Sulfa drugs and mechanism of action
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
0 likes•108 views
Sulfonamide drugs were discovered in 1935 when Gerhard Domagk found that Prontosil, the first sulfonamide drug, showed incredible antibacterial effects in mice. Sulfonamides work by resembling p-aminobenzoic acid, a precursor in bacterial folic acid synthesis. By competitively inhibiting utilization of p-aminobenzoic acid, sulfonamides thereby inhibit dihydrofolic acid synthesis in bacteria. Common side effects of sulfonamides include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and rash, while other potential side effects include liver damage, low white and platelet blood cell counts, and anemia.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Quinolones, folic acid antagonists, and urinary
This document discusses the mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, pharmacokinetics, and clinical uses of fluoroquinolone antibiotics. It explains that fluoroquinolones inhibit bacterial DNA replication by interfering with DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. They are bactericidal and effective against both gram-negative and some gram-positive bacteria. The document describes the characteristics of first through fourth generation fluoroquinolones and their absorption, distribution, excretion, contraindications, and drug interactions.
Sulfonamides
Sulfonamides are synthetic antimicrobial agents that act as structural analogues of para-amino benzoic acid (PABA), an important component in bacterial folic acid synthesis. Sulfonamides compete with PABA for the bacterial enzyme dihydropteroic acid synthetase, forming nonfunctional folic acid analogues that inhibit bacterial growth. Common sulfonamide drugs include sulfadiazine, sulfamethoxazole, and sulfadoxine. Cotrimoxazole is a synergistic combination of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim that inhibits two sequential steps in bacterial folic acid synthesis. Sulfonamides are selectively toxic to bacteria due to differences in human and bacterial
Anti fungal agents
This document discusses antifungal agents. It begins by describing the characteristics of fungi and how they differ from bacteria. It then discusses the types of fungal infections and the mechanisms of several classes of antifungal agents, including polyenes like amphotericin B and azoles. Key information on amphotericin B is provided, including its mechanism of action, uses, administration, and adverse effects. Other antifungals discussed include flucytosine and nystatin.
Antiviral agents
This document summarizes different types of antiviral agents. It discusses how viruses infect cells and the routes of viral transmission. It then covers the immune response in hosts and examples of DNA and RNA containing viruses. The document classifies antiviral agents into those that inhibit initial viral replication, interfere with viral nucleic acid replication, and affect ribosomal translation. Specific antiviral drugs are then described, including their uses and modes of action. Amantadine, zidovudine, acyclovir, idoxuridine, and methisazone are all discussed as antiviral agents.
Antifungal Drug
This document discusses anti-fungal drugs. It begins by defining fungi and describing their characteristics. It then discusses the morphology and structures of fungi. The document outlines the major types of fungal diseases like aspergillosis, candidiasis, and pneumocystis pneumonia. It describes how fungi are classified and the targets of anti-fungal drugs like the fungal cell wall, membrane, and DNA/RNA synthesis. Finally, it discusses the classes of anti-fungal drugs including polyenes, azoles, allylamines, and echinocandins and their mechanisms of action and side effects.
Antifungal agents
Antifungal agents include both systemic and topical drugs used to treat fungal infections. There are two main types of fungi - yeasts which reproduce by budding and molds which have long branching filaments. Mycotic infections can be cutaneous, subcutaneous, superficial, or systemic and life-threatening in immunocompromised patients. Common antifungal agents include polyenes such as amphotericin B, azoles including fluconazole and ketoconazole, flucytosine, and griseofulvin. These drugs work by various mechanisms including binding to fungal cell membranes, inhibiting DNA synthesis, or disrupting cell division.
Sulphonamides and Quinolones
Sulfonamides are a class of antibiotics that work by competing with para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), preventing bacteria from synthesizing folic acid and inhibiting DNA/RNA formation. They are bacteriostatic against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Common sulfonamides include sulfadiazine, sulfamethoxazole, and cotrimoxazole. Fluoroquinolones are a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics that work by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase/topoisomerase, preventing DNA replication and transcription. Common fluoroquinolones include ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and ofloxacin. Both classes are used to
Irreversible enzyme inhibitores
This document discusses different types of irreversible enzyme inhibitors. It defines irreversible inhibitors as those that bind covalently or non-covalently to enzymes and permanently inhibit them, with no reversal of inhibition when inhibitor concentration decreases. There are three main types: 1) group-specific covalent modifying agents that react with amino acid side chains, 2) affinity labels that are structurally similar to substrates and bind the active site before covalently bonding, and 3) suicide inhibitors that are unreactive substrates that get transformed within the active site into a reactive form that covalently binds the enzyme, inactivating it.
Recommended
Quinolones, folic acid antagonists, and urinary
This document discusses the mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, pharmacokinetics, and clinical uses of fluoroquinolone antibiotics. It explains that fluoroquinolones inhibit bacterial DNA replication by interfering with DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. They are bactericidal and effective against both gram-negative and some gram-positive bacteria. The document describes the characteristics of first through fourth generation fluoroquinolones and their absorption, distribution, excretion, contraindications, and drug interactions.
