This document discusses various levels and types of stylistics including phonetic, morphological, lexical, and syntactic stylistics. It provides examples and definitions of key concepts in stylistic analysis such as rhyme, rhythm, alliteration, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, irony, epithet, hyperbole, oxymoron, simile, euphemism, pun, ellipsis, aposiopesis, nominative sentences, asyndeton, repetition, parallel constructions, inversion, and rhetorical questions. The document examines how these devices are used and their communicative functions in emphasizing aspects of speech and making language more expressive.
This document discusses various phonetic, graphical, lexical, and syntactical stylistic devices used in literature. It defines devices such as inversion, repetition, polysyndeton, rhythm, and more. It also explains the use of intonation, stress, pitch, tempo, and tamber in phonetic expression. Graphical devices include punctuation and spelling variations. Lexical devices involve interactions between meanings. Syntactical devices include parallel and reversed constructions, repetition, suspense, and more. The document provides examples to illustrate each device.
This document provides an overview of poetry and music from Chaucer's Canterbury Tales to Shakespeare's sonnets. It begins with definitions of different literary genres and an introduction to poetry. It describes techniques for analyzing poetic texts, including comprehension questions and sound devices. As an example, the document analyzes the song "Thinking Out Loud" by Ed Sheeran. The document then provides analyses of The Prologue to Canterbury Tales and some of Shakespeare's sonnets, describing their themes and literary devices.
This document provides an overview of a poetry and music class covering works by Chaucer and Shakespeare. It begins with an introduction to literary genres and reading poetic texts, examining elements like comprehension, sound devices, language and meaning. Specific works discussed include the prologue to Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and several of Shakespeare's sonnets. Methods of analyzing these works are presented, focusing on elements such as metaphors, personification, symbols and other language devices. Musical examples are also provided to accompany some sections.
This document discusses various linguistic features used in stylistic analysis. It describes four main types of stylistics: general stylistics, literary stylistics, stylo-stylistics, and phono-stylistics. General stylistics deals with non-dialectical language variations based on context, field, mode, and style of discourse. Literary stylistics examines language variations between individual writers. Stylo-stylistics uses computers to analyze statistical patterns in texts. Phono-stylistics studies the aesthetic functions of sound. Additional linguistic features discussed include diction, sentence structure, parallelism, parenthetical expressions, and passive voice.
This document defines and provides examples of various literary devices used in writing. It discusses three main categories of literary devices: figurative language, narrative techniques, and sound devices. Figurative language includes similes, metaphors, idioms, imagery, and symbolism. Narrative techniques comprise elements like foreshadowing, flashbacks, and plot twists. Sound devices cover onomatopoeia, repetition, rhyme, and assonance/consonance. The document aims to help readers understand, identify, and appreciate how these literary techniques are employed in works of literature.
Figures of Speech Presentation with examples by Dev Jain for Std.8DevJain35
This document provides a presentation on figures of speech given by Dev Jain of the 8th standard at Tapovan Vatsalyadham English Medium School in Gujarat, India. It defines figures of speech as using words in a non-literal way to create effects like imagery or rhetoric. It then outlines and provides examples of 15 common types of figures of speech, including similes, metaphors, personification, alliteration, assonance, onomatopoeia, hyperbole, antithesis, allusion, apostrophe, anaphora, oxymoron, paradox, irony, and puns. The presentation aims to educate the audience on various literary devices used in language.
The document discusses various techniques for creating cohesion in text, including repetition, reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction. It defines each technique and provides examples to illustrate how they link ideas and give text meaning and coherence.
The document discusses techniques for analyzing tone in fiction writing, including DIDLS (Diction, Syntax, Imagery, Details, Language, Structure). It provides examples of different types of diction (word choice) and sentence structures that can affect tone. Imagery is described as using language to create sensory impressions and evoke responses in readers. Details are facts that support the author's attitude or tone.
This document discusses various phonetic, graphical, lexical, and syntactical stylistic devices used in literature. It defines devices such as inversion, repetition, polysyndeton, rhythm, and more. It also explains the use of intonation, stress, pitch, tempo, and tamber in phonetic expression. Graphical devices include punctuation and spelling variations. Lexical devices involve interactions between meanings. Syntactical devices include parallel and reversed constructions, repetition, suspense, and more. The document provides examples to illustrate each device.
