This document summarizes information about sugarcane tissue culture. It begins by explaining that sugarcane is an important crop and that tissue culture provides an alternative method for crop improvement. It then discusses the basic requirements for tissue culture, including different types of culture, factors that affect culture, and applications such as micropropagation and genetic engineering. Several tables are presented that show results of experiments optimizing shoot formation from meristems using different hormone concentrations and varieties.
Pigeonpea Breeding- Present scenario, productivity and breeding constraints, Traditional and Recent Breeding approaches, Hybrid technology- GMS and CGMS based hybrids, Future strategies and Prospects, Research articles on pigeonpea breeding.
Hybridization between individuals from different species belonging to the same genus or two different genera, is termed as distant hybridization or wide hybridization, and such crosses are known as distant crosses or wide crosses.
PATHWAY OF MOVEMENT OF ASSIMILATES IN DEVELOPING GRAINS OF MONOCOTS AND DICOT...kartoori sai santhosh
PATHWAY OF MOVEMENT OF ASSIMILATES IN DEVELOPING GRAINS OF MONOCOTS AND DICOTS
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SEEDS
STORAGE OF CARBOHYDRATES, PROTEINS AND FATS IN SEEDS AND THEIR BIOSYNTHESIS
Micropropagation and commercial exploitation in horticulture cropsDheeraj Sharma
Micro-propagation – principles and concepts, commercial exploitation in horticultural crops. Techniques - in vitro clonal propagation, direct organogenesis, embryogenesis, micrografting, meristem culture. Hardening, packing and transport of micro-propagules.
Pigeonpea Breeding- Present scenario, productivity and breeding constraints, Traditional and Recent Breeding approaches, Hybrid technology- GMS and CGMS based hybrids, Future strategies and Prospects, Research articles on pigeonpea breeding.
Hybridization between individuals from different species belonging to the same genus or two different genera, is termed as distant hybridization or wide hybridization, and such crosses are known as distant crosses or wide crosses.
PATHWAY OF MOVEMENT OF ASSIMILATES IN DEVELOPING GRAINS OF MONOCOTS AND DICOT...kartoori sai santhosh
PATHWAY OF MOVEMENT OF ASSIMILATES IN DEVELOPING GRAINS OF MONOCOTS AND DICOTS
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SEEDS
STORAGE OF CARBOHYDRATES, PROTEINS AND FATS IN SEEDS AND THEIR BIOSYNTHESIS
Micropropagation and commercial exploitation in horticulture cropsDheeraj Sharma
Micro-propagation – principles and concepts, commercial exploitation in horticultural crops. Techniques - in vitro clonal propagation, direct organogenesis, embryogenesis, micrografting, meristem culture. Hardening, packing and transport of micro-propagules.
Oilseeds crop is one of the most important cash crops grown in Nepal. Oilseeds are the crops grown for oil extraction from their seeds.
They are a very important component of semi- tropical and tropical agriculture, providing easily available and highly nutritious human and animal food.
In this presentation you will come to know about the HANDLING OF SEGREGATING GENERATIONS, that is (PEDIGREE METHOD, MASS PEDIGREE METHOD, BULK METHOD, SINGLE SEED DESCENT METHOD).
The slides describing about the different techniques of seed production, as the seed is the basic part of any production program. Therefore, please provide review about these techniques.
Microbial Stimulation of Growth of LucerneIJERA Editor
From the soil samples outside the areas of intensive agriculture, were allocated 145 isolates: 80 cultures growing on medium nutrient agar, 28 – on 79 medium for fixing microorganisms and 37 isolates on MRS medium, by forming zones of hydrolysis of chalk. The influence of selected microorganisms were researched on seed germination and seedling growth of lucerne. Stimulation of the growth of lucerne by some cultures reached 35% (5, R11) - 45% (1, 9, R5, R28) compared with the control.
Oilseeds crop is one of the most important cash crops grown in Nepal. Oilseeds are the crops grown for oil extraction from their seeds.
They are a very important component of semi- tropical and tropical agriculture, providing easily available and highly nutritious human and animal food.
In this presentation you will come to know about the HANDLING OF SEGREGATING GENERATIONS, that is (PEDIGREE METHOD, MASS PEDIGREE METHOD, BULK METHOD, SINGLE SEED DESCENT METHOD).
The slides describing about the different techniques of seed production, as the seed is the basic part of any production program. Therefore, please provide review about these techniques.
Microbial Stimulation of Growth of LucerneIJERA Editor
From the soil samples outside the areas of intensive agriculture, were allocated 145 isolates: 80 cultures growing on medium nutrient agar, 28 – on 79 medium for fixing microorganisms and 37 isolates on MRS medium, by forming zones of hydrolysis of chalk. The influence of selected microorganisms were researched on seed germination and seedling growth of lucerne. Stimulation of the growth of lucerne by some cultures reached 35% (5, R11) - 45% (1, 9, R5, R28) compared with the control.