Sulfonamides
Sulfonamides are synthetic antimicrobial agents that act as structural analogues of para-amino benzoic acid (PABA), an important component in bacterial folic acid synthesis. Sulfonamides compete with PABA for the bacterial enzyme dihydropteroic acid synthetase, forming nonfunctional folic acid analogues that inhibit bacterial growth. Common sulfonamide drugs include sulfadiazine, sulfamethoxazole, and sulfadoxine. Cotrimoxazole is a synergistic combination of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim that inhibits two sequential steps in bacterial folic acid synthesis. Sulfonamides are selectively toxic to bacteria due to differences in human and bacterial
Anti fungal agents
This document discusses antifungal agents. It begins by describing the characteristics of fungi and how they differ from bacteria. It then discusses the types of fungal infections and the mechanisms of several classes of antifungal agents, including polyenes like amphotericin B and azoles. Key information on amphotericin B is provided, including its mechanism of action, uses, administration, and adverse effects. Other antifungals discussed include flucytosine and nystatin.
Antiviral agents
This document summarizes different types of antiviral agents. It discusses how viruses infect cells and the routes of viral transmission. It then covers the immune response in hosts and examples of DNA and RNA containing viruses. The document classifies antiviral agents into those that inhibit initial viral replication, interfere with viral nucleic acid replication, and affect ribosomal translation. Specific antiviral drugs are then described, including their uses and modes of action. Amantadine, zidovudine, acyclovir, idoxuridine, and methisazone are all discussed as antiviral agents.
Antifungal Drug
This document discusses anti-fungal drugs. It begins by defining fungi and describing their characteristics. It then discusses the morphology and structures of fungi. The document outlines the major types of fungal diseases like aspergillosis, candidiasis, and pneumocystis pneumonia. It describes how fungi are classified and the targets of anti-fungal drugs like the fungal cell wall, membrane, and DNA/RNA synthesis. Finally, it discusses the classes of anti-fungal drugs including polyenes, azoles, allylamines, and echinocandins and their mechanisms of action and side effects.
Antifungal agents
Antifungal agents include both systemic and topical drugs used to treat fungal infections. There are two main types of fungi - yeasts which reproduce by budding and molds which have long branching filaments. Mycotic infections can be cutaneous, subcutaneous, superficial, or systemic and life-threatening in immunocompromised patients. Common antifungal agents include polyenes such as amphotericin B, azoles including fluconazole and ketoconazole, flucytosine, and griseofulvin. These drugs work by various mechanisms including binding to fungal cell membranes, inhibiting DNA synthesis, or disrupting cell division.
Sulphonamides and Quinolones
Sulfonamides are a class of antibiotics that work by competing with para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), preventing bacteria from synthesizing folic acid and inhibiting DNA/RNA formation. They are bacteriostatic against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Common sulfonamides include sulfadiazine, sulfamethoxazole, and cotrimoxazole. Fluoroquinolones are a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics that work by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase/topoisomerase, preventing DNA replication and transcription. Common fluoroquinolones include ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and ofloxacin. Both classes are used to
Irreversible enzyme inhibitores
This document discusses different types of irreversible enzyme inhibitors. It defines irreversible inhibitors as those that bind covalently or non-covalently to enzymes and permanently inhibit them, with no reversal of inhibition when inhibitor concentration decreases. There are three main types: 1) group-specific covalent modifying agents that react with amino acid side chains, 2) affinity labels that are structurally similar to substrates and bind the active site before covalently bonding, and 3) suicide inhibitors that are unreactive substrates that get transformed within the active site into a reactive form that covalently binds the enzyme, inactivating it.
Remicade(Infliximab) presentation
Remicade, also known as Infliximab, is a prescription drug administered via intravenous infusion to treat immune system diseases like Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and ulcerative colitis. It works by binding to and blocking tumor necrosis factor alpha, which contributes to inflammation. Common side effects include stomach/chest pain and infections, while serious risks include tuberculosis, cancer, and heart failure. The drug requires careful dosage and administration in a medical setting due to its potential side effects.
ANTIMETABOLITES & 6- THIOGUANINE.pptx
PHARMACY, CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL CHEMICTRY, ANTIMETABOLITES & 6- THIOGUANINEANTICANCER DRUGS
MECHANISM OF ACTION
CLASSIFICATION
ANTIMETABOLITES
METHOTREXATE
5 – FLOROURACIL
6 – MERCAPTOPURINE
Sulfonamides (VK)
This document discusses sulfonamides and their mechanism of action as folic acid antagonists. It provides details on:
1. How sulfonamides inhibit the synthesis of folic acid by competing with para-aminobenzoic acid for the enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase.
2. The classification, antibacterial spectrum, mechanisms of resistance and uses of various sulfonamides like sulfamethoxazole.
3. How trimethoprim inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, preventing the conversion of dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate. When combined with sulfamethoxazole as co-trimoxazole it has a synergistic
Antiviral Agents
The document discusses various antiviral drugs, their mechanisms of action, and adverse effects. It covers antiviral drugs for herpes, HIV, hepatitis B/C, and influenza. For each class of antivirals, specific drugs are mentioned along with how they work against viruses at the molecular level and common side effects patients may experience. The stages of the viral life cycle are also outlined to show where different antiviral drugs target viruses.