This document provides an overview of poetry and music from Chaucer's Canterbury Tales to Shakespeare's sonnets. It begins with definitions of different literary genres and an introduction to poetry. It describes techniques for analyzing poetic texts, including comprehension questions and sound devices. As an example, the document analyzes the song "Thinking Out Loud" by Ed Sheeran. The document then provides analyses of The Prologue to Canterbury Tales and some of Shakespeare's sonnets, describing their themes and literary devices.
This document provides an overview of a poetry and music class covering works by Chaucer and Shakespeare. It begins with an introduction to literary genres and reading poetic texts, examining elements like comprehension, sound devices, language and meaning. Specific works discussed include the prologue to Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and several of Shakespeare's sonnets. Methods of analyzing these works are presented, focusing on elements such as metaphors, personification, symbols and other language devices. Musical examples are also provided to accompany some sections.
This document discusses various linguistic features used in stylistic analysis. It describes four main types of stylistics: general stylistics, literary stylistics, stylo-stylistics, and phono-stylistics. General stylistics deals with non-dialectical language variations based on context, field, mode, and style of discourse. Literary stylistics examines language variations between individual writers. Stylo-stylistics uses computers to analyze statistical patterns in texts. Phono-stylistics studies the aesthetic functions of sound. Additional linguistic features discussed include diction, sentence structure, parallelism, parenthetical expressions, and passive voice.
This document defines and provides examples of various literary devices used in writing. It discusses three main categories of literary devices: figurative language, narrative techniques, and sound devices. Figurative language includes similes, metaphors, idioms, imagery, and symbolism. Narrative techniques comprise elements like foreshadowing, flashbacks, and plot twists. Sound devices cover onomatopoeia, repetition, rhyme, and assonance/consonance. The document aims to help readers understand, identify, and appreciate how these literary techniques are employed in works of literature.
Figures of Speech Presentation with examples by Dev Jain for Std.8DevJain35
This document provides a presentation on figures of speech given by Dev Jain of the 8th standard at Tapovan Vatsalyadham English Medium School in Gujarat, India. It defines figures of speech as using words in a non-literal way to create effects like imagery or rhetoric. It then outlines and provides examples of 15 common types of figures of speech, including similes, metaphors, personification, alliteration, assonance, onomatopoeia, hyperbole, antithesis, allusion, apostrophe, anaphora, oxymoron, paradox, irony, and puns. The presentation aims to educate the audience on various literary devices used in language.
The document discusses various techniques for creating cohesion in text, including repetition, reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction. It defines each technique and provides examples to illustrate how they link ideas and give text meaning and coherence.
The document discusses techniques for analyzing tone in fiction writing, including DIDLS (Diction, Syntax, Imagery, Details, Language, Structure). It provides examples of different types of diction (word choice) and sentence structures that can affect tone. Imagery is described as using language to create sensory impressions and evoke responses in readers. Details are facts that support the author's attitude or tone.
This document provides definitions and examples of various literary devices and poetic forms including: simile, metaphor, personification, repetition, hyperbole, idiom, refrain, symbolism, imagery, dialect, alliteration, assonance, onomatopoeia, oxymoron, pun, irony, and allusion. It also defines prose, poetry, meter, rhyme scheme, and provides examples of lyric poetry, narrative poetry, traditional poetry, free verse, diamante, haiku, cinquain, concrete poetry, limerick, and epitaph.
This document discusses various types and elements of poetry. It begins by explaining that poetry is a creative form of writing that uses specific elements like rhythm, imagery, and verse to express thoughts and feelings. It then discusses some common purposes and characteristics of poetry. The document proceeds to explain key elements of poetry like theme, tone, imagery, and poetic devices. It also defines and provides examples of different poetic forms like sonnets, haikus, limericks, and more. In addition, it discusses elements of conventional or traditional poetry like rhyme, rhythm, and meter.
This document discusses figures of speech, which are figurative language techniques that involve meanings that are different from the literal meanings of the words. There are two main categories of figures of speech - schemes, which change the expected patterns of words, and tropes, which change the general meanings of words. The document provides numerous examples and subcategories of different types of figures of speech under schemes and tropes.
Poetry uses musical language to capture intense experiences or creative perceptions of the world. Unlike prose, poetry has a speaker rather than a narrator and uses formatting like line breaks and stanzas. Poems employ figures of speech, sound devices, rhyme, and rhythm/meter. Common forms include narrative poems, dramatic poems, lyric poems, haikus, sonnets, and free verse.
this slid have different poetic devices with examples and the usage of those poetic devices in poetry. it also includes images describing more about poetic devices.