Country Status Reports on Underutilized Crops by Abdul Ghafoor, Pakistanapaari
Country Status Reports on Underutilized Crops by Abdul Ghafoor, Pakistan - Regional Expert Consultation on Underutilized Crops for Food and Nutritional Security in Asia and the Pacific November 13-15, 2017, Bangkok
Edible Mushroom cultivation technique and short review on its genomeSantosh Kumar Sahoo
Here you can able to know about mushroom morphology, types, cultivation techniques, genome, and survey work which was done online through google sheet.
Effect of some pre sowing treatments on Sapindus laurifolius seed germinationresearchplantsciences
Present paper deals with the effect of some pre-sowing treatments on the seed germination of Sapindus laurifolius Vahl. (Sapindaceae). The physical and chemical scarification treatments were given to S. laurifolius seeds in order to test, identify, and recommend suitable pre-sowing treatments. In-depth analysis of data obtained in the present work has proved that, sulphuric acid promotes seed germination in S. laurifolius comparatively within shorter time without affecting growth performance of saplings obtained.
Article Citation:
Vishal R. Kamble, Bazegah K. Sayed and Shrinath P. Kavade.
Effect of some pre-sowing treatments on Sapindus laurifolius seed germination
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(2): 205-212.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0056.pdf
Role of new generation plant bioregulators in fruitSindhu Reddy
In order meet out the emerging consumer demand and challenges towards fruit production, there is the need to explore new interventions. One among that is use of new generation plant growth regulators in fruit crops. Plant growth regulators (PGR), recently name has been changed to plant bio-regulators (PBR’s) are defined as organic compounds, other than nutrients, that in small concentrations, affect the physiological processes of plants. There are five classical growth hormones which have the specific function in growth and development were already commercially exploited in fruit crops, but use of new generation growth regulators in fruit crops are recent and emerging trend. New generation PBR’s includes brassinosteroids, Jasmonate, salicylic acid, polyamines, karrikins and strigolactones and retardants such as 1-MCP and prohexodione-Ca. These are utilized in fruit crops starting from propagation to improving quality also including biotic and abiotic stress resistant. Hence, new generation plant growth regulators are an effective alternative for future fruit production combating major production challenges.
Snapmelon (Cucumis melo var. momordica Duth. and Full) is an important member of the family Cucurbitaceae, with a chromosome no. 24, which comprises of 117 genera and 825 species in warmer parts of the world (Gopalakrishnan.,2007). Snapmelon is commonly known as ‘Phoot’ which means to ‘split’. The dessert form of Cucumis melo L. is a distinct group distributed and adapted well essentially under humid tropics of South India. Snapmelon is a locally grown dessert melon in Goa and coastal Maharashtra known as ‘Chibud’, in areas of Karnataka as ‘Hibadihannu’ or ‘Phoottikai’ and in Kerala it is known as ‘Pottuvellari’. Yet in northern India large scale cultivation of ‘phoot’ is confined to the states of UP, Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab and Bihar. In arid area like Bikaner from Rajasthan nearly 28.70 % farmers out of 37.75% vegetable growers grow snap melon as a sole crop in kharif and rabi season as well.( Meena., S.R. et al., 2009)
The use of snapmelon is extremely diverse, depending on the type of fruit. Sweet types are consumed as dessert, while non-sweet types are used as vegetableThey are good sources of vitamin C, sugars, minerals and dietary fibre. The fruit of snapmelon contains 3% carbohydrate, 0.3% protein, 0.1 % fat, 95.7 % moisture, 265 IU Vitamin A 100g-1 and 10mg Vitamin C 100g-1 (Peter and Hazra, 2012). Seed contains 12.5 to 39.1 % edible oil. Besides nuitritional factor vegetable is used as a medicine in treating burns , abrasions and coolness of the body.
India being centre of origin, snapmelon has accumulated wide range of genetic variability with respect to the fruits are size small to large, rough and smooth, either oval or cylindrical in shape with a mealy, somewhat insipid or slightly sour flesh which burst on maturity. The productivity and quality are highly variable and sometimes results in low economic returns to the growers. Fruit cracking, low shelf life and lack of transportation & storage facilities are being the most common constraints.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
3. Introduction
3
• Sugarcane, Saccharum spp. (2n=40 to 2n=128) belongs to family Poaceae,
(Graminae). It is the main sugar producing crop that contributes more than
75% to the total sugar pool at the global level. Sugarcane is cultivated as a
commercial crop in nearly 60 countries spread over the world. India is the
largest producer of sugar and second largest producer of sugarcane in the
world.
• Quality seed plays an immense value to keep phase in productivity and
sugar recovery. Due to limitation of time taking process to mass
multiplication of elite popular varieties there is an importance of
substitutes methodology to fasten the multiplication rate and to evolve
desirable clones to the changed climatic condition.
• Tissue culture provide an alternative method for the crop improvement.
Plant regeneration from tissue culture of sugarcane has been successfully
applied to breeding programs for rapid screening of clones for disease
resistance, salt tolerance, drought tolerance, herbicide resistance and early
maturity and high sugar
4. Uses and importance of sugarcane
• Sugarcane is mainly an industrial crop as the cane is supplied to sugar
industries.