Penicillin
Penicillin is a group of antibiotics that includes different formulations for intravenous, oral, and intramuscular use. It was the first effective medication against many bacterial infections caused by staphylococci and streptococci. Penicillin works by inhibiting penicillin-binding proteins in bacteria, which normally help cross-link the bacterial cell wall during growth and division. This prevents proper cell wall formation and causes bacterial cells to die as they shed their cell walls.
Protein synthesis inhibitors
This document discusses various protein synthesis inhibitors including tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, and macrolides. It provides details on their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, and resistance. Tetracyclines like doxycycline are bacteriostatic and bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit. Chloramphenicol inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by interfering with peptide bond formation. Macrolides like erythromycin bind to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibit translocation. These antibiotics are used for treating various bacterial infections.
Anti mycobacterial drugs
Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is one of the world's most deadly infectious diseases. It primarily affects the lungs but can spread throughout the body. First line drugs used to treat tuberculosis include isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. Isoniazid and rifampin are the most effective. Treatment requires combination drug therapy for an extended period of time to address both actively growing and dormant bacilli. Short course multidrug regimens introduced by the WHO have improved treatment completion rates. Problems in tuberculosis chemotherapy include the slow growth of mycobacteria and risk of resistance development with single drug therapy.
STREPTOMYCIN
Streptomycin was the first effective treatment for tuberculosis. It was discovered in 1943 by Albert Schatz, a graduate student working in Selman Waksman's laboratory. Schatz isolated streptomycin from the soil microbe Streptomyces griseus. Animal testing showed it cured tuberculosis in guinea pigs. Clinical trials then found it successfully treated TB patients. Mass production of streptomycin was undertaken by the Merck pharmaceutical company. It revolutionized TB treatment and marked an important milestone in the discovery of antibiotics.
Antifungals
This document provides an overview of antifungal drugs, including their mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects. It discusses several major classes of antifungals - azoles (imidazoles, triazoles), polyenes (amphotericin B), echinocandins, allylamines (terbinafine), and antimetabolites (flucytosine, griseofulvin). The most common fungal infections treated are candidiasis, aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, and dermatophytosis. Choice of antifungal depends on infecting organism, site of infection, resistance patterns, drug interactions, tolerability, and
Penicillins (VK)
Penicillins are a group of antibiotics that are derived from the Penicillium mold. They work by inhibiting the final step of bacterial cell wall synthesis through binding to penicillin-binding proteins. This prevents cross-linking of peptidoglycan chains, leading to cell lysis. The first penicillin discovered was penicillin G, which is acid labile and used parenterally. Semisynthetic penicillins were later developed with better stability and absorption, including penicillinase-resistant penicillins effective against Staphylococcus. Extended-spectrum penicillins like ampicillin are also active against common gram-negative bacteria.
Antibiotics- penicillin
This document discusses penicillin antibiotics, including their classification, mechanisms of action, spectra, forms, indications, and adverse effects. It covers natural penicillins, penicillinase resistant penicillins, aminopenicillins, carboxypenicillins, and ureidopenicillins. Key indications for penicillin use include syphilis, gonorrhea, streptococcal infections, and prophylaxis for rheumatic fever. Adverse effects can include rashes, seizures, and bleeding disorders. Aminopenicillins like ampicillin and amoxicillin are also discussed, along with their absorption, interactions, dosing, and common indications for urinary tract infections and respiratory infections.
Antifungals/antivirals
Antifungals work by exploiting differences between mammalian and fungal cells to kill fungi with fewer side effects, though side effects can still occur. There are three main classes of antifungals: polyenes like nystatin and amphotericin B which attack the fungal cell membrane; azoles like clotrimazole which interfere with ergosterol formation; and griseofulvin which disrupts fungal cell division. Antivirals target various stages of the viral replication cycle by inhibiting viral entry, synthesis of proteins or nucleic acids, or final assembly of new viral particles in order to prevent or treat viral infections. Their mechanisms and side effects vary depending on the specific antiviral drug used
Sulphonamides
Sulphonamides are a class of antibacterial drugs that act as competitive inhibitors of dihydropteroate synthetase, blocking the biosynthesis of tetrahydrofolate needed by bacteria. Prontosil, an early sulphonamide prodrug, was found to metabolize into sulphanilamide, the active antibacterial agent. Key features of sulphonamides include their aromatic ring and sulphonamide group, which must be directly attached. While effective, sulphonamides can cause toxicity issues related to solubility, which structural modifications have aimed to address. Resistance can develop through enhanced enzyme activity or mutations impacting enzyme binding.
Chapter 6 inhibitors of cell wall synthesis
The document discusses several classes of antibiotics that act by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, or nucleic acid synthesis. It provides details on specific antibiotics such as penicillins, cephalosporins, quinolones, rifampin, and their mechanisms of action, spectra of activity, uses, and side effects. Rifampin is highlighted as being effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and used for treatment and prophylaxis of tuberculosis infections.
Chemotherapy of TB & Leprosy
This document discusses mycobacterial infections, focusing on tuberculosis and leprosy. It provides details on the causative organisms, epidemiology, pathogenesis, classification of anti-tubercular drugs, mechanisms of action, resistance, treatment approaches, and drug-resistant tuberculosis. The main points covered are that tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is the leading infectious disease worldwide. Treatment involves a combination of first-line and second-line drugs administered for extended periods to prevent resistance and achieve cure. Drug-resistant tuberculosis including multi-drug resistant TB requires complex second-line drug regimens.
ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY
The document discusses the history of antimicrobial chemotherapy from its early uses to modern developments. It describes how chemotherapy has been used for centuries to treat diseases, with notable early examples including using bark from the cinchona tree for malaria and mercury for syphilis. The modern era began with Paul Ehrlich coining the term "chemotherapy" and developing the first synthesized drug Salvarsan to treat syphilis. Later developments included Gerhard Domagk discovering the first sulfa drug Prontosil and Alexander Fleming discovering the antibiotic penicillin from mold.
4 introduction to antimicrobials
This document provides definitions and information about antimicrobials and antibiotics. It discusses how chemotherapy uses drugs to selectively kill microorganisms or cancer cells. Antimicrobials include anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungal and anti-parasitic drugs. Antibiotics are a type of antimicrobial obtained from microorganisms. The mechanisms of action for various classes of antibacterial drugs are described, including inhibition of cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, and DNA synthesis. Resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics and common resistance mechanisms are also outlined.
Antiviral drugs
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that use host cell machinery to replicate. They consist of DNA or RNA enclosed in a protein capsid. Current antiviral drugs target viruses like HIV, hepatitis B/C, herpes, influenza and RSV. These include nucleoside/non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, fusion inhibitors, and integrase inhibitors used in HAART for HIV. Specific drugs like acyclovir inhibit viral DNA polymerase. Zidovudine is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used to treat HIV that competitively inhibits viral DNA chain elongation.
Antitubercular Drugs Shahare HV
Classification, Chemistry, SAR, Mechanism of Action . Antitubercular drugs- Isoniazid, Rifampin, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol, Streptomycin ...
Anti-Viral Drugs/Medicinal Chemistry
This document provides information about anti-viral drugs. It begins by defining viruses and their structure. It then discusses different classes of anti-viral drugs, including those that block viral attachment and entry, inhibit penetration, act as uncoating inhibitors, and are nucleic acid inhibitors that target polymerases or reverse transcriptase. Specific drugs are discussed for each class, along with their mechanisms of action, structures, and importance for treating various viral diseases like HIV, hepatitis, herpes, and influenza.
Sulphonamides and Trimethoprime
This document summarizes information about sulphonamides, a class of antibiotic drugs. It discusses the history of sulphonamides dating back to their discovery in 1935. It also covers the chemistry, mechanisms of action, spectrum of activity, resistance, interactions, uses and adverse effects of various sulphonamide drugs including co-trimoxazole, silver sulphadiazine, and dapsone. The document is intended to provide an overview of sulphonamides for educational purposes.
sulfonamides.pdf
Sulfonamides are a class of antimicrobial agents that work by inhibiting the production of folic acid in bacteria. They are bacteriostatic and were the first synthetic antibacterial drugs discovered. Sulfonamides mimic PABA and competitively inhibit the enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase, preventing folate synthesis. This inhibits bacterial growth and division. Common side effects include crystalluria and allergic reactions. Later derivatives were developed with altered pharmacokinetics and reduced side effects. Sulfonamides continue to be used topically and for certain GI and urinary tract infections.
More Related Content
What's hot
Remicade(Infliximab) presentation
Remicade, also known as Infliximab, is a prescription drug administered via intravenous infusion to treat immune system diseases like Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and ulcerative colitis. It works by binding to and blocking tumor necrosis factor alpha, which contributes to inflammation. Common side effects include stomach/chest pain and infections, while serious risks include tuberculosis, cancer, and heart failure. The drug requires careful dosage and administration in a medical setting due to its potential side effects.
ANTIMETABOLITES & 6- THIOGUANINE.pptx
PHARMACY, CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL CHEMICTRY, ANTIMETABOLITES & 6- THIOGUANINEANTICANCER DRUGS
MECHANISM OF ACTION
CLASSIFICATION
ANTIMETABOLITES
METHOTREXATE
5 – FLOROURACIL
6 – MERCAPTOPURINE
Sulfonamides (VK)
This document discusses sulfonamides and their mechanism of action as folic acid antagonists. It provides details on:
1. How sulfonamides inhibit the synthesis of folic acid by competing with para-aminobenzoic acid for the enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase.
2. The classification, antibacterial spectrum, mechanisms of resistance and uses of various sulfonamides like sulfamethoxazole.
3. How trimethoprim inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, preventing the conversion of dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate. When combined with sulfamethoxazole as co-trimoxazole it has a synergistic
Antiviral Agents
The document discusses various antiviral drugs, their mechanisms of action, and adverse effects. It covers antiviral drugs for herpes, HIV, hepatitis B/C, and influenza. For each class of antivirals, specific drugs are mentioned along with how they work against viruses at the molecular level and common side effects patients may experience. The stages of the viral life cycle are also outlined to show where different antiviral drugs target viruses.
Penicillin
Penicillin is a group of antibiotics that includes different formulations for intravenous, oral, and intramuscular use. It was the first effective medication against many bacterial infections caused by staphylococci and streptococci. Penicillin works by inhibiting penicillin-binding proteins in bacteria, which normally help cross-link the bacterial cell wall during growth and division. This prevents proper cell wall formation and causes bacterial cells to die as they shed their cell walls.
