, and industry introduces excess nutrients that can cause algal blooms and eutrophication, reducing oxygen in water and harming aquatic life.
Eutrophication
Eutrophication is the process by which a body of water becomes overly enriched with minerals and nutrients that induce excessive growth of algae. This process can be caused by human activities like agricultural runoff containing fertilizers or sewage effluent entering waterways. It leads to negative environmental effects like hypoxia where low oxygen levels harm fish and other wildlife populations. Prevention efforts aim to minimize nonpoint sources of pollution through measures like riparian buffer zones and policies regulating fertilizer and waste management.
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More from Michael Smith
Summary of topic 7.3
This document discusses climate change mitigation and adaptation. It defines mitigation as actions to reduce or stabilize greenhouse gas emissions, such as reducing energy consumption, using renewable energy sources, and reducing deforestation. Geoengineering techniques are also mentioned. Adaptation refers to accepting climate impacts and changing lifestyles accordingly, for example through flood prevention infrastructure, relocating communities threatened by rising seas, and altering agricultural practices as climates shift. The Kyoto Protocol established emissions targets among signatories to mitigate climate change.
Summary of topic 2.5
This document discusses various methods for measuring biotic factors and biodiversity in ecosystems, including:
- Species richness, which counts the number of different species. Biodiversity combines species richness with the relative abundance of individuals of each species.
- Population size can be estimated by throwing quadrats and extrapolating from the counts. Simpson's Diversity Index provides a single number measurement of biodiversity.
- Other metrics like abundance, density, frequency, and biomass provide additional information about populations and communities.
- For mobile species, mark-recapture methods like the Lincoln Index can estimate population size over time.
- Alternative approaches include chemical fogging to sample canopy insects, though ethics must be
Summary of topic 2.4
1. Biomes are determined by factors like temperature, rainfall, and sunlight which affect photosynthesis and net primary productivity. Different biomes like tropical rainforests, savannas, and tundra support characteristic plant life adapted to their climate.
2. Succession over time and zonation over environmental gradients cause changes in plant communities. Early successional "pioneer" species establish first, followed by later successional species that outcompete pioneers. Eventually a stable "climax" community develops.
3. Human impacts like deforestation and grazing can interrupt succession, maintaining early successional "plagioclimax" communities
Topic 4
This document contains topics and questions about water and aquatic food production systems. It includes definitions for terms like turnover time, hydrological flows, precipitation, evapotranspiration, and more. It also outlines how interception loss and evaporation rates vary and defines advection. There are sections about the relationship between human activities and their impacts on water systems, the role of salinity, temperature, and density in ocean circulation, and how access to fresh water varies globally and may be influenced by climate change. Diagrams are requested on the global water stores, hydrological cycle, and ocean circulation system.
Topic 7
This document outlines key topics related to climate change and energy production including definitions of terms like fossil fuels and renewable fuels. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of different energy sources such as fossil fuels, fracking, renewable energy sources like hydroelectric, tidal, solar, wind, and biofuels. The document also covers global energy consumption patterns, factors influencing energy security and supply, and case studies on topics like the Arctic and energy conservation. Finally, it outlines climate change effects, evidence, and strategies for mitigation and adaptation.
Topic 8
This document provides an overview of key topics related to human systems and resource use, including:
1. Definitions of terms like crude birth rate, total fertility rate, and natural increase.
2. Factors that influence population growth and birth rates, such as education, standard of living, and economic prosperity.
3. Models for population growth and carrying capacity, and how concepts like ecological footprints are measured.
4. Challenges of resource management and waste, including mismanagement of renewable and non-renewable resources and problems with landfills and electronic waste.
5. Strategies for more sustainable management of issues like population growth and solid domestic waste.
Topic 2
This document covers topics related to ecology, including niches, species, habitats, populations, communities, ecosystems, energy and matter cycles, succession, and human impacts. It defines key terms, outlines concepts, and asks questions about topics such as limiting factors, population growth curves, pyramids of numbers/biomass/productivity, photosynthesis, respiration, primary/secondary productivity, carbon/nitrogen/nutrient cycles, pioneer/climax communities, r- and K- selection, and pollutants. Methods for studying ecosystems such as measuring population size, biomass, and productivity are also outlined.
Topic 1
The document outlines key topics in environmental studies including:
1. The history of the environmental movement and the role of environmental disasters, media, international agreements, and technology.
2. Environmental value systems including technocentric, ecocentric, and anthropocentric views and examples of societies with contrasting systems.