• Sugarcane's products like sugar and fermented products are very important
in making and preserving various kind of medicines like syrups, liquids;
capsules etc.
• Sugarcane provides a juice, which is used for making white sugar, and
jaggery (gur) and many by-products like bagasse and molasses.
• Green tops of cane are a good source of fodder for cattle. Its remains are
good manure in alkaline and saline soils.
4
5. Table 1 State wise area production, productivity and sugar recovery
of sugarcane during 2013-14
States Area
(‘000 ha)
Production
(‘000 tonnes)
Productivity
(tonnes / ha)
Sugar
recovery (%)
Andhra Pradesh 195 676 72.0 9.74
Bihar 298 591 50.0 8.97
Gujarat 182 1175 71.0 11.09
Haryana 118 540 69.0 9.44
Karnataka 476 4177 88.0 10.95
Madhya Pradesh 85 325 57.0 9.91
Maharashtra 9401 7712 80.0 11.40
Tamil Nadu 285 1413 90.0 8.97
Uttar Pradesh 2513 6495 53.0 9.60
INDIA
5341 345600 64.7 10.23
Anonymous (2015) 5
6. SPECIES OF SUGARCANE
Species Classification
Sugar
content
Chromosom
e number
Origin
S. spontaneum Wild species Nil 2n= 40-128 Southern Asia
S. robustum Wild species Nil 2n= 60-80 New Guinea
S. officinarum Noble canes High 2n= 80
New Guinea, derived from
S. Robustum
S. barberi
Ancient
hybrid
Low 2n= 111-120
North India, derived from
S spontaneum x S. officinarum
S. sinense
Ancient
hybrid
Low 2n= 81-124
India and China, derived
from
S spontaneum x S. officinarum
S. edule Wild species
Compact
inflorescence
eaten as a
vegetable
2n= 60-80
with
Aneuploid
forms
Malanesia and Indonesia,
derived from S. officinarum
6
7. Nobilization of sugarcane
S. officinarum
S. spontaneum
Tropical Cultivated species thick,
soft, juicy, high sucrose but
susceptible to biotic and abiotic
stresses .
Wild species having wide
adaptability, profuse tillering and
resistant to biotic and abiotic
stresses but thin and low sucrose
content.
7
8. PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
•The culture of plant seeds, organs, tissues, cells,
or protoplasts on nutrient media under sterile
and aseptic/ in-vitro conditions.
8
9. History of plant tissue culture
1902 The idea of Totipotency of the plant cell given by Harberlandt
1904 Hannig cultured embryos from several cruciferous species
1926 Went discovered first plant growth hormone – Indole acetic acid
1934 White introduced vitamin B as growth supplement in tissue culture
media for tomato root tip
1941 Overbeek was first to add coconut milk for cell division in Datura
1955 Skoog and Miller discovered kinetin as cell division hormone
1957 Skoog and Miller gave concept of hormonal control (auxin: cytokinin)
of organ formation
1962 Murashige and Skoog developed MS medium with higher salt
concentration
Con…
9
10. 1964 Guha and Maheshwari produced first haploid plants from pollen
grains of Datura (Anther culture)
1966 Steward demonstrated totipotency by regenerating carrot plants from
single cells of tomato
1972 Carlson produced first interspecific hybrid of Nicotiana tabacum by
protoplast fusion
1981 Larkin and Scowcroft introduced the term somaclonal variation
10
11. Achievements of India in plant tissue culture
11
Maheshwari and
Rangaswamy
1958
somatic embryos in vitro
from the nucleus of citrus
ovule
1964
Delhi University
Guha and
Maheshwari
first haploid plants
triploid plants1970
12. BASIS FOR PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
• Two hormones affect plant differentiation:
• Auxin: stimulates root development
• Cytokinin: stimulates shoot development
• Generally, the ratio of these two hormones can determine plant development:
• Auxin ↓ cytokinin = root development & initiation
• Cytokinin ↓auxin = shoot multiplication & development
• Auxin = cytokinin = callus development
12
13. TYPES OF TISSUE CULTURE
1) Meristem culture
2) Embryo culture
3) Anther and pollen culture
4) Tissue, cell, callus culture
5) Protoplast culture and somatic hybridization
6) ovary and ovule culture
13
15. Factors affecting plant tissue culture
Nutrient/Growth media
Minerals, vitamins, carbon source, hormones
Environmental factors
Light, temperature, photoperiod, Humitity
Ex-plant source
Usually, younger, less differentiated ex-plant is better for
tissue culture
Genetics
Different species show differences in amenability to tissue
culture
In many cases, different genotypes within a species show
variable response to hormonal substances.
15
16. Advantages of plant tissue culture Technology
• Plant tissue culture research is multi-dimensional and it has
direct commercial applications as well as value in basic
research in cell biology, genetics and biochemistry
• An alternating tool of breeding by selecting and testing for
useful variants
• Spontaneously arising changes (somaclonal variation) in tissue
culture have been recognized as rich source of variability.