Protein synthesis inhibitors
This document discusses various protein synthesis inhibitors including tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, and macrolides. It provides details on their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, and resistance. Tetracyclines like doxycycline are bacteriostatic and bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit. Chloramphenicol inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by interfering with peptide bond formation. Macrolides like erythromycin bind to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibit translocation. These antibiotics are used for treating various bacterial infections.
Anti mycobacterial drugs
Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is one of the world's most deadly infectious diseases. It primarily affects the lungs but can spread throughout the body. First line drugs used to treat tuberculosis include isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. Isoniazid and rifampin are the most effective. Treatment requires combination drug therapy for an extended period of time to address both actively growing and dormant bacilli. Short course multidrug regimens introduced by the WHO have improved treatment completion rates. Problems in tuberculosis chemotherapy include the slow growth of mycobacteria and risk of resistance development with single drug therapy.
STREPTOMYCIN
Streptomycin was the first effective treatment for tuberculosis. It was discovered in 1943 by Albert Schatz, a graduate student working in Selman Waksman's laboratory. Schatz isolated streptomycin from the soil microbe Streptomyces griseus. Animal testing showed it cured tuberculosis in guinea pigs. Clinical trials then found it successfully treated TB patients. Mass production of streptomycin was undertaken by the Merck pharmaceutical company. It revolutionized TB treatment and marked an important milestone in the discovery of antibiotics.
Antifungals
This document provides an overview of antifungal drugs, including their mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects. It discusses several major classes of antifungals - azoles (imidazoles, triazoles), polyenes (amphotericin B), echinocandins, allylamines (terbinafine), and antimetabolites (flucytosine, griseofulvin). The most common fungal infections treated are candidiasis, aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, and dermatophytosis. Choice of antifungal depends on infecting organism, site of infection, resistance patterns, drug interactions, tolerability, and
Penicillins (VK)
Penicillins are a group of antibiotics that are derived from the Penicillium mold. They work by inhibiting the final step of bacterial cell wall synthesis through binding to penicillin-binding proteins. This prevents cross-linking of peptidoglycan chains, leading to cell lysis. The first penicillin discovered was penicillin G, which is acid labile and used parenterally. Semisynthetic penicillins were later developed with better stability and absorption, including penicillinase-resistant penicillins effective against Staphylococcus. Extended-spectrum penicillins like ampicillin are also active against common gram-negative bacteria.
Antibiotics- penicillin
This document discusses penicillin antibiotics, including their classification, mechanisms of action, spectra, forms, indications, and adverse effects. It covers natural penicillins, penicillinase resistant penicillins, aminopenicillins, carboxypenicillins, and ureidopenicillins. Key indications for penicillin use include syphilis, gonorrhea, streptococcal infections, and prophylaxis for rheumatic fever. Adverse effects can include rashes, seizures, and bleeding disorders. Aminopenicillins like ampicillin and amoxicillin are also discussed, along with their absorption, interactions, dosing, and common indications for urinary tract infections and respiratory infections.
Antifungals/antivirals
Antifungals work by exploiting differences between mammalian and fungal cells to kill fungi with fewer side effects, though side effects can still occur. There are three main classes of antifungals: polyenes like nystatin and amphotericin B which attack the fungal cell membrane; azoles like clotrimazole which interfere with ergosterol formation; and griseofulvin which disrupts fungal cell division. Antivirals target various stages of the viral replication cycle by inhibiting viral entry, synthesis of proteins or nucleic acids, or final assembly of new viral particles in order to prevent or treat viral infections. Their mechanisms and side effects vary depending on the specific antiviral drug used
Sulphonamides
Sulphonamides are a class of antibacterial drugs that act as competitive inhibitors of dihydropteroate synthetase, blocking the biosynthesis of tetrahydrofolate needed by bacteria. Prontosil, an early sulphonamide prodrug, was found to metabolize into sulphanilamide, the active antibacterial agent. Key features of sulphonamides include their aromatic ring and sulphonamide group, which must be directly attached. While effective, sulphonamides can cause toxicity issues related to solubility, which structural modifications have aimed to address. Resistance can develop through enhanced enzyme activity or mutations impacting enzyme binding.
Chapter 6 inhibitors of cell wall synthesis
The document discusses several classes of antibiotics that act by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, or nucleic acid synthesis. It provides details on specific antibiotics such as penicillins, cephalosporins, quinolones, rifampin, and their mechanisms of action, spectra of activity, uses, and side effects. Rifampin is highlighted as being effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and used for treatment and prophylaxis of tuberculosis infections.
Chemotherapy of TB & Leprosy
This document discusses mycobacterial infections, focusing on tuberculosis and leprosy. It provides details on the causative organisms, epidemiology, pathogenesis, classification of anti-tubercular drugs, mechanisms of action, resistance, treatment approaches, and drug-resistant tuberculosis. The main points covered are that tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is the leading infectious disease worldwide. Treatment involves a combination of first-line and second-line drugs administered for extended periods to prevent resistance and achieve cure. Drug-resistant tuberculosis including multi-drug resistant TB requires complex second-line drug regimens.
ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY
The document discusses the history of antimicrobial chemotherapy from its early uses to modern developments. It describes how chemotherapy has been used for centuries to treat diseases, with notable early examples including using bark from the cinchona tree for malaria and mercury for syphilis. The modern era began with Paul Ehrlich coining the term "chemotherapy" and developing the first synthesized drug Salvarsan to treat syphilis. Later developments included Gerhard Domagk discovering the first sulfa drug Prontosil and Alexander Fleming discovering the antibiotic penicillin from mold.
4 introduction to antimicrobials
This document provides definitions and information about antimicrobials and antibiotics. It discusses how chemotherapy uses drugs to selectively kill microorganisms or cancer cells. Antimicrobials include anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungal and anti-parasitic drugs. Antibiotics are a type of antimicrobial obtained from microorganisms. The mechanisms of action for various classes of antibacterial drugs are described, including inhibition of cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, and DNA synthesis. Resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics and common resistance mechanisms are also outlined.
Antiviral drugs
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that use host cell machinery to replicate. They consist of DNA or RNA enclosed in a protein capsid. Current antiviral drugs target viruses like HIV, hepatitis B/C, herpes, influenza and RSV. These include nucleoside/non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, fusion inhibitors, and integrase inhibitors used in HAART for HIV. Specific drugs like acyclovir inhibit viral DNA polymerase. Zidovudine is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used to treat HIV that competitively inhibits viral DNA chain elongation.
Antitubercular Drugs Shahare HV
Classification, Chemistry, SAR, Mechanism of Action . Antitubercular drugs- Isoniazid, Rifampin, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol, Streptomycin ...
Anti-Viral Drugs/Medicinal Chemistry
This document provides information about anti-viral drugs. It begins by defining viruses and their structure. It then discusses different classes of anti-viral drugs, including those that block viral attachment and entry, inhibit penetration, act as uncoating inhibitors, and are nucleic acid inhibitors that target polymerases or reverse transcriptase. Specific drugs are discussed for each class, along with their mechanisms of action, structures, and importance for treating various viral diseases like HIV, hepatitis, herpes, and influenza.
What's hot (20)
Similar to Sulfa drugs and mechanism of action
Sulphonamides and Trimethoprime
This document summarizes information about sulphonamides, a class of antibiotic drugs. It discusses the history of sulphonamides dating back to their discovery in 1935. It also covers the chemistry, mechanisms of action, spectrum of activity, resistance, interactions, uses and adverse effects of various sulphonamide drugs including co-trimoxazole, silver sulphadiazine, and dapsone. The document is intended to provide an overview of sulphonamides for educational purposes.
sulfonamides.pdf
Sulfonamides are a class of antimicrobial agents that work by inhibiting the production of folic acid in bacteria. They are bacteriostatic and were the first synthetic antibacterial drugs discovered. Sulfonamides mimic PABA and competitively inhibit the enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase, preventing folate synthesis. This inhibits bacterial growth and division. Common side effects include crystalluria and allergic reactions. Later derivatives were developed with altered pharmacokinetics and reduced side effects. Sulfonamides continue to be used topically and for certain GI and urinary tract infections.
Sulfonamides & co trimoxazole
1. Sulfonamides and co-trimoxazole are antimicrobial agents that work by inhibiting folic acid synthesis in bacteria.
2. Co-trimoxazole is a synergistic combination of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim that blocks sequential steps in the folic acid pathway.
3. Common uses include urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, toxoplasmosis, and pneumocystis pneumonia prophylaxis in HIV/AIDS patients. Adverse effects include allergic reactions and crystalluria.
Sulfonamides and trimethoprim
Sulfonamides and trimethoprim are antibacterial drugs that work by inhibiting bacterial folic acid synthesis. Sulfonamides were the first antibacterial sulfone drugs discovered in the 1930s. Trimethoprim inhibits a different enzyme in the folic acid pathway. The combination of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim is highly synergistic and known as cotrimoxazole. It is used to treat urinary tract, respiratory, and other infections. Both drugs can cause side effects like rash, nausea, and bone marrow suppression if not used carefully, especially in pregnancy, renal impairment, or the elderly.
Sulphonamides- Anti bacterial- Medicinal Chemistry-Pharmacy
Sulfonamides were the first effective systemic antibacterial drugs. Prontosil, a sulfonamide dye, was found to cure streptococcal infections and was the first prodrug. It is metabolized to release sulfanilamide. Sulfonamides are structural analogs of PABA and competitively inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, blocking folate synthesis. This arrests bacterial growth. Common sulfonamides include sulfamethizole, sulfisoxazole, and sulfadiazine. Cotrimoxazole is a combination of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim, a folate reductase inhibitor. Dapsone is a sulfone used to treat le
Sulfanilamide Tragedy
The sulfonylamide tragedy refers to a historical event that occurred in the 1930s, which resulted in the deaths of many patients who were treated with certain medications containing sulfa drugs.
Sulfa drugs were discovered in the early 20th century and were considered a revolutionary breakthrough in the treatment of bacterial infections. They were widely used during World War II and saved countless lives.
However, in the 1930s, the pharmaceutical industry was still in its infancy and drug safety regulations were not as stringent as they are today. This led to the production and distribution of poorly tested and inadequately regulated drugs.
