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The document summarizes competition in the alternative beverages industry, which includes energy drinks, sports drinks, and vitamin-enhanced beverages. It discusses key issues like market maturity and potential health concerns. A PEST analysis finds that social factors have the biggest impact due to changing consumer preferences. Porter's five forces analysis shows competition is tight between many global and regional companies that differentiate through innovation, branding, and distribution. The top four companies, PepsiCo, Coca-Cola, Red Bull, and Hansen Natural Corporation, are described in terms of their product portfolios and competitive strategies in the alternative beverages market.
The document discusses the rise of new cola brands that are challenging Coca-Cola's dominance. It describes several brands that have emerged, including Qibla Cola and Mecca Cola which target the Muslim market, Zam Zam Cola which originated in Iran, and Kola Real from Ajegroup in Peru. Kola Real has been the most successful, gaining over 10% market share in several Latin American countries through very low prices. While Coca-Cola has tried to counter with its own strategies, the document evaluates that Ajegroup's low-cost approach poses the biggest threat and could be successful expanding outside of Latin America.
Energy drinks were first marketed in the early 20th century and gained popularity in the 1980s. They are now one of the fastest growing beverage markets, appealing mainly to those under 35. While manufacturers promote benefits of energy and masculinity, research has linked energy drinks to health risks like increased heart rate and blood pressure. Multiple cases of illness and death, especially in young people, have been reported from energy drink consumption.
This document provides a product development plan for Go Girl, an energy drink brand. It includes a situational analysis of the energy drink market and competitors Red Bull and Monster. Primary research in the form of taste tests and interviews with college students revealed preferences for the original and pomberry flavors. The plan recommends keeping the Go Girl name but updating the logo. It suggests positioning the brand as healthier and donating proceeds to cancer research. Distribution should be expanded and new flavors like strawberry added. The creative brief outlines advertising the brand's charitable giving and "go girl" attitude.
Demand & Supply Analysis of Soft Drink IndustryUsman Manzoor
This document discusses the soft drink industry. It defines the industry and notes that Coca-Cola and PepsiCo are the leading brands globally and in Pakistan. Soft drinks are popular worldwide and commonly found in stores, restaurants, and vending machines. They come in various packages like bottles and cans. While the industry has seen much success, it also faces some limitations like health concerns that it works to address through strategies like developing healthier options and marketing campaigns.
The document discusses the marketing strategies used to target youth for alcoholic energy drinks. It notes how these drinks are designed to appeal to youth through packaging that mimics non-alcoholic energy drinks and through viral marketing campaigns on social media. The combination of alcohol and caffeine in these drinks also poses public health risks. Researchers recommend actions for communities and governments to curb marketing of these drinks to youth.
The document summarizes competition in the alternative beverages industry, which includes energy drinks, sports drinks, and vitamin-enhanced beverages. It discusses key issues like market maturity and potential health concerns. A PEST analysis finds that social factors have the biggest impact due to changing consumer preferences. Porter's five forces analysis shows competition is tight between many global and regional companies that differentiate through innovation, branding, and distribution. The top four companies, PepsiCo, Coca-Cola, Red Bull, and Hansen Natural Corporation, are described in terms of their product portfolios and competitive strategies in the alternative beverages market.
The document discusses the rise of new cola brands that are challenging Coca-Cola's dominance. It describes several brands that have emerged, including Qibla Cola and Mecca Cola which target the Muslim market, Zam Zam Cola which originated in Iran, and Kola Real from Ajegroup in Peru. Kola Real has been the most successful, gaining over 10% market share in several Latin American countries through very low prices. While Coca-Cola has tried to counter with its own strategies, the document evaluates that Ajegroup's low-cost approach poses the biggest threat and could be successful expanding outside of Latin America.
Energy drinks were first marketed in the early 20th century and gained popularity in the 1980s. They are now one of the fastest growing beverage markets, appealing mainly to those under 35. While manufacturers promote benefits of energy and masculinity, research has linked energy drinks to health risks like increased heart rate and blood pressure. Multiple cases of illness and death, especially in young people, have been reported from energy drink consumption.
This document provides a product development plan for Go Girl, an energy drink brand. It includes a situational analysis of the energy drink market and competitors Red Bull and Monster. Primary research in the form of taste tests and interviews with college students revealed preferences for the original and pomberry flavors. The plan recommends keeping the Go Girl name but updating the logo. It suggests positioning the brand as healthier and donating proceeds to cancer research. Distribution should be expanded and new flavors like strawberry added. The creative brief outlines advertising the brand's charitable giving and "go girl" attitude.
Demand & Supply Analysis of Soft Drink IndustryUsman Manzoor
This document discusses the soft drink industry. It defines the industry and notes that Coca-Cola and PepsiCo are the leading brands globally and in Pakistan. Soft drinks are popular worldwide and commonly found in stores, restaurants, and vending machines. They come in various packages like bottles and cans. While the industry has seen much success, it also faces some limitations like health concerns that it works to address through strategies like developing healthier options and marketing campaigns.
The document discusses the marketing strategies used to target youth for alcoholic energy drinks. It notes how these drinks are designed to appeal to youth through packaging that mimics non-alcoholic energy drinks and through viral marketing campaigns on social media. The combination of alcohol and caffeine in these drinks also poses public health risks. Researchers recommend actions for communities and governments to curb marketing of these drinks to youth.
Academic Project Summarized Below:
• Concept of Energy Drinks
• Profile of Red Bull as a pioneer in energy drinks
• Energy Drink market in India
• Created and conducted an online survey and captured responses of 100 respondents and conducted Secondary research to determine the following objectives:
- To understand and identify the energy drink market in India
- To understand consumer preference and their consuming habits
- To analyze the market opportunities and drawbacks
• Analysis & Recommendations
This document summarizes research into energy drink consumption among teenagers and young adults. It used the Addressable Minds program to segment consumers into three groups - Party People, Flavor Lovers, and Health Enthusiasts. Different messaging was identified as most effective for each segment. The research found that flavor, effectiveness, and health were major concerns and that bottle design and colors were also important influences on teenage consumption of energy drinks. Peer pressure and endorsements had less impact than initially thought.
This document provides an overview of a study assessing the attractiveness of the carbonated beverage industry in Nepal for potential new entrants. It acknowledges the support provided and outlines the abstract, table of contents, and limitations of the study. The study analyzes Nepal's carbonated beverage industry through a PESTEL analysis, SWOT analysis, assessment of industry change trajectory, value chain analysis, and examination of dominant industry traits, competitive forces, driving forces, strategic groups, and key success factors. The findings and conclusions regarding industry attractiveness and recommendations for new entrants are presented.
This document analyzes competition in the energy drinks, sports drinks, and vitamin-enhanced beverages industry. It discusses key macroenvironmental factors influencing the industry. Traditional beverage categories have low profit margins and high competition, while the alternative beverage segment has high profit margins and low competition. The document also profiles the three leading companies in the alternative beverages industry - PepsiCo, Coca-Cola, and Red Bull GmbH - and provides recommendations to each on expanding their market share.
This document provides an agenda for analyzing factors affecting consumer behavior in the soft drink industry. It will study consumer preferences and consumption patterns. The objectives are to analyze industry trends, identify factors considered during purchases, and investigate how price, taste, flavor, health, and packaging impact willingness to buy. A literature review covered marketing techniques, key players, and influences on behavior. Hypotheses were formed regarding important purchase factors. Research methodology will employ surveys, expert interviews, and statistical analysis. Key findings will provide implications for soft drink companies.
PDB acquired Crescent, an organic functional beverage company, and disagreed on its positioning strategy. Research showed the energy drink market was growing but had health concerns, while the sports drink market faced obesity concerns. Consumer studies found Crescent appealed more to health-conscious consumers than traditional energy or sports drink buyers. A "broad appeal" organic refreshment positioning may maximize its revenues by appealing to more consumers.
Its a product launch presentation basically.Amateur Sprit & power beverages Pvt. Ltd (ASP)Launching its first product “VERVE” energetic drink.
ASP is a new beverage company which intends to enter the Indian energy drink market.
Its main objective to attain prospected market share by attracting different segments of customers- youths, sportspersons, party goers etc.
Dietrich Mateschitz founded Red Bull in Austria in 1987. It has since expanded to over 165 countries and sells 60 billion cans annually. Red Bull's logo and various editions help build its brand. It targets sports enthusiasts and teenagers with grassroots marketing like sponsoring extreme sports. Though the leader in the energy drink category, Red Bull faces threats from competitors introducing new products and flavors. It aims to strengthen its global presence and expand into emerging markets through product extensions and strategic sponsorships.
This document discusses the cola wars between Coca-Cola and Pepsi and analyzes the major participants in the concentrate and bottling industries using Porter's Five Forces model. It identifies the key players as concentrate producers, bottlers, retailers, and suppliers. It then analyzes the industries using the five forces of supplier power, threat of entry, industry rivalry, substitute competition, and buyer power. Finally, it compares the economics and attractiveness of concentrate producers versus bottlers and discusses challenges facing the cola industry's repositioning.
Team Monster was tasked with developing strategies to improve Monster Energy Drink's position in the energy drink market. They conducted secondary research on the market size, segments, growth rate, consumption, distribution channels, pricing, and major competitors. Their primary research examined main purchasing criteria and compared Monster to competitors. The energy drink market was growing, with consumption projected to reach 1.3 liters per capita by 2014. Monster's target markets included male students aged 17-30 seeking an energy boost for activities. Compared to Red Bull and Amp through a weighted decision matrix, Monster scored slightly lower than Red Bull but higher than Amp. The team's next steps were to research Red Bull further and position Monster to match or surpass Red Bull's performance
Coca cola uses various types of market segmentation including geographic, demographic, psychographic, and behavioral segmentation to target different customer groups. They segment based on location, age, lifestyle, and purchasing patterns. Some key segments include younger people aged 10-25, health conscious consumers, athletes for sports drinks, and diabetics for products like Coke Zero. Coca cola positions itself as a solution for thirst and uses segmentation to ensure continuous customer satisfaction and increasing sales by tailoring benefits to each segment.