A figure of speech or rhetorical figure is figurative language in the form of a single word or phrase. It can be a special repetition, arrangement or omission of words with literal meaning, or a phrase with a specialized meaning not based on the literal meaning of the words.
In truth, there are a wealth of these literary tools in the English language. But, let's start out by exploring some of the most common figure of speech examples.
For example,
Synecdoche:
Synecdoche occurs when a part is represented by the whole or, conversely, the whole is represented by the part.
Examples include:
Wheels - a car
The police - one policeman
Plastic - credit cards
Figurative language is often associated with literature and with poetry in particular. Whether we're conscious of it or not, we use figures of speech every day in our own writing and conversations.
Figures of speech are also known as figures of rhetoric, figures of style, rhetorical figures, figurative language, and schemes.
A figure of speech is a use of a word that diverges from its normal meaning, or a phrase with a specialized meaning not based on the literal meaning of the words in it such as a metaphor, simile, or personification. Figures of speech often provide emphasis, freshness of expression, or clarity.
Through the use of figures of speech, the author makes significant the insignificant, makes seem less important the overemphasized, brings colour and light, insight, understanding and clarity.
Figures of speech allow us to assess, interpret and critically analyze not only the writer's attempt, but also his or her purpose.
Folklore includes stories, legends, and myths that are passed down orally from generation to generation. Legends are stories about heroic real people or events that are often exaggerated, while myths attempt to explain natural phenomena or cultural practices and usually involve supernatural elements. Folklore serves purposes such as teaching life lessons, preserving cultural traditions, and entertaining audiences. It features unknown authors, moral messages, magic, and oral transmission. Poems use specific forms and structures like stanzas, lines, rhythm, rhyme, figures of speech, and tone to convey meaning and messages.
The document discusses valuing others and their circumstances. It talks about recognizing the greatness in others and observing their situations. The lesson explores how people view others' challenges and hardships. It provides examples of texts and poems that depict individuals facing difficulties in their lives and circumstances outside of their control.
This document defines and provides examples of various types of figurative language, including simile, metaphor, personification, onomatopoeia, hyperbole, idioms, oxymoron, palindrome, and alliteration. It explains that figurative language means something other than the literal meaning of the words and is often used to emphasize a point or make language more vivid. Examples are given for each type of figurative language to illustrate their meanings. Resources for teaching various figurative language concepts are also listed.
This document provides an overview of the key elements of poetry, including:
- Poetry uses musical language to capture intense experiences, unlike prose.
- A poem has a speaker rather than a narrator. It is formatted with lines and stanzas.
- Figures of speech like similes, metaphors, and personification are used.
- Sound devices include alliteration, assonance, and onomatopoeia.
- Rhyme, rhythm, and meter patterns like iambic pentameter give poetry musical qualities.
- Different forms of poetry tell stories (narrative), express thoughts/feelings (lyric), or use characters (dramatic).
This document discusses various elements of stories and poetry, including setting, plot, characters, conflict, theme, and more. It defines poetry as a form of creative expression that captures experiences in musical language, unlike ordinary prose. Some distinguishing characteristics of poetry are that it has a speaker rather than a narrator and is formatted into lines and stanzas. Figures of speech like similes, metaphors, personification, and hyperbole are discussed. Sound devices such as alliteration, assonance, and onomatopoeia are also covered. Finally, the document outlines rhyme and rhyme schemes.
To Kill a Mockingbird Figurative Language pptmalwha85
This document discusses different types of figurative language that can be used in writing to make it more descriptive and engaging for readers. It defines figurative language as using comparisons, repetitions, exaggerations, and imitations to create images or descriptions. Examples of specific figurative language techniques provided include alliteration, onomatopoeia, imagery, simile, metaphor, hyperbole, and personification. The document suggests that using creative language in writing makes it more exciting, fun, and interesting for readers.
This document defines and provides examples of various types of figurative language and stylistic devices used in writing, including similes, metaphors, analogies, personification, hyperbole, oxymorons, idioms, symbols, irony, paradoxes, allusions, and imagery. It also discusses the purposes of using these devices, such as to establish setting, mood, tone, atmosphere, and characterization. The document encourages analyzing how the chosen words and devices affect these literary elements in texts. It provides questions to help guide analysis of how figurative language contributes to elements like mood.