One such drug was Elixir Sulfanilamide, which contained the sulfa drug sulfanilamide and diethylene glycol as a solvent. The drug was marketed as a safe and effective treatment for streptococcal infections.
Unfortunately, the solvent used in Elixir Sulfanilamide was highly toxic, causing severe liver and kidney damage. This led to the deaths of over 100 people, including many children.
The tragedy resulted in the passing of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act in 1938, which established new safety requirements for drugs and food additives. It also highlighted the need for thorough testing and regulation of pharmaceutical products before they are released to the market.
Today, sulfa drugs are still used in the treatment of bacterial infections, but they are much safer and undergo rigorous testing and regulation before being approved for use.
Sulphonamides
Sulphonamides, MOA, SAR, History of development, Nomenclature of the Sulfonamides, Classification, Spectrum of Action of the Sulfonamides,Structure Activity Relationship, Reducing Toxicity, Cotrimoxazole
Senior Seminar
This document discusses the identification and analysis of flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). It describes methods for identifying flunitrazepam in blood and plasma samples over time after dosing. It also analyzes how flunitrazepam breaks down after exposure to UV light, finding that it converts to amino-flunitrazepam, and establishes reference spectra for its degradation. This information helps forensic scientists identify trace amounts of flunitrazepam at crime scenes and understand how it breaks down over time.
Sulphonamides and their combination with trimethoprim - by Dr.Jibachha Sah
Sulphonamides and their combination with trimethoprim is lecturer notes on Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology(Chemotherapy) for B.V.Sc & A.H students of veterinary college.
Sulphonamide and cotrimoxazole pptx-Dr.Jibachha Sah
Lecturer notes on veterinary pharmacology and toxicology for B.V.Sc & A.H Seventh semester student for educational purpose.This lecturer notes will be useful for all the veterinary students.Plesae send your comments,jibachhashah@gmail.com,mob.9845024121
AMA-_Sulfonamides.pdf
Pharmacology Lecture Slides on Sulfonamides and Cotrimoxazole by Sanjaya Mani Dixit Assistant Professor of Pharmacology at Kathmandu Medical College
PROSTAGLANDINS
Prostaglandins are hormone-like lipid compounds that are produced in various tissues and mediate important physiological functions. They were discovered in the 1930s and their chemical structures were elucidated in the 1950s. Sune Bergström, Bengt Samuelsson, and John Vane conducted seminal research in the 1960s and 1970s on prostaglandin biosynthesis, metabolism, and physiological roles. Their work showed that prostaglandins are derived from fatty acids and mediate processes like inflammation and reproduction. Bergström, Samuelsson, and Vane received the 1982 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins.
Sulfonamides(1)
Sulfonamides were the first effective antibacterial agents discovered in the 1930s and were widely used before the development of penicillin. While now largely replaced by other antibiotics, they continue to have therapeutic uses. Key points include: sulfonamides work by inhibiting folic acid biosynthesis; they are excreted renally so dosage should be adjusted for renal impairment; and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is a commonly used combination that is synergistic and has expanded antimicrobial activity. Adverse effects can include allergic reactions and hematological effects like anemia.
Sulphonamides and co trimoxazole- A BRIEF OUTLOOK!!!
Hello friends...........................this is me Vishnu..........
I am back with a ppt on SULPHONAMIDES and COTRIMOXAZOLE.............................Hope the ppt helps....................all precise details have been given with due commitment and syllabus for pharm.D kept in mind...................
For further details, do contact me anytime!!!!
Take care...read well.....cheez!!!
@rxvichu!!
:):)
CARDIOVASCULAR.(MPHARM,BPHARM,MSC,BSC, MBBS
chemistry of cardiovascular drugs details, includes SAR, Mechanism, Structure, Uses, Formulations, Isolations etc.
Anthelmintics
This document defines anthelmintics as agents used to destroy or eliminate parasitic worms from the gastrointestinal tract. It classifies anthelmintics and discusses several common drugs used as anthelmintics including mebendazole, albendazole, thiabendazole, oxaminiquine, praziquantel, piperazine citrate, diethylcarbamazine citrate, pyrantel pamoate, oxentel, niclosamide, and ivermectin. The document provides details on the chemical structure, mechanism of action, and uses of many of these anthelmintic drugs.
A presentation on anticoccodial & antitrypanosomal drug
1) This document summarizes information on anticoccidial and antitrypanosomal drugs. Anticoccidial drugs are used to treat and prevent coccidiosis caused by Eimeria parasites in poultry. Common anticoccidial drugs include amprolium, sulfonamides, ionophores, and diclazuril.
2) Antitrypanosomal drugs treat trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma parasites transmitted by insects. First stage drugs include pentamidine and suramin, while second stage drugs are melarsoprol and eflornithine.
3) Both drug classes work through various mechanisms of action such as inhibiting parasite
Sulphonamides: A Pharmaceutical Review
Sulphonamides are the first effective chemotherapeutic agents used for bacterial infection in humans. Sulfonamides have a wide range of pharmacological activities such as Oral hypoglycemic, antileprotic, anti epileptic, anti-hypertensive, anti-bacterial, anti-protozoal, anti-fungal, anti retroviral, anti cancer, antiinflammatory, and used as diuretic. This review consists of a discussion on the various pharmacological effects of sulfonamides
Sulphonamide
Sulfonamide (also called sulphonamide, sulfa drugs or sulpha drugs) is the basis of several groups of drugs. The original antibacterial sulfonamides are synthetic antimicrobial agents that contain the sulfonamide group.