Sting Energy Drink is a carbonated energy drink launched in Pakistan by PepsiCo International. It comes in several fruit flavors and is marketed primarily to hardworking males between 28-38 years old. After launching, PepsiCo promoted Sting aggressively through TV and print ads, roadside promotions distributing free samples, and sponsoring a youth dance competition to build brand awareness. The campaign successfully increased Sting's market share and sales of the popular gold variant.
This document provides information on the marketing strategies and campaigns of three major energy drink brands: Red Bull, Monster Energy, and Rockstar. It summarizes their target markets, promotional activities, sponsorship activities, website and print presence. Red Bull targets young adults aged 18-25 and sponsors diverse extreme sports and music events. Monster Energy sponsors motocross and supercross events and uses "monster girls" promoters. Rockstar sponsors rock concerts and targets rock music fans through sponsorship of bands. All three use aggressive sponsorship of sports and music events along with website and print advertising to promote an active lifestyle and image associated with their brands.
Monster Energy is an energy drink launched in 2002 by Hansen Natural. It has a distinctive claw mark logo. Hansen Natural markets and distributes Monster Energy through agreements with companies like Anheuser-Busch and Coca-Cola. Monster Energy comes in various flavors beyond its original, including coffee, tea, and nitrogenated flavors. It also sponsors sporting events to promote the brand without traditional advertising.
The world’s most international brewer
No 1 in Europe and No 2 in the world by revenue
Operations in over 70 countries globally
Brewing great beers, building great brands
Committed to surprising and exciting
consumers everywhere
Long and proud history and heritage
This document appears to be a student project report on conducting a comparative study of consumption patterns of soft drinks and fruit juices. It includes a title page with the student and guide's names, an acknowledgement section thanking those who helped with the project, and an executive summary that provides an overview of the research topic, methodology, and key findings. The table of contents outlines the different chapters to be included in the report around the introduction, research methodology, data analysis, conclusions and references.
The document proposes expanding Vitamin Water into Brazil by licensing it to FEMSA, the second largest Coca-Cola bottler. It recommends focusing on Brazil's largest cities and marketing to middle-to-upper class teenagers and young adults pursuing healthy, active lifestyles. Vitamin Water would be priced competitively and distributed widely using FEMSA's network, while positioning it as a fun, tasty, healthy alternative and using celebrity endorsements in advertising. The strategy aims to make Vitamin Water Brazil's top functional beverage brand.
- Monster Energy is an energy drink launched in 2002 that advertises through sponsoring extreme sports like skateboarding and motocross. They use athletes and models to promote the brand and the idea that drinking Monster will give people the energy to do exciting activities.
- Red Bull is the highest selling energy drink worldwide. They advertise through sponsoring various sports and music events. Their TV ads show people gaining abilities after drinking Red Bull. Both companies use athletes and videos to promote the idea that their drinks will enhance performance.
This document provides an outline and overview of addiction and various classes of psychotropic drugs. It begins with definitions of key terms related to addiction such as substance use, abuse, and dependence. It then discusses the impact of addiction and distinguishes between physiological and psychological addiction. The document outlines the reward circuitry in the brain impacted by drugs of abuse and how drugs can act as agonists or antagonists at neurotransmitter receptors. It provides methamphetamine and heroin as examples of stimulant and depressant drugs, describing their mechanisms of action and effects on dopamine and opioid receptors in the brain. The document hierarchy of drug classes and discusses common properties and medical uses of illicit drugs.
The document discusses the history, health effects, legal status, and economic impacts of marijuana legalization. It notes that marijuana has been used medically for centuries, but frequent recreational use can negatively impact memory and lung health. Currently, several states have legalized medical marijuana despite federal prohibition. Legalizing and taxing marijuana could generate billions in tax revenue while reducing enforcement costs and freeing law enforcement resources. The document argues prohibition has failed to curb use and arrests, and legalization could curb criminal networks while boosting local economies.
Academic Project Summarized Below:
• Concept of Energy Drinks
• Profile of Red Bull as a pioneer in energy drinks
• Energy Drink market in India
• Created and conducted an online survey and captured responses of 100 respondents and conducted Secondary research to determine the following objectives:
- To understand and identify the energy drink market in India
- To understand consumer preference and their consuming habits
- To analyze the market opportunities and drawbacks
• Analysis & Recommendations
This document summarizes research into energy drink consumption among teenagers and young adults. It used the Addressable Minds program to segment consumers into three groups - Party People, Flavor Lovers, and Health Enthusiasts. Different messaging was identified as most effective for each segment. The research found that flavor, effectiveness, and health were major concerns and that bottle design and colors were also important influences on teenage consumption of energy drinks. Peer pressure and endorsements had less impact than initially thought.
This document provides an overview of a study assessing the attractiveness of the carbonated beverage industry in Nepal for potential new entrants. It acknowledges the support provided and outlines the abstract, table of contents, and limitations of the study. The study analyzes Nepal's carbonated beverage industry through a PESTEL analysis, SWOT analysis, assessment of industry change trajectory, value chain analysis, and examination of dominant industry traits, competitive forces, driving forces, strategic groups, and key success factors. The findings and conclusions regarding industry attractiveness and recommendations for new entrants are presented.
This document analyzes competition in the energy drinks, sports drinks, and vitamin-enhanced beverages industry. It discusses key macroenvironmental factors influencing the industry. Traditional beverage categories have low profit margins and high competition, while the alternative beverage segment has high profit margins and low competition. The document also profiles the three leading companies in the alternative beverages industry - PepsiCo, Coca-Cola, and Red Bull GmbH - and provides recommendations to each on expanding their market share.
This document provides an agenda for analyzing factors affecting consumer behavior in the soft drink industry. It will study consumer preferences and consumption patterns. The objectives are to analyze industry trends, identify factors considered during purchases, and investigate how price, taste, flavor, health, and packaging impact willingness to buy. A literature review covered marketing techniques, key players, and influences on behavior. Hypotheses were formed regarding important purchase factors. Research methodology will employ surveys, expert interviews, and statistical analysis. Key findings will provide implications for soft drink companies.
PDB acquired Crescent, an organic functional beverage company, and disagreed on its positioning strategy. Research showed the energy drink market was growing but had health concerns, while the sports drink market faced obesity concerns. Consumer studies found Crescent appealed more to health-conscious consumers than traditional energy or sports drink buyers. A "broad appeal" organic refreshment positioning may maximize its revenues by appealing to more consumers.
Its a product launch presentation basically.Amateur Sprit & power beverages Pvt. Ltd (ASP)Launching its first product “VERVE” energetic drink.
ASP is a new beverage company which intends to enter the Indian energy drink market.
Its main objective to attain prospected market share by attracting different segments of customers- youths, sportspersons, party goers etc.
Dietrich Mateschitz founded Red Bull in Austria in 1987. It has since expanded to over 165 countries and sells 60 billion cans annually. Red Bull's logo and various editions help build its brand. It targets sports enthusiasts and teenagers with grassroots marketing like sponsoring extreme sports. Though the leader in the energy drink category, Red Bull faces threats from competitors introducing new products and flavors. It aims to strengthen its global presence and expand into emerging markets through product extensions and strategic sponsorships.
This document discusses the cola wars between Coca-Cola and Pepsi and analyzes the major participants in the concentrate and bottling industries using Porter's Five Forces model. It identifies the key players as concentrate producers, bottlers, retailers, and suppliers. It then analyzes the industries using the five forces of supplier power, threat of entry, industry rivalry, substitute competition, and buyer power. Finally, it compares the economics and attractiveness of concentrate producers versus bottlers and discusses challenges facing the cola industry's repositioning.
Team Monster was tasked with developing strategies to improve Monster Energy Drink's position in the energy drink market. They conducted secondary research on the market size, segments, growth rate, consumption, distribution channels, pricing, and major competitors. Their primary research examined main purchasing criteria and compared Monster to competitors. The energy drink market was growing, with consumption projected to reach 1.3 liters per capita by 2014. Monster's target markets included male students aged 17-30 seeking an energy boost for activities. Compared to Red Bull and Amp through a weighted decision matrix, Monster scored slightly lower than Red Bull but higher than Amp. The team's next steps were to research Red Bull further and position Monster to match or surpass Red Bull's performance
Coca cola uses various types of market segmentation including geographic, demographic, psychographic, and behavioral segmentation to target different customer groups. They segment based on location, age, lifestyle, and purchasing patterns. Some key segments include younger people aged 10-25, health conscious consumers, athletes for sports drinks, and diabetics for products like Coke Zero. Coca cola positions itself as a solution for thirst and uses segmentation to ensure continuous customer satisfaction and increasing sales by tailoring benefits to each segment.
Sting Energy Drink is a carbonated energy drink launched in Pakistan by PepsiCo International. It comes in several fruit flavors and is marketed primarily to hardworking males between 28-38 years old. After launching, PepsiCo promoted Sting aggressively through TV and print ads, roadside promotions distributing free samples, and sponsoring a youth dance competition to build brand awareness. The campaign successfully increased Sting's market share and sales of the popular gold variant.