• Mass multiplication of selected genotype to cover large area in a
short duration of time.
16
17. Basic Requirements of Plant tissue culture laboratory
• Media preparation room
• Inoculation Room or Transfer room
• Culture Room or incubation room or growth room
• Washing Room
• Green House
17
18. Types of Micropropagation techniques in sugarcane
1. Shoot tip culture
2. Meristem culture
3. Callus culture
18
20. What is shoot tip culture
•The culture of epical bud portion of shoot of a plant
in nutrient media under controlled condition or in
lab called shoot tip culture.
•Mostly the shoot tip culture used for obtain
disease free plant without genetically changes.
20
21. Fig 1 Stage of shoot tip culture
Sugarcane epical
bud used as
Explant
shoot Initiation
in MS
Shoot Elongation
Initiation of
multiple shooting
shoot
multiplication
Establishment
of shoot tip
RootingHardening
21
22. Application of shoot-tip culture
22
•Virus elimination
•Storage of genetic resources
•Use in plant breeding
•Quarantine
23. Table 2 Composition of nutrient media for shoot tip culture
MS media
(Major & Minor elements)
+
SAP Quantity /litre
medium
Multiplication Rooting
Meso inositol 100 mg 100 mg 50 mg
Glycine 2.0 mg 2.0 mg 1.0 mg
GA3 0.5 mg 0.5 mg -
6 BAP 0.5 mg - -
IBA 0.75 mg - 1.50
Coconut water 100 ml 100 ml -
Sucrose 20 gm 20 gm 20 mg
6-BAP 5 mg - -
Kinetin - 1.07 mg -
Nicotinic Acid - 0.5 mg 0.25 mg
Naphthalene Acetic Acid
(NAA)
- 0.5 mg 0.5 mg
Pyrodoxine Hcl - 0.5 mg 0.25 mg
Thiamine Hcl - 0.1 mg 0.05 mg
23Source: plant cell and tissue culture (S. Narayanswamy)
24.
25. Table 3 Effect of different hormones on shoot formation from apical meristem in
sugarcane variety CP 77-400
Media Concentration
(mg/l)
No. of
explants
cultured
Days for shoot
formation
Frequency of
shoot formation
(%)
Number of
shoots/explant
MS + BAP 1.0 10 10.8 ± 0.8342c
90 1.8 ± 0.1897c
1.5 10 10.3 ± 0.6332c
100 1.8 ± 0.2366c
2.0 10 11.1 ± 0.4989bc
70 1.4 ± 0.1549bc
2.5 10 12.1 ± 0.5736abc
80 1.3 ± 0.1449abc
MS+(BAP
+ Kinetin)
0.25 + 0.25 10 12.4 ± 0.6197abc
90 1.4 ± 0.1549abc
0.50 + 0.25 10 12.3 ± 0.6935abc
100 1.5 ± 0.1581abc
0.50 + 0.50 10 13.9 ± 0.6395a
90 1.1 ± 0.1703a
1.00 + 0.50 10 13.2 ± 0.8461ab
70 1.1 ± 0.0948ab
LSD 1.8690 1.869
Means followed by different letters in the same column differ significantly at p=0.05 according to Duncan’s new multiple
range test
Ali et al. (2008)Pakistan 25
26. Table 4 Effect of BAP on establishment and regeneration of shoot tip explant of
sugarcane cultivar CoC 671
Treatments Concentration
of growth
regulator (mg/l)
No. of shoot tips
inoculated
No. of shoot tip
established
(%)
Average number
of shoots per
culture (multiple
shoot) 25 DAI
MS + BAP 0.00 25 0 (0.00) 0.52 (2.08)
MS + BAP 0.50 25 2 (8.00) 2.01 (8.04)
MS + BAP 1.00 25 4 (20.00) 5.46 (21.84)
MS + BAP 2.00 25 18 (72.00) 19.91 (79.64)
Mean 6.00
SEm 0.27
CD (0.01) 1.13
Biradar et al. (2009)Karnataka, India
** Values outside the parenthesis are transformed, where as in parenthesis are actual values
26
27. Table 5 Effect of Benzyl amino purine (BAP) on establishment and regeneration
of shoot tip explant of sugarcane variety CoN 05072
Treatments Concentration of
growth regulator
(mg/l)
No. of shoot tips
inoculated
No. of shoot tips
established
(%)
Average number