This document provides an introduction and overview of poetry. It defines poetry as using language to express imaginative and emotional qualities. It discusses key elements of poetry like form, imagery, and figurative language. It also covers different types of poetry such as free verse, haiku, narrative poems, and sonnets. Additionally, it explains poetic devices like rhyme, rhythm, alliteration, repetition, and figurative language including similes, personification, and onomatopoeia. The document is intended to teach about poetry and provide foundational information on its definition, purpose, elements, types, and literary techniques.
1. Literature uses techniques like defamiliarization and foregrounding to draw attention to language and arouse emotions in readers through deviations from ordinary usage.
2. Foregrounding refers to stylistic effects that make language prominent through deviations at the phonetic, semantic or other levels.
3. These deviations slow readers down and prolong reading time, allowing feelings to emerge that enrich understanding of the text.
to know what are figures of speech, to know types of figures of speech and to know the basic need to use them and the meanings of different types of figures of speech.
This document defines stylistics as the linguistic analysis and interpretation of literary texts. It examines various elements of style studied in literature such as character development, dialogue, imagery, metaphor, point of view, rhythm and more. Understanding these elements and how authors employ them creates their unique writing voice and makes one work distinct from another. Studying literature allows people to appreciate language, understand different cultures, empathize with characters, fuel imagination and expand vocabulary.
The document discusses various literary devices and techniques used in writing. It defines stylistic devices as characteristics that make a text distinctive. It explains that writers use literary devices like figurative language and imagery to improve writing and make it more interesting. Some examples of literary devices provided include metaphor, simile, personification, and irony. The document also covers other concepts like tone, conflict, and forms of poetry like couplet and haiku.
This document provides information on syntax and sentence structure. It defines syntax as the manner in which words are arranged in a sentence to contribute to meaning. It then describes different types of sentences based on length, patterns, and arrangement of clauses. Sentence patterns include simple, compound, complex, and more. The document concludes with questions about analyzing syntax and style and provides examples of long and single sentence structures.
Testing and Evaluation System in Higher Education.pptxSubramanian Mani
Testing is an important phenomenon from science to arts, in order to weigh, measure and qualify the validity and the quantum of things.
In order to find out the nature and state of the students proficiency, tests are to be conducted and the results are the only source, which provide valuable ideas, and suggestions.
The most common use of test is to pinpoint strengths and weakness in the learnt abilities of the students.
Functions of Gestural Semantics in Contemporary CommunicationSubramanian Mani
Gestural semantics refers to the study of the meaning conveyed through gestures, body movements, and non-verbal communication. It explores how gestures and bodily actions contribute to communication and how they convey meaning alongside spoken language.
This document provides definitions and examples of various literary devices and poetic forms including: simile, metaphor, personification, repetition, hyperbole, idiom, refrain, symbolism, imagery, dialect, alliteration, assonance, onomatopoeia, oxymoron, pun, irony, and allusion. It also defines prose, poetry, meter, rhyme scheme, and provides examples of lyric poetry, narrative poetry, traditional poetry, free verse, diamante, haiku, cinquain, concrete poetry, limerick, and epitaph.
This document discusses various types and elements of poetry. It begins by explaining that poetry is a creative form of writing that uses specific elements like rhythm, imagery, and verse to express thoughts and feelings. It then discusses some common purposes and characteristics of poetry. The document proceeds to explain key elements of poetry like theme, tone, imagery, and poetic devices. It also defines and provides examples of different poetic forms like sonnets, haikus, limericks, and more. In addition, it discusses elements of conventional or traditional poetry like rhyme, rhythm, and meter.
This document discusses figures of speech, which are figurative language techniques that involve meanings that are different from the literal meanings of the words. There are two main categories of figures of speech - schemes, which change the expected patterns of words, and tropes, which change the general meanings of words. The document provides numerous examples and subcategories of different types of figures of speech under schemes and tropes.
Poetry uses musical language to capture intense experiences or creative perceptions of the world. Unlike prose, poetry has a speaker rather than a narrator and uses formatting like line breaks and stanzas. Poems employ figures of speech, sound devices, rhyme, and rhythm/meter. Common forms include narrative poems, dramatic poems, lyric poems, haikus, sonnets, and free verse.
this slid have different poetic devices with examples and the usage of those poetic devices in poetry. it also includes images describing more about poetic devices.