This document provides information on the marketing strategies and campaigns of three major energy drink brands: Red Bull, Monster Energy, and Rockstar. It summarizes their target markets, promotional activities, sponsorship activities, website and print presence. Red Bull targets young adults aged 18-25 and sponsors diverse extreme sports and music events. Monster Energy sponsors motocross and supercross events and uses "monster girls" promoters. Rockstar sponsors rock concerts and targets rock music fans through sponsorship of bands. All three use aggressive sponsorship of sports and music events along with website and print advertising to promote an active lifestyle and image associated with their brands.
Monster Energy is an energy drink launched in 2002 by Hansen Natural. It has a distinctive claw mark logo. Hansen Natural markets and distributes Monster Energy through agreements with companies like Anheuser-Busch and Coca-Cola. Monster Energy comes in various flavors beyond its original, including coffee, tea, and nitrogenated flavors. It also sponsors sporting events to promote the brand without traditional advertising.
The world’s most international brewer
No 1 in Europe and No 2 in the world by revenue
Operations in over 70 countries globally
Brewing great beers, building great brands
Committed to surprising and exciting
consumers everywhere
Long and proud history and heritage
This document appears to be a student project report on conducting a comparative study of consumption patterns of soft drinks and fruit juices. It includes a title page with the student and guide's names, an acknowledgement section thanking those who helped with the project, and an executive summary that provides an overview of the research topic, methodology, and key findings. The table of contents outlines the different chapters to be included in the report around the introduction, research methodology, data analysis, conclusions and references.
The document proposes expanding Vitamin Water into Brazil by licensing it to FEMSA, the second largest Coca-Cola bottler. It recommends focusing on Brazil's largest cities and marketing to middle-to-upper class teenagers and young adults pursuing healthy, active lifestyles. Vitamin Water would be priced competitively and distributed widely using FEMSA's network, while positioning it as a fun, tasty, healthy alternative and using celebrity endorsements in advertising. The strategy aims to make Vitamin Water Brazil's top functional beverage brand.
- Monster Energy is an energy drink launched in 2002 that advertises through sponsoring extreme sports like skateboarding and motocross. They use athletes and models to promote the brand and the idea that drinking Monster will give people the energy to do exciting activities.
- Red Bull is the highest selling energy drink worldwide. They advertise through sponsoring various sports and music events. Their TV ads show people gaining abilities after drinking Red Bull. Both companies use athletes and videos to promote the idea that their drinks will enhance performance.
This document provides an outline and overview of addiction and various classes of psychotropic drugs. It begins with definitions of key terms related to addiction such as substance use, abuse, and dependence. It then discusses the impact of addiction and distinguishes between physiological and psychological addiction. The document outlines the reward circuitry in the brain impacted by drugs of abuse and how drugs can act as agonists or antagonists at neurotransmitter receptors. It provides methamphetamine and heroin as examples of stimulant and depressant drugs, describing their mechanisms of action and effects on dopamine and opioid receptors in the brain. The document hierarchy of drug classes and discusses common properties and medical uses of illicit drugs.
The document discusses the history, health effects, legal status, and economic impacts of marijuana legalization. It notes that marijuana has been used medically for centuries, but frequent recreational use can negatively impact memory and lung health. Currently, several states have legalized medical marijuana despite federal prohibition. Legalizing and taxing marijuana could generate billions in tax revenue while reducing enforcement costs and freeing law enforcement resources. The document argues prohibition has failed to curb use and arrests, and legalization could curb criminal networks while boosting local economies.
Heroin addiction involves dependence, abuse, and addiction. Heroin binds to mu opioid receptors in the brain's reward pathway, increasing dopamine and feelings of euphoria. Long term effects include physical dependence and withdrawal as well as infectious diseases. Withdrawal symptoms include restlessness, pain, insomnia, and diarrhea. Treatment includes detoxification, medication like methadone or buprenorphine, and behavioral therapies. Methadone and buprenorphine maintenance can help reduce cravings and criminal behavior while preventing overdose.
Heroin is classified as a schedule 1 drug due to its high potential for abuse and dependence with no approved medical uses. It is processed from morphine which comes from poppy plants. Common methods of taking heroin include injections, snorting, and smoking. Withdrawal symptoms can be severe, including restlessness, muscle pain, and severe craving. Treatment options include methadone and buprenorphine to help reduce withdrawal symptoms and craving. Afghanistan is the largest producer of opium used to make heroin.
Heroin is a highly addictive and dangerous class A drug. It is derived from morphine which is extracted from opium poppies, primarily grown in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Mexico. Heroin can be injected, smoked, or snorted and provides an intense but short lived high followed by a crash. Long term heroin use has many negative health effects including risk of overdose and death as well as impacts to the heart, lungs, nervous system, and sexual organs. Heroin addiction is a serious problem, with millions of people having tried the drug over their lifetime in countries around the world.
The document discusses arguments for and against the use of marijuana. It presents reasons why people smoke weed, such as for social or medicinal purposes, and examines whether its use is morally acceptable. The document also considers whether marijuana should be legalized and includes pictures related to drug addiction and marijuana use.
The document discusses heroin, including what it is, its effects, and treatments. It is an opiate drug that is highly addictive. Short term effects include euphoria but long term effects can include serious health issues and death. The document presents information on the rise of heroin use and overdoses through statistics and personal anecdotes. It explores treatments for heroin addiction such as methadone, rehabilitation centers, and counseling.
Marijuana is a plant whose flowers and leaves can be dried and consumed. It contains THC which causes intoxication when used. Over 100 million Americans have tried marijuana, and 14 million use it daily despite risks of legal prosecution. Marijuana has medical benefits and can treat conditions like cancer and glaucoma. Legalizing marijuana could generate tax revenue, reduce criminal activity of drug dealers and cartels, and free up law enforcement to focus on more dangerous drugs. The NORML organization advocates for marijuana law reform and educates the public on the benefits of legalizing marijuana.
Marijuana comes from the Cannabis sativa plant. It is most commonly smoked but can also be eaten or drank. While some states have legalized it for medical use, it remains illegal under federal law. Marijuana has both short term and long term health risks for mental and physical health. It can also be addictive for some users. Debate continues around legalizing it for medical or recreational use due to its risks and potential benefits.
With the explosion of the maker movement, schools are beginning to embrace creativity. However, what does this mean for assessment? Should we assess the creative process? Should we assess the finished product? Does assessing creativity actually make kids more risk-averse? In this workshop we explore what it means to assess both the creative process and the creative product without leading to risk aversion.
The document describes Monster Energy, an energy drink. It discusses:
- The drink's description and characteristics, including its ingredients of caffeine, taurine, and glucuronolactone.
- Where it can be purchased in establishments like supermarkets and stores.
- How often it is consumed, including by young people who mix it with alcohol.
- How it was introduced and marketed through sports sponsorships.
- The advantages it provides for exercise performance but disadvantages for health like possible liver, brain or nervous system tumors.
This document summarizes information about the energy drink Monster Energy. It describes Monster Energy as an energy drink containing caffeine, taurine, and glucuronolactone that is consumed worldwide but whose ingredients and effects are not fully known or publicized. The document notes that while marketed for athletes, it is consumed by people of all ages including mixing it with alcohol. Both benefits like increased performance but also health risks like liver, brain, and nervous system tumors are discussed.
The Coca-Cola Company is the world's largest beverage company, selling over 1.3 billion beverages per day in over 200 countries. It owns hundreds of beverage brands and has been operating for over 100 years. Coca-Cola aims to remain the top beverage distributor globally by continuing to develop new products, improve marketing, and foster sustainable communities.
Coca-Cola is re-launching Diet Coke in India with stevia leaf as a natural sweetener instead of aspartame. Diet Coke originally failed in India due to its artificial sweetener causing health issues and lack of strong cola flavor. The re-launch will position Diet Coke as the only cola with a natural ingredient to appeal to health-conscious consumers. An aggressive promotion strategy including television, print advertising, and sponsoring sports events will target youth and those focusing on health and wellness. Coca-Cola expects the natural sweetener to help change perceptions and gain support through word-of-mouth, helping Diet Coke succeed where it previously failed.
Coca-Cola was invented in 1886 in Atlanta, Georgia. It is currently one of the largest beverage companies in the world offering over 500 brands in over 200 countries. Some of Coca-Cola's major brands include Coke, Diet Coke, Fanta, and Sprite. Fanta was invented in Germany in 1940 and is popular in Europe. Sprite is a lemon-lime flavored soft drink introduced in the US in 1961 to compete with 7-Up. Fuze is a line of iced teas distributed by Coca-Cola that are available in various flavors and formulations.
Vitamin Water was created in 1996 and gained popularity as a healthier alternative to soda. It was marketed through celebrity endorsements and attractive packaging that highlighted its vitamins. However, it was sued in 2009 for misleading consumers because each bottle contains 32.5 grams of sugar, similar to Coke. While the label emphasizes vitamins and minerals, the sugar content outweighs any nutritional benefits. Vitamin Water is essentially a flavored soft drink, not a healthy beverage.
Coca-Cola acquired Fuze Beverage in 2007 for $250 million. Fuze produces bottled iced tea beverages that are distributed by Coca-Cola. The brand was launched in 2001 with three fruit-flavored tea varieties. It has since expanded its product line to include additional tea flavors as well as drink lines focused on health, refreshment, and vitality. Fuze offers consumers variety in flavors and benefits from its beverages.
Coca-Cola is the world's largest nonalcoholic beverage company that owns 4 of the top 5 soft drink brands. The document provides an overview of Coca-Cola's business including its vision, mission statements, industry analysis, market analysis, competitive analysis, and strengths and weaknesses. It discusses Coca-Cola's strategies to maintain its position as the leading beverage company through producing superior quality carbonated beverages and treating employees, customers, and communities with respect while providing financial rewards to shareholders.