of shoots per
culture (multiple
shoots)
(25 DAI)
MS 0.00 25 0(0.00) 0.68 (2.72)
MS + BAP 0.50 25 4 (16.00) 2.94 (11.76)
MS + BAP 1.0 25 8 (32.00) 6.46 (25.84)
MS + BAP 2.0 25 22 (88.00) 20.50 (82.00)
Values outside the parentheses are transformed, whereas in parentheses are actual values
Patel et al. (2012)Navsari
27
28. Table 6 Response of BAP and IAA on in vitro shoot multiplication of varieties
B41-227 and N14
PGRs (mg/l) B41-227 N14
BAP IAA
Number of
shoots per
explant
Shoot length
(cm)
Number of
leaves per
shoot
Number of
shoots
Per explant
Shoot length
(cm)
Number of
leaves per
shoot
1.5
0.25 4.00n ± 0.69 4.25gh ± 1.02 3.52l ± 0.19 2.80t ± 0.88 2.35no ± 0.54 3.33m ± 0.42
0.5 15.50a ± 2.90 5.93b ± 0.57 6.40a ± 1.49 3.22qr ± 1.67 2.92l ± 1.27 3.50l ± 1.11
0.75 7.00c ± 1.37 5.17d ± 0.53 4.33h ± 0.11 4.50m ± 0.77 4.37g ± 1.19 4.45g ± 0.78
1 6.21d ± 0.21 4.74e ± 0.27 4.50fg ± 0.54 5.80f ± 1.11 5.23d ± 1.18 3.35m ± 0.68
2
0.25 5.83f ± 0.93 4.55f ± 0.19 3.81j ± 0.05 11.00b ± 0.00 6.30a ± 0.23 5.80b ± 0.06
0.5 10.90b ± 0.82 5.26d ± 1.35 5.20d ± 0.08 5.41hi ± 1.91 3.78i ± 1.01 5.22d ± 0.40
0.75 6.02e ± 1.26 5.85b ± 0.00 4.50fg ± 0.89 4.64l ± 0.71 3.42j ± 0.44 4 .00i ± 0.90
1 5.52gh ± 0.77 5.52c ± 1.30 4.33h ± 0.41 3.22rs ± 0.92 2.88l ± 0.83 3.54l ± 0.78
2.5
0.25 6.00e ± 0.38 4.17h ± 1.46 4.51f ± 0.91 3.33q ± 1.22 4.15h ± 0.64 2.90o ± 0.62
0.5 5.24j ± 0.65 3.82i ± 0.04 3.33m ± 0.60 3.80o ± 0.69 3.23k ± 0.00 4.82e ± 0.00
0.75 5.20j ± 0.82 3.52j ± 0.31 5.51c ± 1.27 4.10n ± 0.54 2.25o ± 0.47 3.00n ± 0.81
1 4.81k ± 0.21 4.38g ± 0.67 4.34h ± 1.11 4.43m ± 0.00 5.21d ± 0.66 2.42r ± 0.66
3
0.25 4.53lm ± 0.55 3.19k ± 1.02 3.50l ± 0.00 3.52p ± 0.00 4.53f ± 0.31 3.84j ± 0.11
0.5 4.50m ± 0.67 2.93l ± 0.79 3.50l ± 0.15 3.33q ± 0.48 2.65m ± 0.00 3.60k ± 0.00
0.75 3.17rs ± 1.20 3.00l ± 0.15 3.33m ± 0.97 2.80t ± 0.01 2.11p ± 0.19 2.82p ± 0.92
1 3.05s ± 0.55 2.44n ± 0.44 2.92o ± 0.24 2.52u ± 0.51 2.46n ± 0.00 2.50q ± 0.71
CV (%) 8.33 5.27 7.91 8.33 5.27 7.91
PGRs=Plant growth regulators. *Values for number of shoots per explant, average shoot length and number of leaves per shoot given as mean ± SD. *Numbers with in
the same column with different letter(s) are significantly different from each other at p = 0.05 according to REGWQ
Tolera et al. (2014)Ethiopia 28
29.
30. Table 7 Effect of Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) on root induction
in sugarcane cultivar CoC 671
Treatment
No
Treatment Concentration of
growth regulator
(mg/l)
No. of healthy
roots
1 MS 0.00 5 (50.00)
2 MS + NAA 0.50 6 (60.00)
3 MS + NAA 1.0 7 (70.00)
4 MS + NAA 2.0 8 (80.00)
5 MS + NAA 3.0 7 (70.00)
Mean - 6.6
SEm - 0.32
CD (0.01) - 1.27
Biradar et al. (2009)Karnataka, India
Values in parenthesis are in percentage
30
31. Table 8 Effect of different concentrations of NAA & IBA
combinations on root formation in sugarcane variety CO
86032
Media
composition mg/l
Days to root
induction
(Mean value)
No. of plants
showing roots
(Mean value)
Average frequency of
roots
½ MS + 1 NAA+
1 IBA
16.7 5.6 Low (2-5 Roots)
½ MS + 3 NAA+
1 IBA
15.2 8.3 Medium (5-8Roots)
½ MS + 3 NAA+
3 IBA
13.56 9.5 High ( > 9 Roots)
Godheja et al. (2014)Lucknow
31
32. Table 9 Effects of indole-3-butryic acid and α -naphthalene acetic acid on rooting in
sugarcane.