A figure of speech or rhetorical figure is figurative language in the form of a single word or phrase. It can be a special repetition, arrangement or omission of words with literal meaning, or a phrase with a specialized meaning not based on the literal meaning of the words.
In truth, there are a wealth of these literary tools in the English language. But, let's start out by exploring some of the most common figure of speech examples.
For example,
Synecdoche:
Synecdoche occurs when a part is represented by the whole or, conversely, the whole is represented by the part.
Examples include:
Wheels - a car
The police - one policeman
Plastic - credit cards
Figurative language is often associated with literature and with poetry in particular. Whether we're conscious of it or not, we use figures of speech every day in our own writing and conversations.
Figures of speech are also known as figures of rhetoric, figures of style, rhetorical figures, figurative language, and schemes.
A figure of speech is a use of a word that diverges from its normal meaning, or a phrase with a specialized meaning not based on the literal meaning of the words in it such as a metaphor, simile, or personification. Figures of speech often provide emphasis, freshness of expression, or clarity.
Through the use of figures of speech, the author makes significant the insignificant, makes seem less important the overemphasized, brings colour and light, insight, understanding and clarity.
Figures of speech allow us to assess, interpret and critically analyze not only the writer's attempt, but also his or her purpose.
Folklore includes stories, legends, and myths that are passed down orally from generation to generation. Legends are stories about heroic real people or events that are often exaggerated, while myths attempt to explain natural phenomena or cultural practices and usually involve supernatural elements. Folklore serves purposes such as teaching life lessons, preserving cultural traditions, and entertaining audiences. It features unknown authors, moral messages, magic, and oral transmission. Poems use specific forms and structures like stanzas, lines, rhythm, rhyme, figures of speech, and tone to convey meaning and messages.
The document discusses valuing others and their circumstances. It talks about recognizing the greatness in others and observing their situations. The lesson explores how people view others' challenges and hardships. It provides examples of texts and poems that depict individuals facing difficulties in their lives and circumstances outside of their control.
This document defines and provides examples of various types of figurative language, including simile, metaphor, personification, onomatopoeia, hyperbole, idioms, oxymoron, palindrome, and alliteration. It explains that figurative language means something other than the literal meaning of the words and is often used to emphasize a point or make language more vivid. Examples are given for each type of figurative language to illustrate their meanings. Resources for teaching various figurative language concepts are also listed.
This document provides an overview of the key elements of poetry, including:
- Poetry uses musical language to capture intense experiences, unlike prose.
- A poem has a speaker rather than a narrator. It is formatted with lines and stanzas.
- Figures of speech like similes, metaphors, and personification are used.
- Sound devices include alliteration, assonance, and onomatopoeia.
- Rhyme, rhythm, and meter patterns like iambic pentameter give poetry musical qualities.
- Different forms of poetry tell stories (narrative), express thoughts/feelings (lyric), or use characters (dramatic).
This document discusses various elements of stories and poetry, including setting, plot, characters, conflict, theme, and more. It defines poetry as a form of creative expression that captures experiences in musical language, unlike ordinary prose. Some distinguishing characteristics of poetry are that it has a speaker rather than a narrator and is formatted into lines and stanzas. Figures of speech like similes, metaphors, personification, and hyperbole are discussed. Sound devices such as alliteration, assonance, and onomatopoeia are also covered. Finally, the document outlines rhyme and rhyme schemes.
To Kill a Mockingbird Figurative Language pptmalwha85
This document discusses different types of figurative language that can be used in writing to make it more descriptive and engaging for readers. It defines figurative language as using comparisons, repetitions, exaggerations, and imitations to create images or descriptions. Examples of specific figurative language techniques provided include alliteration, onomatopoeia, imagery, simile, metaphor, hyperbole, and personification. The document suggests that using creative language in writing makes it more exciting, fun, and interesting for readers.
This document defines and provides examples of various types of figurative language and stylistic devices used in writing, including similes, metaphors, analogies, personification, hyperbole, oxymorons, idioms, symbols, irony, paradoxes, allusions, and imagery. It also discusses the purposes of using these devices, such as to establish setting, mood, tone, atmosphere, and characterization. The document encourages analyzing how the chosen words and devices affect these literary elements in texts. It provides questions to help guide analysis of how figurative language contributes to elements like mood.