Coca-Cola is an American multinational beverage company founded in 1886 that produces carbonated soft drinks. It owns over 500 beverage brands and serves over 1.7 billion drinks per day worldwide. While its signature product is Coca-Cola, its portfolio includes other brands like Fanta, Sprite, and Powerade. The company has a vision of refreshing the world, inspiring optimism, and creating value for its shareholders and communities. It aims to achieve this through sustainable practices, wellness-focused products, and expanding into emerging international markets. Coca-Cola faces competition from PepsiCo but maintains an overall leading market share position in the beverage industry.
Coca-Cola was founded in 1892 and is now headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. It offers over 500 brands in over 200 countries and provides 1.7 billion servings per day. In the 1960s-1970s, Coca-Cola diversified through acquisitions but faced issues when changing its formula in 1985. It has since focused on the soft drink industry with new diet and caffeine-free options. Coca-Cola's mission is to create long-term shareholder value by developing and marketing beverage systems around the world.
Coca-Cola is the world's leading manufacturer and distributor of non-alcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups. It sells beverage concentrates and syrups to bottling operators who then bottle and sell the finished products to retailers. The company controls over 500 beverage brands and has established a global presence in over 200 countries. In the first quarter of 2021, Coca-Cola's revenues grew 5% to $9 billion driven by a 5% growth in concentrate sales and 1% growth in price/mix. The company's financial performance is projected to continue increasing over the next few years as indicated by rising sales, net margins, operating profits, and net income.
This document discusses the risks of energy drinks, especially when mixed with alcohol. It notes that energy drinks contain large doses of caffeine and other stimulants that can cause short-term effects like increased heart rate and blood pressure. When mixed with alcohol, the stimulant effects of energy drinks can mask intoxication, leading people to drink more than they realize. This can be dangerous as the depressant effects of alcohol will still occur later on. The document lists some common ingredients in energy drinks and their purported benefits and risks. It expresses concern about marketing tactics that target youth and how energy drinks may introduce them to alcohol.
The Canadian Food Inspection Agency and Monster Energy Canada Ltd. are recalling Monster Energy Caffé Monster Salted Caramel Energy Drink due to potential glass contamination. Additionally, the US FDA has launched an investigation into 5 deaths that appear linked to highly caffeinated Monster Energy drinks. Similarly, in India the Food Safety and Standards Authority ordered recalls of Monster, Tzinga, and Cloud 9 energy drinks and withdrew their approvals due to irrational ingredient combinations and excess caffeine levels. FSSAI is seeking to regulate caffeine limits and labelling requirements for energy drinks in India.
CRITICAL SITUATION IN AN ORGANIZATION AND MANAGERIAL SOLUTIONSowmiyaM22
Red Bull faced a crisis when the French government banned its sale in France from 1997 to 2008 due to health concerns about its caffeine and taurine content potentially increasing heart rates and risks during pregnancy. While some studies linked Red Bull to deaths, there was insufficient evidence that it was inherently harmful. The ban was eventually lifted when Red Bull complied with new EU labeling requirements regarding caffeine content. However, French health officials still advise consuming Red Bull in moderation.
Coca Cola is the number one beverage brand globally with over 500 products including Coca Cola, Diet Coke, Sprite, Fanta, and Minute Maid. It has a large global reach with operations in over 200 countries. Some of Coca Cola's strengths include its brand recognition, large portfolio of popular subsidiary brands, global supply chain network, and partnerships with sports and entertainment. However, it faces competition from PepsiCo and health concerns regarding sugar content in soft drinks. Coca Cola also has opportunities to expand into new markets and diversify its product portfolio further.
Pepsi was originally created in 1893 and has since expanded into a broader range of food and beverage brands. It aims to create more smiles with every sip and bite. Pepsi's main competitors are Coca-Cola and Dabur Real Juice. While Pepsi has a strong brand image, it relies heavily on carbonated drinks and has a weaker portfolio of healthy drinks compared to competitors. Pepsi targets teenagers and young adults and positions itself as a refreshingly tasty soft drink. It promotes heavily through celebrity endorsements and uses sales promotions, public relations, and placement in retailers and online merchants to distribute its products.
The soft drink industry is dominated by Coca-Cola and Pepsi, which combined control over 70% of the market. Coca-Cola uses all aspects of the marketing mix to influence consumer behavior. The industry faces threats from health concerns, substitute beverages, and changing consumer attitudes. However, opportunities exist through new products, expanding markets, and addressing consumers' health and lifestyle needs. The document analyzes the industry using Porter's Five Forces and provides recommendations to improve consumer segmentation and overcome limitations.
Similar to Substance Abuse in the 21st Century (20)
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Our backs are like superheroes, holding us up and helping us move around. But sometimes, even superheroes can get hurt. That’s where slip discs come in.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
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Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
One health condition that is becoming more common day by day is diabetes.
According to research conducted by the National Family Health Survey of India, diabetic cases show a projection which might increase to 10.4% by 2030.
1. Substance Abuse in the 21 st
Century: A New Look
Sue Parr
Bragg Hill Community Coalition
Community Coalitions of Virginia
2. The Latest Drug Crazes
• Alcoholic Energy Drinks
• Alcoholic Whipped Cream
• Bath Salts (Ivory Wave)
• K2/Spice
• Pocket Shots
• Cheese
• Vaporizers
• Hookahs
• Bromo-Dragonfly
• The “2C” Family
• Kratom
3. Alcoholic Energy Drinks
• Alcohol Energy Drinks (AEDs) are pre-packaged beverages containing
alcohol, caffeine, and various other stimulants such as ginseng, guarana,
and taurine.
• The FDA limits beverages to 65 mg of caffeine. Some AEDs contained as
much as 300 mg of caffeine—a dangerous amount of the stimulant,
especially when combined with alcohol.
• AEDs were sold under such brand names as Spark, Charge, Tilt, Joose,
Four Loko, Liquid Charge, Rock Star 21, PINK Spirits and various others
• Packaging of AEDs made them very difficult to distinguish from regular
(non- alcoholic) energy drinks-very similar packaging styles.
• Many states, including VA, required retailers to separate AEDs from
regular, non-alcoholic energy drinks in their displays and provide training
on this matter to state licensees.
• To distinguish from regular energy drinks (no alcohol) you had to check
for the standard nutrition label- alcohol energy drinks did not have a
nutrition label, but listed the amount of alcohol by volume (abv) instead.
4. • Some AEDs had as much as 12% alcohol content.
• Some brands of AEDs were served in 23.5 oz containers that
contained the equivalent of between 3 and 5 beers, as well as up to
8 cups of coffee.
• 9) The combination of energy drinks (stimulants) and alcohol
(depressant) can lead to serious health effects:
– dehydration which can also cause the effects of alcohol to be extended
up to 24 hours
– stimulants mask the effects of alcohol so individuals are unaware of the
amount of alcohol they have consumed
– after the effects of stimulants wear off, the effects of the depressant
remains which can potentially lead to respiratory depression, vomiting
while sleeping (which could result in asphyxiation/death), and other
alarming medical concerns.
• A 16 year old (Joey Fonseca) died in the VA Beach area as the
result of a car accident in which his friend was charged with a DUI
from drinking an Alcohol Energy Drink-a growing trend nationwide.
5. • According to the FDA Commissioner, Margaret Hamburg, the
combination of alcohol and caffeine in AEDs causes a public health
concern and can lead to a “wide awake drunk.”
• The FDA issued a warning to the industry’s main manufacturers on
Nov. 17th, 2010 stating that the caffeine in AEDs was considered an
“unsafe food additive” and that they had to respond within 15 days
indicating whether they intended to pull their product off the shelves
or defend their products as safe. As a result, the manufacturers
indicated that they would reformulate their products to meet FDA
requirements, thus removing the caffeine.
6. Alcohol Energy Drinks
• Now the manufacturers of AEDs have been forced to remove all
caffeine from their products under the new FDA regulations.
• The products are marketed with the exact same design as they
were using prior to removal of caffeine- still “look” like energy drinks.
• They are still sold in “super-sized” containers (23.5 +oz)
that help promote binge drinking.
• Most are now advertised as “malt” beverages but still displayed in
many stores in manner that makes it hard to distinguish from non-
alcoholic beverages.
• Majority of marketing is still done in a manner very appealing to
youth- check out the “Joose” website: :
• http://drinkjoose.com/website/
7. Alcoholic Whipped Cream
• This product is sold in aerosol cans with packaging similar to non-alcoholic
whipped cream products.
• It is sold currently in over 10 states, primarily in liquor/alcohol stores where
consumers must be 21 years of age & provide valid ID to purchase.
• The average cost of these products is about $13 per canister
• It is also known as “whipahol” and sold under several brand names such as
Get Whipped, Cream, and Whipped Lightning..
• The average alcohol by volume content is about 15%, though the Whipped
Lightning brand contains 16-18% alcohol by volume (equal to 3-4 beers).
This is also comparable in content to such drinks as Bacardi Mojito and
Bailey’s Irish Crème.
• The product is sold in a variety of popular flavors ranging from simple
raspberry, orange & cherry to more exotic flavors such as white chocolate
raspberry, caramel pecan, German chocolate, tropical passion, spiced
vanilla, hazelnut espresso and cinnamon-used to help mask flavor of alcohol
content.