PGRs (mg l-1) C86-12 C86-56
IBA NAA
Number of
roots per shoot
± SD
Root
length(cm)
± SD
Number of
roots per shoot
± SD
Root length
(cm)
± SD
0 0 0.00y ± 0.00 0.00u ± 0.00 0.00y ± 0.00 0.00u ± 0.00
0 1 6.7q-t ± 0.00 2.06i-m ± 0.134 5.42t-v ± 1.769 0.34st ± 0.055
0 3 14.1cd ± 0.223 2.5de ± 0.000 6.26s-u ± 1.545 0.62p-r ± 0.045
0 5 17.5a ± 0.00 3.2a ± 0.223 7.76o-r ± 0.750 0.84op ± 0.055
1 0 10.94h-k ± 1.009 1.76jk ± 0.167 7.04p-s ± 0.230 0.48q-t ± 0.045
1 1 14.00cd ± 1.00 2.06hi ± 0.114 8.00n-q ± 0.557 0.52q-s ± 0.277
1 3 13.82cd ± 0.853 3.04ab ± 0.167 7.12p-s ± 0.130 0.40r-t ± 0.071
1 5 12.18e-h ± 0.164 2.02hi ± 0.130 7.06p-s ± 0.151 1.26mn ± 0.089
2 0 11.56g-i ± 0.966 2.96ab ± 0.089 8.22n-p ± 0.044 1.36lm ± 0.089
2 1 11.80f-i ± 0.570 2.46d-f ± 0.057 14.88c ± 0.164 2.80bc ± 0.02
2 3 4.94u-w ± 0.467 1.98hij ± 0.130 6.72q-t ± 0.045 1.52k-m ± .0.084
2 5 10.12j-m ± 0.130 2.30d-g ± 0.000 12.28e-h ± 0.045 1.42lm ± 0.045
3 0 6.2s-u ± 0.071 2.38d-g ± 0.045 3.68wx ± 0.045 0.62p-r ± 0.045
3 1 12.38e-g ± 0.192 2.78bc ± 0.045 6.00s-u ± 0.00 1.10n ± 0.071
3 3 10.12j-m ± 0.327 2.26e-i ± 0.134 14.00cd ± 0.000 2.62cd ± 0.084
3 5 13.16d-f ± 0.422 1.58kl ± 0.476 13.00d-f ± 0.00 2.12g-i ± 0.045
CV (%) 6.63 7.15 6.63 7.15
Shimelis et al. (2015)Ethiopia
*PGRs=plant growth regulators. Values for number of roots per explant and root length given as mean ± SD. Numbers with in the same column with
different letter(s) are significantly different from each other according to REGWQ at p<0.05.
32
34. What is callus
• Plant callus (plural calluses or calli) is a mass of unorganized
and undifferentiated cells derived from plant tissue (explants)
for use in biological research and biotechnology
• In plant biology, callus cells are those cells that cover a plant
wound
• Plant growth regulators, such as auxins, cytokinins,
and gibberellins, are supplemented into the medium to initiate
callus formation or somatic embryogenesis
34
35. Fig 2 Stages of callus
Callus induction and proliferation (1-2); Differentiation/(regeneration of
shoots (3-4), and the establishment of plantlet rooting induction (5-6).
35
36. Application of callus culture
The whole plant can be regenerated in large number from callus
tissue through manipulation of the nutrient and hormonal
constituents in the culture medium which is called as
organogenesis or morphogenesis.
callus can be induced to form somatic embryos which can gives
rise to whole plant.
Callus tissue is good source of genetic or karyotypic variability
Cell suspension culture in moving liquid medium can be initiated
from callus culture.
36
37. Table 10 Composition of nutrient media for callus formation
MS media + Quantity/ litre medium
Meso inositol 100mg
Glycine 2.0 mg
Nicotinic Acid 0.5 mg
Pyrodoxine Hcl 0.5 mg
Thiamine Hcl 0.1 mg
2,4 - D 3 mg
Coconut water 100 ml
Sucrose 20 gm
Agar Agar 8 gm
37
Source: plant cell and tissue culture (S. Narayanswamy)
38.
39. Table 11 Effect of different concentrations of auxins on callus induction from leaf
sheath explants of sugarcane
Name of the hormone Concentration (mg/l) No. of explants
inoculated
No. of explants
showed callus
% of explants with
callus induction
IBA 0.5 20 - -
1.0 20 - -
2.0 20 - -
3.0 20 - -
4.0 20 - -
5.0 20 - -
NAA 0.5 20 - -
1.0 20 - -
2.0 20 1 5
3.0 20 2 10
4.0 20 - -
5.0 20 - -
2,4-D 0.5 20 3 15
1.0 20 9 45
2.0 20 15 75
3.0 20 17 85
4.0 20 8 40
5.0 20 - -
Gopitha et al. (2010)Tamilnadu, India 39
40. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1.5 + 0.1 2.0 + 0.15 3.0 + 0.2 3.5 + 0.25 4.0 + 0.3
Phytohormone 2,4-D and Kinetin in different concentration (mg/l)
Fig 3 Effect of different concentrations of 2,4-D and Kinetin on callus
induction from shoot tip explant of sugarcane variety 018%ofexplantwithcallusinduction
Satpal et al. (2011)Ganjam, India 40
41. Fig 4 Effect of different concentrations of BAP and IBA on shoot regeneration
from callus tissue of sugarcane variety 018
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
3.0 + 0.2 4.0 + 0.5 5.0 + 1.0 6.0 + 1.5 7.0 +2.0
Satpal et al. (2011)Ganjam, India
Phytohormone BAP and IBA in different concentration (mg/l)
%ofexplantproducedshoot
41
42. Table 12 Effect of combination of BAP and IBA in MS medium on shoot
regeneration from the callus tissue.