This document provides an introduction and overview of poetry. It defines poetry as using language to express imaginative and emotional qualities. It discusses key elements of poetry like form, imagery, and figurative language. It also covers different types of poetry such as free verse, haiku, narrative poems, and sonnets. Additionally, it explains poetic devices like rhyme, rhythm, alliteration, repetition, and figurative language including similes, personification, and onomatopoeia. The document is intended to teach about poetry and provide foundational information on its definition, purpose, elements, types, and literary techniques.
1. Literature uses techniques like defamiliarization and foregrounding to draw attention to language and arouse emotions in readers through deviations from ordinary usage.
2. Foregrounding refers to stylistic effects that make language prominent through deviations at the phonetic, semantic or other levels.
3. These deviations slow readers down and prolong reading time, allowing feelings to emerge that enrich understanding of the text.
to know what are figures of speech, to know types of figures of speech and to know the basic need to use them and the meanings of different types of figures of speech.
This document defines stylistics as the linguistic analysis and interpretation of literary texts. It examines various elements of style studied in literature such as character development, dialogue, imagery, metaphor, point of view, rhythm and more. Understanding these elements and how authors employ them creates their unique writing voice and makes one work distinct from another. Studying literature allows people to appreciate language, understand different cultures, empathize with characters, fuel imagination and expand vocabulary.
The document discusses various literary devices and techniques used in writing. It defines stylistic devices as characteristics that make a text distinctive. It explains that writers use literary devices like figurative language and imagery to improve writing and make it more interesting. Some examples of literary devices provided include metaphor, simile, personification, and irony. The document also covers other concepts like tone, conflict, and forms of poetry like couplet and haiku.
This document provides information on syntax and sentence structure. It defines syntax as the manner in which words are arranged in a sentence to contribute to meaning. It then describes different types of sentences based on length, patterns, and arrangement of clauses. Sentence patterns include simple, compound, complex, and more. The document concludes with questions about analyzing syntax and style and provides examples of long and single sentence structures.
Testing and Evaluation System in Higher Education.pptxSubramanian Mani
Testing is an important phenomenon from science to arts, in order to weigh, measure and qualify the validity and the quantum of things.
In order to find out the nature and state of the students proficiency, tests are to be conducted and the results are the only source, which provide valuable ideas, and suggestions.
The most common use of test is to pinpoint strengths and weakness in the learnt abilities of the students.
Functions of Gestural Semantics in Contemporary CommunicationSubramanian Mani
Gestural semantics refers to the study of the meaning conveyed through gestures, body movements, and non-verbal communication. It explores how gestures and bodily actions contribute to communication and how they convey meaning alongside spoken language.
Forensic stylistics history, methods and applicadtionsandSubramanian Mani
Forensic stylistics is a branch of forensic linguistics that focuses on the analysis of linguistic style to provide insights into authorship, identity, or other aspects of a written or spoken text.
Forensic stylistic analysis makes use of stylistic analysis to reach a conclusion and opinion related to the authorship of a questioned writing within the context of litigation.
The document discusses nonverbal communication and body language. It describes how nonverbal cues like facial expressions, gestures, eye contact, touch, space, and body posture can repeat, contradict, substitute for or complement verbal messages. Specific nonverbal behaviors are universal like facial expressions but others vary cross-culturally. Body language involves body movements and can convey information without words through gestures and cues like posture and stance. Tips for effective body language include paying attention to posture, hand gestures, and how stationary or active one's stance is. Cultural differences also exist in nonverbal norms across regions like India, Japan, and the Middle East.
Translation technologies have evolved significantly with each industrial revolution due to advances in communication and computing. Industry 5.0 will see even greater integration of humans and machines through technologies like neural machine translation, cloud computing, the internet of things, and deep learning. While machine translation is improving, human translators will still be needed to work alongside artificial intelligence systems and ensure high quality, nuanced translations. The future of the translation field involves closer collaboration between humans and machines.
This document classifies and describes different types of computers. It discusses analog and digital computers, and how computers can be classified based on their construction and configuration. It provides details on various types of computers like microcomputers, laptops, palmtops, mainframes, miniframes, and supercomputers. It describes their key components, uses in different applications, and provides examples for each type.
X-bar theory proposes that phrases have a common internal structure represented by X-bar notation (X X' X''). It claims that phrases may contain intermediate constituents projected from a lexical head (X). The general format for phrase structure rules is that an XP consists of an optional specifier and X', X' consists of X and an optional complement or adjunct, and locality plays an important role.