8. • Since the product is not considered a food it does not currently fall under FDA
regulations/guidelines. Manufacturers therefore are not required to list nutrition
content-just alcohol content,
• One concern already arising from sale of these products is their use by youth
who exhibit “huffing” behaviors- able to get high off of the nitrous oxide from
the aerosol container-but now combined with the effects from the alcohol
content as well.
• The Cream brand of the product has its own MySpace page encouraging the
use of the product in conjunction with other items currently popular at college
parties such as Jell-O shots significantly increasing the danger level.
• Retailers in states where it is being sold indicate that it is very popular-flying off
the shelves.
• Another concern is the marketing style for the product. Though it is being
identified as an “adult” product targeting primarily 25-35 yr. old consumers,
many feel that the marketing strategy is actually designed to attract college
students.
• Federal and state regulatory agencies are indicating that it is a “product of
concern” that warrants monitoring.
9. Bath Salts
• Bath Salts (Ivory Wave) are a synthetic product that contains
hallucinogenic, mind-altering chemicals similar in structure to those also
found in cocaine and ecstasy, depending on which brand or form is
purchased.
• It is being sold as a bath salt, or plant food in some cases, labeled “for
novelty use only” and/or “not for human consumption” in order to by- pass
FDA regulations-not being sold as food or drug product.
• It is most often sold in either 250 or 500 mg packets depending on brand
or form purchased.
• Though Ivory Wave is the most popular form/brand of this product, it (or
similar products) is also sold under other names such as Vanilla Sky, Fly,
Snow, Ivory, Charge, Ivory Coast, Purple Wave, Cristalius, Magic, and
Ocean Blue. Some of these products are manufactured by a company
called Papa Spice. There are also competitors with similar products made
of the same chemical compounds identified as Columbian Salts and
Bolivian Salts (claims that it “blows Ivory Wave away!”)
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8y4EARXFagQ
10. Bath Salts
• The drugs identified in these products most often are MDPV
(methylenedioxypyrovalerone) usually referred to as pyrovalerone, a
powerful psychoactive chemical similar to Ritalin which acts as a stimulant
that inhibits re-uptake of dopamine & norepinephrine while having minimal
effects on serotonin levels. Tests have also identified most versions of these
products as containing Lidocaine which is frequently used by dentists for
anesthesia. Many versions may also contain similar components to 2-DPMP
or the drug MDMA (aka ecstasy).
• Sold under variety of names such as Vanilla Sky, Ocean Burst, Lunar Wave,
Lady Bubbles, Arctic Blast, Sextacy, Disco, Snow Leopard, Natural NRG,
Tranquility,…the most popular brand is Ivory Wave.
• It appears to be purposely designed in a way that will mimic the effects of
cocaine/crack or ecstasy and is most often used by snorting.
• It is sold most frequently on-line, though also in some tobacco/smoke shops
as a novelty item “not for human consumption” for about $30 for a small
package. Many websites sell it in bulk (50-100 packets) for a discount rate.
(Bath salts being sold in smoke shops should raise questions about its
content with most people!)
• Though it has been sold for quite some time in the UK (import of it banned
there as of Nov. 5, 2010), Ireland (sold as Whack also) and Australia, it is
just now becoming popular in the US, now showing up in states such as
Utah, Missouri and Mississippi.
11. • The side effects of these products include the following:
– hallucinations
– diminished cognitive ability
– tachycardia
– vasoconstriction
– hypertension
– blood pressure/heart rate elevated to medically dangerous levels
– prolonged agitation (lasting up to 5 days/may require physical restraint)
– muscular pain/ muscle spasms
– emotional fragility
– acute paranoid psychosis
– sore jaw
– kidney failure
– loss of bowel control
– intense high followed by painful hangover
– suppressed appetite
12. • Has been marketed in some forms as an appetite suppressant/weight
control enhancer which led to the death of a newlywed bride in the UK who
dropped from a size 16 to a size 6 in just a few months but died from severe
brain damage and elevated heart rate after using it regularly over this
period. The UK also reported a related death by suicide/accidental fall of a
young fisherman that occurred while high on Ivory Wave,
• Appears to be extremely addictive with many users reporting an “almost
uncontrollable urge for another hit” immediately, stating that its effects are
several times stronger than cocaine when snorted.
• A man was admitted to the University of Utah psychiatric hospital after
taking Ivory Wave in combination with his prescribed bi-polar medication
due to side effects-hands constantly shaking and requires constant
monitoring due to hallucinations, severe agitation and acute paranoia.
• A sheriff in Mississippi is requesting a ban on Ivory Wave products due to
encounters that his deputies have had with users who thought they were
demons.
• There has been a recently reported death in Missouri due to use of Ivory
Wave products.
• Louisiana had 125 call to poison center in 3 months last year related to bath
salts incidents resulting in a state ban by emergency order.
13. • K2/Spice products are a mixture of herbal/spice plant
products sprayed with potent psychotropic drugs, often
• contaminated with unidentified toxic substances which
contribute to various adverse health effects (also
cause hallucinogenic effects similar to effects of PCP.
• Marketed under variety of names including K2, Spice,
Pep Spice, Spice Silver, Spice Gold, Spice Diamond,
• Smoke, Sence, Skunk, Yucatan Fire, Genie & Zohai
• sold in variety of colors/flavors- usually sold in foil
packaging
14. K2/Spice Health Risks
• Symptoms/Side-Effects may include:
– mimics marijuana “high” (often induced more quickly/more
intense than “real” marijuana)
– hallucinations
– seizures/tremors
– coma/unconsciousness
– vomiting
– numbness/tingling
– increased respiration rate
– elevated blood pressure (reported up to 200/100-medically
dangerous)
– elevated heart rate (reported up to rate of 150-medically
dangerous)
– increased level of anxiety/agitation leading to panic attacks
(possible suicide attempts)
15. • Depending on synthetic compound in specific commercial brand,
can be anywhere from 4 times to over 100 times more potent than
regular marijuana (THC)
• Sold in tobacco shops, head shops, and convenience stores
• Sold as “incense” marked “not for human consumption”
• Price averages $45 for 3 grams (about equal to 3 sugar packets)-
higher than good grade marijuana
• Most often smoked but can be mixed in with food or drink
• Most likely users:
– 14-27 yr. olds
– Prisoners/probationers
– Military (use now banned by all military branches)
16. Creation of K2/Spice
• Developed by Dr. John W. Huffman, a Clemson University
professor, as part of research for National Institute for Drug Abuse
(NIDA) on endogenous cannabinoid receptors-but never tested on
humans nor approved by FDA
• Dr. Huffman said in interview to WebMD “It is like Russian roulette
to use these drugs. We don’t know a darn thing about them for real.”
“It shouldn’t be out there.”
• JWH-018 & many of its “cousins” such as HU-210/211, JWH-073 &
CP 47/497 found in these drugs have a chemical structure shared
with known cancer-causing agents.
• All effects of K2/Spice drugs may not be known for very long time
because of long time period that body stores them.
17. • So far nothing is known about metabolism of the chemical
compounds in K2/Spice drugs-some may be toxic and/or
pharmacologically active-differing from batch to batch in
kind/amount of applied drugs (synthetic) thus resulting in higher risk
of accidental overdosing which has already been seen & is on rise
with these drugs with increase numbers of ER & hospital incidents
reported
• There are hundreds more of these chemical compounds containing
strong, active cannabinoid receptors agonists so can be safely
assumed that further such substances will appear on market soon if
not banned-greatly increasing challenges for toxicology testing, law
enforcement and medical/healthcare professionals.
• Causing difficulties for law enforcement agencies, including
probation & parole, as well as drug courts due to difficulties in
testing for presence-one lab test now known to detect it in system
but at cost of $50 & will probably not test positive for all the known
variations
18. • Dr. Huffman & Dr. Huestis (Chief of Chemistry/Drug Metabolism at National
Institute for Drug Abuse) indicate that when taking these drugs, it is
“hijacking the part of the brain important for many major functions:
temperature control, food intake, perception, memory and problem solving.
Many people taking these high-potency drugs are affecting important
functions throughout their bodies-hormone functions for example.” Doctors
also express concern that the drugs may involve acute toxicity levels,
possibly long term, as well as impacting cannabinoid receptors that regulate
body’s immune system.
• Retailers selling the drugs report a recent increase in sales from app. $1000
daily up to $10, 000 daily.
• Medical reports indicate that K2/Spice drugs potentially result in users
developing a rapid and powerful addiction on a level not usually found
among smokers of “real” marijuana.
• Recently linked to over 352 nationwide emergency room incidents-includes
suicide attempts, extremely elevated heart rate/blood pressure, comas,
seizures, and anxiety attacks.
19. Status of K2/Spice
• Police in Indianola, Iowa report 18 yr old smoking K2 resulting in
severe anxiety attack-stated was “going to hell” and went home and
shot & killed his self.
• K2/Spice is labeled by users as the “stealth” marijuana.
• Dr. Anthony Scalzo (professor of toxicology at St. Louis University)
indicates he’s seen nearly 30 cases in past month involving
teenagers experiencing hallucinations, severe agitation, elevated
heart rate/blood pressuer, vomiting and tremors/seizures as result of
smoking K2.
• Dr. Scalzo says that what makes K2 (and other Spice derivatives)
so dangerous is that its side effects suggest that it also affects the
user’s cardiovascular system, as well as the central nervous
system.
• One sign of use that parents should look for is dried herbal residue
in their children’s rooms, as well as the foil packets in trash.
• Check out advertising at http://www.dutchincense.com/
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mu0VmT5LWxc
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mu0VmT5LWxc
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QQvqeT-7dSo&feature=related
20.