Hormonal
supplements, mg/l
% of explant
produced shoots
No .of shoot/ explant Average length of the
shoots (cm)
BAP+IBA
0.5+0.1 40 3.0 ± 0.81 2.2 ± 0.47
0.5+0.2 65 4.0 ± 0.94 3.1 ± 0.47
0.5+0.5 25 3.2 ± 0.47 3.0 ± 0.94
0.5+1.0 15 3.5 ± 0.62 2.8 ± 0.89
1.0+0.1 50 4.2 ± 0.47 3.2 ± 0.47
1.0+0.2 69 5.2 ± 0.37 3.5 ± 0.16
1.0+0.5 40 3.2 ± 0.43 2.1 ± 0.04
1.0+1.0 30 3.0 ± 0.47 2.0 ± 0.23
2.0+0.1 45 3.3 ± 0.61 3.4 ± 0.29
2.0+0.2 61 3.4 ± 0.65 2.9 ± 0.28
2.0+0.5 92 12.4 ± 1.90 6.2 ± 0.37
2.0+1.0 75 10.5 ± 1.31 4.0 ± 0.61
Behera & Sahoo (2009)Bhubaneswar, India 42
43. Table 13 Effect of BAP and NAA combination on morphogenesis of the
callus tissues in sugarcane varieties Co 99004 and CoN 05071
Co 99004 CoN 05071
Growth
regulators levels
(mg/l)
Days required
for
morphogenesis
Average
no. of
shoots per
culture
Length of
usable
shoots
(cm)
Days required
for
morphogenesis
Average no. of
shoots per
culture
Length of
usable
shoots (cm)
1 BAP +1 NAA 47 4.9 3.8 42 6.2 3.9
2 BAP +2 NAA 39 6.8 6.2 31 7.8 5.0
3 BAP +3 NAA 35 10.8 7.5 27 11.9 6.8
4 BAP +4 NAA 28 12.5 4.8 30 13.5 4.8
Patel et al. (2012)Navsari
43
44.
45. Table 14 Effect of auxins (NAA+IBA) combination on root formation of the
In vitro grown micro-shoots cultured on ½ strength MS medium.
Auxin
NAA+IBA
(mg/l )
% of micro
shoots rooted
No of
roots/micro
shoots
Average
length of
roots(cm)
Days to
emergence of
roots
0.5+0.5 0 0 0 0
0.5+1.0 40 5.2 ± 0.61 2.3 ± 0.37 10-17
1.0+1.0 52 5.8 ± 0.61 3.2 ± 0.89 10-15
1.5+0.5 60 6.4 ± 0.71 1.4 ± 0.28 15-17
0.5+1.5 48 5.3 ± 0.74 1.2 ± 0.33 10-17
2.0+0.5 50 6.4 ± 0.92 1.9 ± 0.14 10-12
0.5+2.0 75 10.4 ± 0.67 3.5 ± 0.47 12-14
2.5+0.5 60 6.7 ± 0.96 2.5 ± 0.89 10-12
0.5+2.5 82 11.3 ± 1.08 3.9 ± 0.47 10-15
3.0+0.5 40 5.2 ± 1.01 3.2 ± 0.61 15-17
3.0+1.0 35 4.2 ± 0.37 3.0 ± 0.80 15-17
1.0+3.0 30 3.3 ± 0.47 2.8 ± 0.49 15-17
Behera & Sahoo (2009)Bhubaneswar, India 45
46. Table 15 Effect of different auxin on formation of root in the in vitro grown micro
shoots cultured
Name of the
Hormone
Concentration
mg/l
% of micro
shoots Rooted
Average No. of
roots/micro
shoots
Average length
of roots (cm)
IBA 0.5 33 8.2 1.5
1.0 65 10.5 2.4
3.0 88 12.6 3.7
NAA 0.5 42 10.4 1.0
1.0 63 11.6 1.4
3.0 95 15.1 4.9
IAA 0.5 - - -
1.0 20 5.5 1.3
3.0 55 7.4 1.6
NAA + IBA 0.5 + 0.5 - - -
0.5 + 1.0 45 6.3 2.2
1.0 + 0.5 52 7.2 2.6
1.0 + 1.0 63 9.1 3.9
3.0 + 0.5 80 12.3 3.5
3.0 + 1.0 85 14.5 4.1
Gopitha et al. (2010)Tamilnadu, India 46
47. Table 16 Effect of different auxins and auxin concentration on root formation of
shoots in variety Co 99004
Treatments
No
Treatments No. of roots Root length (cm)
T1 ½ MS + 0.5 mg/l NAA + 0.5 mg/l IBA 10.2 5.28
T2 ½ MS + 0.5 mg/l NAA + 0.75 mg/l IBA 10.8 5.34
T3 ½ MS + 0.5 mg/l NAA + 1.0 mg/l IBA 11.0 5.48
T4 ½ MS + 0.5 mg/l NAA + 1.5 mg/l IBA 10.2 4.40
T5 ½ MS + 0.5 mg/l NAA + 0.5 mg/l IBA 10.2 4.50
T6 ½ MS + 1 mg/l NAA + 0.75 mg/l IBA 10.2 5.12
T7 ½ MS + 1 mg/l NAA + 1.0 mg/l IBA 9.2 3.80
T8 ½ MS +1 mg/l NAA + 1.5 mg/l IBA 9.0 3.38
T9 ½ MS + 2 mg/l NAA + 0.5 mg/l IBA 8.2 3.18
T10 ½ MS + 2 mg/l NAA + 0.75 mg/l IBA 7.6 3.00
T11 ½ MS + 2 mg/l NAA + 1.0 mg/l IBA 5.0 2.38
T12 ½ MS +2 mg/l NAA + 1.5 mg/l IBA 4.0 2.02
T13 ½ MS + 0.5 mg/l NAA 10.4 5.20
T14 ½ MS + 0.5 mg/l IBA 1.0 0.46
T15 ½ MS 0.0 0.00
SEM 0.163 0.048