Sulphonamides and sulfa drugs
Sulfonamides (sulphonamides) are a group of man-made (synthetic) medicines that contain the sulfonamide chemical group. They may also be called sulfa drugs. Many people use the term sulfonamide imprecisely to refer only to antibiotics that have a sulfonamide functional group in their chemical structure.
Similar to Sulfa drugs and mechanism of action (20)
Sulphonamides- Anti bacterial- Medicinal Chemistry-Pharmacy
Sulphonamides- Anti bacterial- Medicinal Chemistry-Pharmacy
Sulphonamides and their combination with trimethoprim - by Dr.Jibachha Sah
Sulphonamides and their combination with trimethoprim - by Dr.Jibachha Sah
Sulphonamide and cotrimoxazole pptx-Dr.Jibachha Sah
Sulphonamide and cotrimoxazole pptx-Dr.Jibachha Sah
Sulphonamides and co trimoxazole- A BRIEF OUTLOOK!!!
Sulphonamides and co trimoxazole- A BRIEF OUTLOOK!!!
A presentation on anticoccodial & antitrypanosomal drug
A presentation on anticoccodial & antitrypanosomal drug
Recently uploaded
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptx
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Shallowest Oil Discovery of Turkiye.pptx
The Petroleum System of the Çukurova Field - the Shallowest Oil Discovery of Türkiye, Adana
Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptx
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Thornton ESPP slides UK WW Network 4_6_24.pdf
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
Evaporation step counter work. I have done a physical experiment.
(Work in progress.)
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptx
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
Recently uploaded (20)
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
mô tả các thí nghiệm về đánh giá tác động dòng khí hóa sau đốt
mô tả các thí nghiệm về đánh giá tác động dòng khí hóa sau đốt
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
Sulfa drugs and mechanism of action
- 1. Sulphonamide drugs and their mechanism Submitted by: Hassan khalid 3216 Submitted to: Dr. Afzal qamar
- 2. • Gerhard Domagk (1895–1964) discovered • sulfa drugs in 1935. • Mietzsch and Klarer for Domagk to test were some related to the azo dyes. They had the characteristic -N=N- coupling of azo dyes, but one of the hydrogens attached to nitrogen had been replaced by a sulfonamide group. • In 1931 the two chemists presented a compound (KL 695) that, although it proved inactive in vitro, was weakly active in laboratory mice infected with streptococcus. History
- 3. • The chemists made substitutions in the structure of this molecule and, several months and 35 compounds later, produced KL 730, which showed incredible antibacterial effects on diseased laboratory mice. It was named prontosil rubrum and patented as Prontosil. • Among the early patients was Domagk’s own six-year-old daughter, Hildegard, who had contracted a severe streptococcal infection from an unsterilized needle. Prontosil-the first sulfonamide drug
- 4. • Sulfonamides (sulphonamides) are a group of man-made (synthetic) medicines that contain the sulfonamide chemical group. They may also be called sulfa drugs. or • The sulfa-related group of antibiotics, which are used to treat bacterial infection and some fungal infections. What are sulfonamides
- 5. Brands of Sulphamethoxazole (sulphonamide) • Aksotran tablets (Rs:260 ) Sulphamethoxazole : 800 mg/5ml Trimethoprin : 160mg/5ml • Bactrim tablets (Rs:280) Sulphamethoxazole : 200mg/5ml Trimethoprin : 40mg/5ml • Dosatran suspension (Rs:400/400ml) Sulphamethoxazole : 400mg/5ml Trimethoprin : 80mg/5ml • Fedran tablets (Rs: 260) Sulphamethoxazole : 400mg/5ml Trimethoprin : 80mg/5ml
- 6. Molecular formula: C10H11N3O3S Molar mass: 253.279 g/mol Elimination half-life: 10 hours Metabolism: Hepatic acetylation and glucuronidat ion Excretion: Renal Protein binding: 70% Chemical properties of Sulfamethoxazole
- 7. Formula: C14H18N4O3 Metabolism: hepatic Elimination half-life: 8–12 hours Protein binding: 44% Bioavailability: 90–100% Excretion: Urine (50–60%), faeces (4%) Chemical properties of Trimethoprim
- 8. Structural Formulas of Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole
- 9. Sulfonamides structurally resemble p- aminobenzoic acid (PABA), a precursor in bacterial DHF synthesis. As false substrates, sulfonamides competitively inhibit utilization of PABA, and hence DHF synthesis. Because most bacteria cannot take up exogenous folate, they are depleted of DHF. Mechanism of Action
- 10. Biosynthesis of bacterial dihydrofolic acid
- 11. Dihydropterote synthase use of sulfametaxazol Instead of p-aminobenzoic acid
- 12. Side Effects Common Side effects Dizziness Lethargy Diarrhea Anorexia Nausea Vomiting rash Other Side effects • liver damage, • low white blood cell count, • low platelet count (thrombocytopenia), and • anemia.