21. VA Bans K2/Spice & Bath Salts
• Several state legislators in VA introduced
bills in 2011 GA session to ban K2/Spice
Drugs & Bath Salts. They were all rolled
into one bill which was passed by GA on
Saturday, Feb. 26th, 2011. Gov. McDonnell
agreed to sign it into law as emergency
legislation in Spring of 2011making VA
one of about 18 states so far to officially
ban the sale & use of these products
statewide.
22. Cheese Heroin
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLuqe2wWruU
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLuqe2wWruU
• Lab analysis shows that cheese contains app. 94.5-95% acetaminophen
with app. 4.5-5% mixture of diphenhydramine (Benadryl) and black tar
heroin- acetominophen and diphenhydramine is the drug combination
that makes up Tylenol PM).
• The Tylenol PM is ground into powder then mixed with sticky black tar
heroin to form “cheese.”
• Sometimes the black tar heroin is mixed with crushed Xanax (alprazolam)
instead of Tylenol PM
• :cheese” is said to refer to consistency of product which is similar to that
of parmesan cheese (in shaker), as well as being a play on the slang
term for heroin “chiva.”
• ‘cheese” is popular with youth because it is so cheap-average cost of a
hit or “bump” (equal to 1/10 gram) is about $2 and it produces a strong
produces a sense of euphoria
• most common method of ingestion is snorting, either directly or by using
tube/straw
23. Cheese
• signs to identify use include tan brown powder, usually folded into notebook
paper (bindle) or in a small baggie
• highly addictive due to heroin content-reportedly after only one use
sometimes
• users can suffer withdrawal symtoms within 12 hrs of taking a hit-including
headaches, chills, nausea, muscle pains/spasms, extreme agitation, and
various flu-like symptoms
• referred to as a “starter” drug due to highly addictive nature tending to lead
to use of more &/or stronger drugs
• side effects include euphoric state, disorientation, lethargy, sleepiness, hunger,
excessive thirst
• Popular with the Hispanic population, as well as middle & high school students
• often used by drug dealers to lure children & get them addicted so will continue to buy
products
• middle schoolers often use lunch money to purchase “cheese” since so inexpensive,
then snort through hollowed out ballpoint pen
24. Cheese
• produces a rush due to amphetamines in Tylenol PM/cold medicines that is
similar to that produced by a “speed ball”-cocaine/heroin mix
• continued use of such large quantities of Tylenol PM can result in liver
damage or failure
• Since Tylenol PM is analgesic/sedative & heroin is an opiod that mimics
endorphin actions creating the euphoric state, users essentially get a
“double whammy”-two downers at once, which potentially can result in
dangerously decreased heart rate or heart stoppage (death).
• all major ingredients are CNS and respiratory depressants so can overdose
or used in combination with other depressants, such as alcohol, could lead
to respiratory arrest & result in death
• youth often hide “cheese” is some unique places: pants (cuffs, waistbands),
hoodies, bras, hairbuns/twists, inside book binders, colored markers, belt
buckles, cell phone battery compartments, tennis shoes (under soles, loop
in tongue)
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yPZ-JmtZmn0
25. Lazy Cakes
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S40OWt_z7Mc
• Lazy Cakes are also known as “the relaxation brownie” because they are
brownies with melatonin (a hormone produced by pineal gland in brain
that controls sleep cycle), valerian root, passion flower, rose hips,….
baked into them-also sold under names such as “Unwind” and “Simmer.”
• Sold in convenience stores, tobacco shops and online in 2.5’ squares-can
be purchased individually for about $3-4 or by box of 12 for app. $25.
Online they may also be purchased by the case (12 boxes) or by the
pallet.
• Each “cake” consists of two servings according to package, and each
serving contains 3.9 mg of melatonin, equaling 7.8 mg per whole “cake.”
• One “cake” has enough melatonin baked in to put the average adult into
a deep sleep. The manager of a tobacco shop in Ohio said “I didn’t
realize that it was two servings and ate the whole one. I fell asleep within
15 minutes.” She also noted that her shop was selling “tons of them.”
• Melatonin can be purchased in its synthetic form as a dietary supplement
in many stores and is used to help induce sleep and regulate the sleep
cycle. The recommended dosage for the average adult is about 0.2mg.
26. Lazy Cakes
http://www.newsy.com/videos/relaxation-brownies-marketed-to-kids/
• Many doctors and health experts consider melatonin dangerous to
children.
• A 2 yr old in Tennessee, Michael Cummings, ate one bite of a Lazy Cake.
He soon began “acting all funny and wouldn’t play or nothing,” said his
uncle, Cameron Cunnings, “he would sleep and he wouldn’t wake up,”
but when he did wake up” he was crying a lot.” This incident resulted in
an emergency room visit where his family was told that even a small dose
of melatonin can be very dangerous for children.
• The Memphis-based distributor of Lazy Cakes, Baked World, states that
“these are not a snack for children. They are meant as dietary
supplement for adults who lead a stressful, energy drink-fueled lifestyle
unwind & relax.”
• Fine print on the product wrapper indicates for “adults only” and “should
not be mixed with alcohol or be eaten while driving.”
• Though manufacturers claim Lazy Cakes are intended for adults only, the
product is sold in a colorful, psychedelic designed wrapper with a cartoon
character, Larry Lazycakes, and a slogan “Peace, love and Lazy Cakes”
that are all very appealing to children.
27. Lazy Cakes
• Dr. Ray Smith, Lubbock, TX, indicated that he is more concerned about
the Valerian Root content of the brownies. He says that it is comparable
to valium and that this herb has history of use as a sedative, similar to the
way tranquilizers are used currently.
• Dr. Ray Smith also stated that “I think it’s inappropriate that these Lazy
Cakes are sold in candy like packaging and sold as a dietary supplement.
That is very sneaky because selling it as a dietary supplement allows the
cakes to bypass the FDA.” He also mentioned the manufacturers’ use of
clever marketing combined with the power of chocolate to help boost
sales, especially to children.
• Data from the National Poison Center indicates that more calls come in
related to melatonin than any other herb or supplement-approximately
5,000 calls in 2009.
• Some doctors believe melatonin can prove fatal. “It will kill you if you get
the wrong dose, yes it’s a drug-those brownies are definitely a drug.”
says Dr. Ann Payne-Johnson of Baptist Memorial Health Care in Virginia.
• Anna Rouse Delaney, a toxicologist with the Carolinas Poison Center
says that melatonin can lead the central nervous system to slow down
and cause trouble breathing.” She also indicated that people becoming
extremely sleepy and nauseated is a common side effect.
28. Lazy Cakes
• Dr. Laura Aisenberg with HCA VA Health System indicated when
asked about Lazy Cakes that it was actually the first time she had
heard of them but that “it’s not surprising but makes me wonder
what’s coming next. They could be getting thousands of times
more than the body really needs, now you put that in the hands of
children and it’s very concerning.”
• The makers of Lazy Cakes have stated that since “relaxing folks
is going so well” they may soon launch a product to counteract
that effect-a caffeinated brownie called an “Up Cake.”
• Though the makers of Lazy Cakes say they don’t currently
distribute in all states, including Virginia, retailers can purchase
their products online and sell them in their stores anywhere.
• large doses of melatonin can be troublesome for people who
suffer from depression. Lots of teens fit into that category.
29.
30. Bromo Dragonfly
• Bromo Dragonfly is a synthetic psychedelic hallucinogenic drug related to the
phenethylamine family, also considered a potent serotonin agonist and causes effects
consistent with 5-HT-2A hallucinogens.
• Common brand names are 3c-Bromo-Dragonfly; DOB-Dragonfly, ABDF,
• Chemical name: 1-(8-bromobenzo[1.2-b,4,5-b] dituran-4-yl)-2-aminopropane hydrochloride
• Methods of use: blotter paper (similar to LSD), as well as in powder form (occasionally in
pill)
• Very little history of previous human use thus little known about possible side effects of
human consumption including possible long term problems, addiction potential, allergic
reactions, or acute overdoses.
Known side effects include visual changes/visual distortion (patterns, shapes,…), short term
memory scramble or disorientation/confusion, muscle tension
• First synthesized by a chemist named Matthew Parker and used as a brain research chemical
on rats at Purdue in the 1990’s
• Bromo-Dragonfly is unscheduled in the United States though it’s possible that it could be
considered an analog (of DOB or 2C-B), in which case, sales for human consumption or
possession with the intent to ingest could be prosecuted under the Federal Analogue Act
though it has not been thus far
• There have been deaths/serious injuries related to Bromo-Dragonfly in US, Norway, Denmark
& Sweden thus far-some were initially attributed to 2C-E or 2C-B but later identified correctly
as FLY
• potency 300 times stronger than mescaline, a mere 1/5 less potent than lysergic acid
diethylamide (LSD )
31. Bromo-Dragonfly Dosage
• Oral Bromo-Dragonfly Dosages 2006 American” Batch
• WARNING: SEE NOTES ABOVE
• Threshold500 ug Common800 - 1300 ug Strong1200 – 1800 Heavy1600 + ug
• Oral Bromo-Dragonfly Dosages 2005 "European" Batch
WARNING: SEE NOTES ABOVE
• Threshold100 ug Common200-400 ug Strong500-800 ug Heavy800 + ug
Onset : 20 - 90 minutes (depending on form and stomach contents)
Duration : 10 - 24 hours
Normal After Effects : up to 36 hours
Overdose Effects:
One report of a very high dose resulted in: extremely long duration (2-4 days),
flushing, ego-loss, dissociation, headache, erratic behavior, etc.
32. Bromo-Dragonfly
• The name comes from the lab at Purdue where it was first synthesized for use in
research into the structure and activity of the serotonin receptors in the brain.