CD at 5% 0.436 0.137
CV % 4.68 3.03
47Gadakh et al. (2014)Navsari
48. GENETIC ENGINEERING
Figure 5: Flow diagram of Agrobacterium mediated transformation in sugarcane
48
.Normal
plant leaf
disc
49. Figure 6 Molecular analysis of alien gene (AVP 1) in transformed and
non transformed plants in sugarcane cultivar CP77- 400
Lane M= 1kb Marker, Lane1, 3= transgenic sugarcane
plants, lane 2,4= non transformed, lane 5=positive
control, NC= negative control
Kumar et al. (2014)Pakistan
Regeneration of profuse roots and
acclimatization of transgenic plants
49
630 BP
AVP 1 Arabidopsis Vacuolar pump
50. Current status of sugarcane transgenic
Sr.no Transgenic Method Reference
1 Transformation in callus
regeneration
Particle bombarment Franks and Birch
(1991)
2 First transgenic plants were
produced
High velocity DNA coated
microprojectile by
bombardment
Bower and Birch
(1992)
3 Herbicide resistant transgenic
plants of Saccharum spp.
hybrids variety NCo 310
- Gallo-Meagher and
Irvine (1993)
4 Transgenic sugarcane plants
using truncated Cry 1A gene
encoding the active region of
B.thuringiensis ð- endotoxin
CaMV 35S promoter Arencibia et al. (1997)
5 Resistance against the borer to
the sugarcane
Bombarding
their embryogenic calli with
tungsten particles coated.
Braga et al. (2003)
50Conti…
51. 6 Most useful npt II
gene (selectable marker) for selection of
sugarcane callus transformation
A. tumefaciens
system
Zhangsun et al.
(2007)
7 Transgenic sugarcane plants expressing
transgene against borer mainly Cry1Ab
aprotinin gene and Cry 1Aa3 evaluated and
expression is checked through
serological and
molecular techniques
Arvinth et al.
(2009)
8 Transgenic sugarcane lines have been
developed with gene expressing Cry protein,
proteinase inhibitor or lectin resistance to
borers, sucking insects or grubs
- Srikant et al. (2011)
9 Creating sugarcane cultivar Phil 6607 resistant
to fungal diseases by genetic transformation
with a chitinase gene
Particle
bombardment
Khamrit et al.
(2012)
51
52. CONCLUSION…
• From the forgoing discussion, it can be concluded that MS medium
supplemented with 3 mg/l 2, 4- D is very useful for callus culture and 2 mg/l
of BAP is good for shoot formation and multiplication.
• NAA and IBA showed better response than IAA for producing roots,
However half strength MS medium with 3 mg/l of NAA is most suitable for
root induction, root number and root length.
• Combination and contribution of hormonal substances plays important role
for successful plant regeneration and multiplication.
• Because of variable performance of different varieties to nutrient
composition, standardization of protocol need to be done to ahead for mass
multiplication.
• Genetic engineering make possible the production of transgenic sugarcane
plants resistance to drought and salinity, herbicides, pathogens and pests.
• Thus, this is good technology for getting true to type plantlets in large scale
and to fulfil the demand of farmers and extension of the area under sugarcane.
52
53. FUTURE THRUST
•Need to find out substances/ elements for reducing
multiplication cycle.
•To adjust suitability of standard protocol for all the
varieties of a crop
•To remove undesirable characters from release
/promising variety
53