3. Concepts in ecology including open/closed/isolated systems, equilibrium, resilience, diversity, and pollution.
4. Specific issues like acid rain, fossil fuel use, water demand, DDT, and approaches to pollution management.
Topic 5
1. The document discusses topics related to soil systems, terrestrial food production systems, and their impact on societies. It covers concepts like soil profiles, ecosystem services provided by soil, and factors that influence agricultural potential and limit plant growth.
2. The document also discusses topics like agribusiness, factors leading to unsustainable food production, and ways to increase sustainability. It outlines issues like decreasing land for agriculture, impacts of different farming methods, and soil conservation measures.
3. Additional topics covered include food waste, shifting cultivation practices, reasons for inequalities in global food supply, and the role of organic matter and animals in maintaining soil fertility.
Topic 6
This document outlines topics related to atmospheric systems and societies, including changes to atmospheric composition over time, the layers and composition of the atmosphere, greenhouse gases, the natural and enhanced greenhouse effect, how human activities alter the atmosphere, cloud formation, ozone formation and depletion, photochemical smog formation, acid deposition formation, and management of issues like ozone depletion, smog, and acid deposition. Diagrams and definitions are provided for many of the atmospheric concepts. International and national organization efforts to reduce ozone depleting substances are also discussed.
Topic 3
This document defines key terms related to biodiversity such as genetic diversity, species diversity, habitat diversity, and species richness and evenness. It also defines evolution, natural selection, speciation, and reproductive isolation. Additionally, it outlines the role of plate tectonics and isolation in forming new species, examples of mass extinctions, and the mechanism of natural selection. Finally, it discusses threats to biodiversity such as habitat destruction and loss, sustainable development versus conservation, and strategies for conserving biodiversity including habitat and species approaches.
Summary of topic 2.2
This document discusses the structure and energy flow within ecosystems. It describes the three main biotic components - producers, consumers, and decomposers. Producers like plants perform photosynthesis to produce food, while consumers obtain energy by eating other organisms. Decomposers break down dead organic matter and recycle nutrients. The document also discusses food webs, energy flow through ecosystems via photosynthesis and respiration, and how sunlight is the main source of energy but deep-sea vent communities use chemosynthesis. It notes the inefficiencies of energy transfer between trophic levels and how energy is eventually lost as heat.
Summary of topic 2.1
There are three types of ecological pyramids: number, biomass, and productivity. The pyramid of productivity is most useful as it represents the flow of biomass or energy over time rather than just a snapshot. Top predators are most at risk from toxic pollutants due to bioaccumulation and biomagnification. DDT and mercury pollution caused severe environmental and health impacts by biomagnifying up food chains. Population interactions like competition, predation, parasitism, and mutualism are examples of biotic factors that influence populations and communities.
Summary of topic 2.3
This document discusses energy flow and matter cycling in ecosystems. It explains that only a small portion (around 0.06%) of the sun's energy is captured by producers through photosynthesis. Primary productivity is the gain in biomass by producers, while secondary productivity is the gain by heterotrophs. Gross productivity does not account for energy losses from respiration, while net productivity does. Formulas are provided to calculate net primary productivity (NPP) and net secondary productivity (NSP). The carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles are also summarized. Maximum NPP values are listed for different biomes.
Summary of topic 2.3
This document discusses energy flow and matter cycling in ecosystems. It explains that only a small portion (around 0.06%) of the sun's energy is captured by producers through photosynthesis. Primary productivity is the gain in biomass by producers, while secondary productivity is the gain by heterotrophs. Gross productivity does not account for energy losses from respiration, while net productivity does. Formulas are provided to calculate net primary productivity (NPP) and net secondary productivity (NSP). The carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles are also summarized. Sample calculations are provided to illustrate NPP and NSP values. Biomes are compared in terms of their mean NPP.
Summary of topic 6.4
Acid rain is caused by NOx and SOx emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels which react with water vapor and oxygen in the air to form acids. These acids can fall to earth long distances from the source as wet or dry deposition, damaging lakes and forests. Lakes experience decreased biodiversity and fish mortality while forests show needle loss, inhibited growth, and increased soil acidity. Management strategies include reducing emissions through cleaner fuels and regulations, adding neutralizing agents to smokestacks, and remediating ecosystems. However, regulations are costly to implement and maintain, and international agreements are difficult to enforce.