Researchers had designed a related chemical that they called "fly" because of the
two furanyl rings attached to the benzene ring. Upon discovery that changing the
bonds on the furanyl rings increased the potency substantially over the original "fly"
compounds, the new style of compounds were dubbed "dragonfly" compounds.
• available online through research chemical vendors all across the world but buying
from these vendors is tremendously risky – in a case in 2009 a batch of bromo-
dragonfly was released and mislabeled as 2c-b-fly which is 20x less potent in weight
terms-this led to an undisclosed amount of fatal overdoses and hospitalizations
• One user described his overdose saying “it was like being dragged to hell and back
again, Many times. It is the most evil thing I have ever tried. It lasted an eternity.”
• Vasoconstriction, or the narrowing of blood vessels resulting from contraction of the
muscular wall of the vessels, has also been noted in higher doses with one
documented case of an overdose requiring a man in Switzerland to have half his foot
and several fingers on one hand amputated.
• Delayed onset of seizures and toxicity associated with recreational use of Bromo- Dragonfly
have also been reported
33. Bromo-Dragonfly
• explicitly illegal only in Sweden and Denmark, although it
may be considered a controlled substance analogue
under US and Australian drug laws
• increasing sales shown from online distributors to
buyers in United States
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c8MmMjvZ6uk
http://www.doctoroz.com/videos/dr-oz-investigates-dragonfly-pt-
34.
35. 2C-B
• The full name of the chemical is 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine.
• Shulgin lists the dosage range as 16 to 24 mg.
• 2C-B is a white powder usually found in pressed tablets or gel caps, and
almost always taken orally. Snorting is also an effective way to ingest the
drug, though said to be painful
• On December 20, 1994, the Deputy Administrator of the DEA proposed to
place 4-bromo-2,5-DMPEA into Schedule I making 2C-B illegal in the United
States. This became permanent law July, 2 1995.
• Prior to this, 2C-B was commercially available as an aphrodisiac under the
tradename "Eros" which was manufactured by the german phamacuetical
company Drittewelle.
• Recently 2C-B has been distributed under the street name "Nexus." In the
past 2C-B has also been distributed as "Eve", "Venus", "Bees", and
(incorrectly) "bromo-mescaline."
• Not much information is known about the toxicity of 2C-B. Because 2C-B
lacks an alpha-methyl group it is not considered an amphetamine such as
MDMA, MDA, methamphetamine, or fenfluramine. 2C-B does not seem to
deplete the brain of serotonin, and this suggests that it may not share the
neurotoxic mechanisms of many amphetamines.
36. 2C-I
• Its full chemical name is 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine.
• The drug is used recreationally, and perhaps as an entheogen, but no medical or
industrial uses are known at this time
• It is mostly commonly encountered in the form of hydrochloride salt, a fluffy white
powder, or been pressed into tablet form.
• Since it has become popular only recently slang terms vary widely, although the
terms "iodo-mescaline" and "To See I" have been used.
• In the early 2000s, 2C-I in powder form became available for purchase from several
online vendors of research chemicals in the United States, Asia, and elsewhere.
• In the early 2000’s tablets of 2C-I were being sold illegally in Denmark at nightclubs
and raves , and in the United Kingdom as a club drug, with tablets often being sold
under the guise of being MDMA (ecstacy) or a mixture of some amphetamine (though
it is not) , as well as LSD.
Legality
• 2C-I is an illegal, controlled substance in several European nations, including
Denmark, Germany, Greece, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. In December 2003,
the European Council issued a binding order compelling all EU member states to ban
2C-I within three months. 2C-I is unscheduled and unregulated in the United States,
however its close similarity in structure and effects to 2C-B could potentially subject
possession and sale of 2C-I to prosecution under the Federal Analog Act.
37. 2C-I
Effects
•2C-I is almost always taken orally, although it can also be inhaled (though painful),
smoked, or administered rectally
•A recreational dose of 2C-I is commonly between 10 and 25mg, although doses as low
as 2mg have been reported to be useful.
•The onset of effects usually occurs within an hour, and the effects of the drug typically
last somewhere in the range of 5 to 10 hours and are often described as quite similar to
those of its close chemical analog 2C-B, combining psychedelic/ hallucinogenic effects
typical of drugs such as LSD with the empathogenic or entactogenic effects of drugs such
as MDMA (ecstasy).
• Some users report that the effects are more mental and less sensory than those of 2C-
B. Users of 2C-I often report a physical stimulant effect that can be quite strong. Although
unpleasant physical side effects such as muscle tension, nausea, and vomiting have
been reported, their incidence in the use of 2C-I appears to be less common than in the
use of some of the other closely related phenethylamines
•User reports have said that 2C-I produces flashbacks in the weeks following its use.
These flashbacks can last anywhere from seconds to hours. Some users report being
able to trigger the flashbacks at will. However, these flashbacks do not occur in the
majority, but have been observed in a sampling of users. They are thought to be similar
in nature to LSD flashbacks, not particularly harmful or remarkable for a psychedelic
drug.
38. 2C-E
• Many have reported that the general effects of 2C-E
are similar to those of the other psychedelic
phenethylamines, but far more intense. Vivid
hallucinations similar to those experienced while
under the influence of LSD are common, and many
reports would indicate that the effects of this
particular chemical may be overly intense for those
not well experienced with psychedelics.
Properties
• 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylphenethylamine is a colorless
oil. Crystalline forms are obtained as the amine salt
by reacting the free base with a mineral acid,
typically HCl.
39. 2C-E
Effects
• The total duration of 2C-E's effects is generally between six and ten
hours for an average dose, with the plateau lasting between 3-6 hours.
The onset of effects takes approximately 20-90 minutes, but
perception may be altered for up to a day after ingestion.
• In extreme cases where between 75-100 mgs of 2C-E were ingested,
the duration of effects has lasted past twenty-four hours, with plateaus
exceeding 10 hours with the onset of effects within the first five
minutes after thethe drug being ingested. A few users of very high
doses reported "never feeling the same again" after having used this
drug.
• It has been described it as "difficult" by people who use it, including its
inventor, Shulgin:
– "I really don't know how to put into words, or how to describe what it did
and how it acted in my mind. There were parts of it that reminded me of the
other phenethylamines I've tried in one way or another, but the effects of
this material are really difficult to express or generalize. I think Shulgin said
it best when he commented in PiHKAL, 'Let it (2C-E) rest as being a difficult
and worthwhile material.' I couldn't have said it any better myself."
40. 2C-E
•At doses exceeding twenty to twenty-five milligrams, 2C-E has been
known to produce intensely colorful, highly complex, moving patterns,
Persian carpet-type visuals, three-dimensional visual effects, and visual
patterns resembling biological structures, such as vines, tentacles, and
even eyeballs.
• The visual distortions produced by 2C-E are comparable in some
respects to those produced by mescaline
•2C-E's distortion of sounds is also very intense, including echoing, pitch
shifting, and the perceived synthesis of new sounds not in one's
immediate environment, such as scraping, drilling, and popping. Most of
these unusual distortions are only experienced after the ingestion of a
higher dose.
•2C-E can also produce distortions in the user's perception of the
passage of time leading to an illusion of moderate to extreme time
dilation.
41. 2C-E
Law
• 2C-E is unscheduled in the United States but there are currently several cases pending in
U.S. federal court against online vendors for selling these research chemicals. These
cases may address the question of whether this chemical could be legally defined as an
analog of a scheduled substance. It could potentially be considered an analog of 2C-B or
mescaline, in which case sale for human consumption or possession with the intent to
ingest could be prosecuted as crimes under the Federal Analog Act.
• Denmark added 2C-E, 2C-P, DOC, and DOI to the list of Schedule I controlled substances
as of April 8, 2007.
• New Zealand has a catch-all Analogues section in Schedule 3 / Class C of their drug laws
that would make 2C-I, 2C-E, DOI, DOB, ephedrine, and pseudoephedrine Schedule 3
compounds in New Zealand.
• In Sweden, 2C-E has been controlled since Oct 1, 2004.
• The UK has the strictest laws in the EU on designer drugs. The Misuse Of Drugs Act was
amended in 2002 to include a "catch most" clause outlawing every drug, and possible
future drug, from the LSD (ergoline) and ecstasy (phenethylamine) chemical families
(including 2C-E).
42. Kratom
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a tropical tree growing 15-50 feet tall that is native to Thailand and
Malaysia. It has broad, oval leaves that taper to points, yellow flowers that grow in clusters, and
winged seeds.
•Primary active chemicals are mitragynine, mitraphylline, and 7-hydroxymitragynine found in the
leaves.
•Kratom leaves have been chewed for stimulant, sedative, and euphoric effects by people in Thailand
and South Asia for many centuries. They can also be smoked, brewed as a tea, or made into an
extract.
Dose
•Kratom leaves vary greatly in potency, depending on the type, grade, and freshness. Low doses =
2-4 g of plain dried leaf, moderate doses = 3-6 g, and strong doses= 5 g or more. When chewed
fresh, half of a large leaf (8-10") is often enough to produce noticeable effects.
Price
•Dried, untreated leaves are available from ethnobotanical vendors for 30-80 cents (USD)/gram.
Higher potency extracts may cost $2-8 USD/gram.
Law
•Kratom is currently uncontrolled in the United States. In 1946 it was made illegal to buy, sell, or grow
in Thailand. In 2005, both M. speciosa and mitragynine were made illegal to buy, sell or possess
without a license in Australia.