Summary of topic 6.3
The document discusses photochemical smog and tropospheric ozone. It explains that (1) emissions from burning fossil fuels and deforestation produce pollutants like NOx and VOCs that react with sunlight to form ozone in the troposphere. (2) High temperatures and concentrations of these pollutants near the equator exacerbate ozone formation. (3) Photochemical smog results from a mixture of ozone, NOx and VOCs in cities without wind dispersing the pollutants. It causes eye, skin and respiratory irritation in humans and damage to plants. Management strategies aim to reduce vehicle use and encourage public transport to lessen emissions.
Summary of topic 6.2
The document discusses stratospheric ozone and its depletion by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). It explains that ozone in the stratosphere absorbs ultraviolet light and protects life from its harmful effects. CFCs were used widely but break down ozone when they reach the stratosphere. This led to the discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole in 1985. Increased UV radiation can cause skin cancer, eye damage and lower crop yields. International agreements like the Montreal Protocol have phased out CFC use, reducing ozone depletion, though some developing nations still use CFCs and a black market exists.
Summary of topic 6.1
The document discusses the composition and structure of the atmosphere. It is composed primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and argon. The atmosphere is divided into layers based on altitude and temperature. The troposphere, located closest to the surface, is where weather occurs and contains the majority of the atmosphere's mass, water vapor, and dust. It is also where most human pollution accumulates and affects climate change through increased greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide.
Summary of topic 8.4
This document discusses human population carrying capacity and factors that influence it. It notes that while the concept of carrying capacity applies to other species, it is difficult to define for human populations due to variables like technology, resource use, and trade. The document also summarizes Malthusian and Boserup theories on population growth and food production. It introduces the concept of ecological footprint and compares footprints of different countries. Finally, it discusses environmental value systems and perspectives like ecocentrism, technocentrism, and anthropocentrism.
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Summary of topic 5.4
- 1. Topic 5 Pollution Management 5.4 Eutrophication
- 2. What is Eutrophication? Water body receives too much nitrogen and/or phosphorus Algal blooms occur due to increased nutrient availability Increased levels of phytoplankton and algae cut off light to submerged plants Decomposition of plant material and build up of bacterial populations Oxygen levels in the water body fall significantly and it becomes anoxic and unable to support life
- 3. The Symptoms of Eutrophication • Increased turbidity • Increased sedimentation, reducing water flow, filling in lakes • Decreased dissolved oxygen concentration • Decreased biodiversity of primary producers. Loss of submerged macrophytes • Toxic cyanobacterial blooms • Decreased biodiversity of consumers: fish population dominated by surface-dwellers such as pike and perch http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0JnKkit5ocI
- 4. The Impacts of Eutrophication • Economic losses to farmersdueto loss of fertiliser from soil • Health effects from drinking nitrate-rich water (some disputed links to increased rates of stomach cancer and blue baby syndrome) • Loss of water bodies as a public amenity and scarring of the landscape • Loss of biodiversity
- 5. Management Strategies 1. Altering human activities: – Avoid over-use of artificial fertilisers – Match fertiliser use carefully to the crop – Reduce use of fertilisers between mid-September and midFebruary when leaching rates are highest (in the Northern Hemisphere) – Give preference to leguminous plants – their roots fix nitrogen and reduce dependence on fertiliser – Match fertiliser use carefully to the crop – Do not apply fertiliser or keep animals close to water bodies – Do not plough-up grassland (this released nitrogen) – Use flat terrain for crops to reduce loss through leaching
- 6. Management Strategies 2. Clean-up: – Removal of nutrients by precipitation (e.g. aluminium or iron salts can be added in order to produce phosphate precipitates which can be easily removed and disposed of) – Removal of nutrient-rich sediments (e.g. by dredging) – Removal of biomass from affected water bodies (e.g. removal of predatory fish to allow primary consumers to recover) – Prevention of point-source pollution which is known to be responsible for eutrophication (e.g. nutrient stripping of effluents, or improved treatment of sewage effluents to remove nutrients)
- 7. Management Strategies 3. Regulation (and public campaigns): – Introduction of phosphate-stripping at sewage works (by biological nutrient removal or precipitation) – Switching to phosphate-free detergents – Using washing machines only for full-loads – Reduced use of fertilisers on lawns and public places – Punishments for not collecting animal poo – Compost organic waste rather than send it to landfill
- 8. Questions 1. Outline the process of eutrophication 2. Evaluate the impacts of eutrophication 3. Describe three different pollution management strategies with regard to eutrophication