43. Kratom
Chemistry
•Kratom leaves contain the indole alkaloids mitragynine, mitraphylline, 7-hydroxymitragynine, and
numerous other alkaloids, including paynanthine, speciogynine, and speciofoline.
Pharmacology
•Mitragynine is a partial agonist of the mu- and delta-opioid receptors. This may be the reason for its
apparent effectiveness in treating opiate withdrawal
Production
•Kratom grows wild in marshy regions in Asia and the Pacific Rim, especially Thailand,
Malaysia, Borneo, and New Guinea.
History
•Kratom has been used in Thailand for centuries, recreationally and as an antidiarrhetic.
Its was also used as an opiate substitute in Malaysia in the nineteenth century. Kratom
leaves became part of the ethnobotanical trade in the United States and Europe in mid
2000. In the early 2000s, stories about the use of kratom to reduce opiod withdrawal
effects began circulating on web forums.
44. Kratom
EFFECTS
•Kratom is often described as producing simultaneous, contradictory effects-
both an opiate-like sedation and coca-like stimulation. The stimulating effects
tend to predominate at low dose levels, which may cause alertness, energy,
and mild euphoria. Higher leveldoses are usually more tranquilizing, causing an
opiate-like dreamy effect. Excessive doses can cause severe nausea. As with
opium, it is known for causing constipation, and is sometimes used as a
treatment for diarrhea.
Onset
•When taken orally, the effects of kratom usually become noticeable in 15-20
minutes and clearly apparent in 30-60 minutes. Strong doses tend to have a
more quicker, more dramatic onset.
Duration
•A moderate dose of kratom may cause strong effects that last 2-4 hours, with
residual effects lasting hours longer.
45. Kratom
Visual Effects
•Some visual effects have been reported, including both open-eye and closed-
eye effects. Effects reported include wavering, shifting, and strobing in the
visual field. There was also some patterning with eyes closed, as well as
increased closed-eye visualizations.
PROBLEMS
•Kratom is not known to be toxic, but can cause unpleasant symptoms at high
doses such as nausea and vomiting. Regular use can lead to physical
dependency. Kratom use can cause constipation similar to that caused by
opiates. Chronic heavy use is reported to cause darkening of skin, insomnia,
dry mouth, and anorexia.
Addiction Potential
•There are reports of physical dependency after frequent, heavy kratom use.
Individuals who use it regularly or in large doses may have trouble quitting.
Withdrawal symptoms include irritability, yawning, diarrhea, runny nose, and
pain in the joints or muscles.
•http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=You+Tube+Kratom&view=detail&mid=EC48A0
46. Kratom Online Ad
http://www.ethnobotanicals.com/Kratom.html
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47. Meow Meow
• http://www.cnn.com/video/?/video/health/2010/03/29/herriman.uk.meow.meow.drug.cnn#/vid
• Other Street Names: MCat, Bubbles, Sunshine, Drone, Meph, Quat, miawo-miawo,
Kitty Cat, Stardust
• Chemical Name: Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone or 4-MMC)
• Often sold as plant food/fertilizer; internet usually sells as “boutique alternative” to
Miracle-Gro (plant food)
• Derived from leaves of the Khat plant- leaves were chewed by Sudanese warriors to
to achieve amphetamine- like high, producing an energy jolt before entering battle
• Considered as new & latest designer “club” drug
• Users report that it produces “the rush of cocaine with the sensory bliss of ecstasy.”
• Side effect/symptoms:
Central Nervous System: euphoria; anxiety, dysphoria; agitation & aggression;
paranoid psychosis with both visual & tactile hallucinations; hypothermia, rigidity, &
myoclonic movements; seizures
Cardiovascular: tachycardia, dysrthyhmias, acute coronary syndrome, acute cardia
myopathy, acute pulmonary oedema, haemoptysis
48. Meow Meow
• Heart palpitations, blurred vision, profuse sweating, restlessness,
agitation, tightening of chest are frequently reported by users
• Though little is known about mephedrone intoxication, deaths have
been reported as secondary to sympathemimetic complications or
when taken in combination with other substances/co-ingestants such
as alcohol, ketamine, and other recreational drugs
• Usually manufactured as clear/white powder but also found as
crystals, capsules or pills
• Powder form has been known to be incorporated into other synthetic
products such as “bath salts.”
• The powder form is often mixed with water & swallowed (bombed)-
also can be snorted/sniffed or taken intravenously
• Mephedrone has a short half life (30-90 mins) which often results in
frequent “re-dosing” by users
• http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=Meow+Meow+Mephedrone&mid=AFCEF7BB6C2A6081A56CAFC
49. Meow Meow
• The drug’s half life is relatively short, but the side effects often last
up to 4 hours
• Though research is limited, indications are that it is likely first a
stimulant, then inhibits the reuptake of manoamine
neurotransmitters
• Often causes severe peripheral vasoconstriction which some
researchers believe is result of formation of highly potent
vasoconstrictor, 4-methylephedrine, known to cause levels of
cardiovascular toxicity significantly higher than regular ephedrine
• Legal Status: purchased mainly from internet; identified as
prohibited substance in Australia & illegal to import; classified as a
“Class B” substance in Britian; currently legal in US
• Before being banned in United Kingdom undergraduates were
snorting it right off of public bars
• There are at least 94 identified Facebook groups devoted to this
drug
• http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=Meow+Meow+Mephedrone&mid=AFCEF7BB6C2A6081A56CAFCEF7BB6C2A6081
50. Vaporizers
• Heats substances to temperature at which the active ingredient will turn into a
gaseous state creating a thin, fine mist containing the active ingredient (THC in
marijuana) in a higher concentration than in smoke form
• The mist containing the concentration of the active ingredients is captured in a
small glass dome from which it can then be inhaled at any time.
• When smoking, the same substance is heated past the point at which the active
ingredient becomes a gas & turns to smoke. The smoke contains less of the active
ingredient, but also contains many of the same harmful toxins that cigarette smoke
does.
• Some “non-smokers” utilize this method of obtaining the substance claiming that it
is much more pleasant since there is almost no smoke or odor involved-a “purer”
high.
• The effects of this method can be 3-4 times more potent since the vaporizing
method produces the active ingredient in a more concentrated form.
• Types of Vaporizers:
– Bubble- no technology involved in construction-simply place drug in bowl, heat gently &
evenly until vapor or “mist” forms and rises into tube from which it can then be inhaled
– Regular-can be turned on by flick of a switch, usually operates on 110 volts, compact &
easy to clean
– Digital-more technology involved, has convectional fan forced heating system with
adjustable digital temperature control, works on 110 or 220 volts, priced considerably
higher than others
51. Hookahs
• Hookahs—sometimes called water pipes—are used to smoke specially made tobacco that are
produced in a variety of flavors (e.g., apple, mint, cherry, chocolate, coconut, licorice,
cappuccino, and watermelon).
• Hookah smoking is usually done in groups, with the same mouthpiece often being passed from
person to person.
• Hookahs originated in ancient Persia and India , having been used extensively for centuries.
• Today, hookah cafés are becoming more popular around the globe, including France ,Britain, the
Middle East Russia, and the United States
• Approximately 300 hookah cafés were in the United States in 2006, The numbers continue to
grow contributing to an increase in hookah use most notably among youth.
• Hookah is known by a number of different names, including, argileh, shisha, hubble-bubble,
narghile and goza.
• A typical modern hookah is made up of a head (with holes in the bottom), metal body, water
bowl, and a flexible hose with a mouthpiece.
Compared with Cigarettes
• While many hookah smokers may consider this practice not as harmful as smoking
cigarettes, hookah smoking causes many of the same health risks as cigarettes.
• Water pipe smoking delivers the same addictive drug (nicotine). It is at least as toxic as the
smoke from a cigarette,
52. Hookahs
• Because of the mode of smoking—frequency of puffing, depth of inhalation, and length of the
smoking session—hookah smokers can absorb higher concentrations of the toxins found in
cigarette smoke.
• A typical 1hour session results in the inhaling of 100–200 times the volume of smoke inhaled
from a single cigarette.
• Hookah smokers are at risk for the same kinds of diseases caused by cigarette smoking, which
includes oral cancer, lung cancer, cancer of the esophagus, stomach cancer, as well as reduced
lung function, and decreased fertility.
Hookah smoking is NOT a safe alternative to smoking cigarettes.1
Health Effects
• The charcoal used to heat tobacco in the hookah increases associated health risks by producing
very high levels of carbon monoxide, metals, and cancer-causing chemicals.
• Even though it has passed through water, the smoke produced by a hookah still contains high
levels of toxic compounds .
• Hookah tobacco and smoke contain numerous toxic substances known to cause lung, bladder,
and oral cancers.
53. Hookahs
• Irritation from the tobacco juices increases the risk of developing oral cancers. The irritation by
tobacco juice products is likely to be greater among hookah smokers than among pipe or cigar
smokers because hookah smoking is typically practiced (with or without inhalation) for longer
periods of time.
Other Health Effects of Hookah Smoke
• Hookah tobacco /smoke contain several toxic substances that cause clogged arteries and heart
disease.
• Infectious diseases can be transmitted by sharing a hookah.
• Babies born to women who smoked one or more water pipes a day while pregnant have lower
birth weights (at least 3½ ounces less) than babies born to nonsmokers , as well as being at an
increased risk for respiratory diseases.
Hookahs and Secondhand Smoke
• Secondhand smoke from hookahs poses a serious risk for nonsmokers, primarily because it
contains smoke from the tobacco as well as from the heat source (e.g., charcoal) used in the
hookah.
Using a hookah to smoke tobacco poses a serious potential health hazard to smokers and
others exposed to the smoke emitted.