Word categories can be open or closed classes. Open classes include nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs where new words can be freely created. Closed classes include prepositions, determiners, auxiliaries and other grammatical words. Words have internal structure and can contain multiple morphemes like prefixes and suffixes. The meaning of derived words is often compositional, built from the meaning of its constituent morphemes. Context provides cues to determine a word's syntactic category based on what other words or affixes it co-occurs with.
Testing and Evaluation Strategies in Second Language Teaching.pptxSubramanian Mani
This document discusses various topics related to testing and evaluation in second language teaching. It begins by outlining principles for language testing proposed by Bachman, including relating tests to language use and teaching, designing tests to enable highest performance, and humanizing the testing process. Next, it defines key concepts like testing, assessment, evaluation and their purposes. The document then examines different types of language tests in detail, including achievement, diagnostic, discrete point, language aptitude, placement, proficiency and progress tests. It also discusses assessment and outlines principles of validity, reliability, practicality, equivalency, authenticity and washback. Finally, it explores the evolution of language testing approaches from pre-scientific to psychometric-structuralist periods
Natural Language Processing (NLP) involves developing computational techniques to analyze and understand human languages. Key techniques in NLP include sentiment analysis to classify emotions in text, text classification to categorize text, and tokenization to break text into discrete units like words. NLP is used to teach machines how to read and understand human language by identifying relationships between words and other linguistic elements.
This document discusses online assessment challenges and opportunities during the COVID-19 pandemic. It begins by looking at how universities have dealt with conducting exams during lockdowns. It then examines the challenges schools and colleges face in operating efficiently and safely. Various types of assessments are discussed, including formative and summative. Challenges of online assessment include how to provide timely results while condensing content. Opportunities of technology include improved engagement and providing feedback. Open book exams are outlined as focusing on higher-order skills like analysis rather than memorization. Both restricted and unrestricted types are described.
This document discusses verb movement in syntax. It explains that in English, auxiliary verbs like "have" and "be" can appear in the tense slot before negation or adverbs when the tense is not otherwise filled. This occurs because the auxiliary verb moves or is placed in the tense slot. Some other languages show verb movement for all verbs. The document also discusses how questions can be introduced by an interrogative complementizer like "whether" or by inverting the auxiliary verb, but not both simultaneously. This is because the complementizer or tense feature on the complementizer attracts and licenses the auxiliary verb to move into the complementizer position.
The document discusses the evolution of translation technologies in industry. It covers major developments in machine translation approaches from rule-based to statistical to neural machine translation. Industry 5.0 is proposed to involve tighter integration of humans and robots through collaborative robots. Translators will need strong IT skills to work with machine translation tools and integrate human languages with machine systems.
This document discusses verb movement in syntax. It explains that in English, auxiliary verbs like "have" and "be" can appear in the tense slot of a sentence, rather than within the verb phrase, when there is no other verb filling the tense slot. This occurs because the auxiliary verb is said to "move" to the tense position. The document provides examples showing that adverbs can appear before or after the verb phrase but not between the verb and its object, and suggests this is because the verb and object form a syntactic unit. It notes that verb movement also happens in other languages sometimes with all verbs.
Motivation, Gender Culture and Achievement,.pptxSubramanian Mani
1) The document discusses motivation and achievement from various perspectives including gender, culture, and different types of achievement goals.
2) It finds that mastery goals tend to lead to higher achievement than performance goals as mastery goals focus more on learning and developing competence rather than demonstrating accomplishments.
3) Achievement is defined and motivated differently across cultures, with individualistic cultures like the US focusing more on personal accomplishments while collectivist cultures emphasize group achievements and cooperation.
Tree Adjoining Grammar (TAG) is a tree-generating grammar formalism where the basic elements are elementary trees that can be combined through substitution and adjunction operations. There are two types of elementary trees: initial trees, which represent basic valency relations, and auxiliary trees, which allow for recursion. Derived trees are constructed by substituting initial trees at frontier nodes or adjoining auxiliary trees into the interior of other trees. TAG sits between context-free and context-sensitive grammars in generative capacity and can describe linguistic phenomena that context-free grammars cannot.
The document discusses Noam Chomsky's Minimalist Program for developing a theoretical framework for syntax. It aims to eliminate anything not "virtually necessary" from linguistic theory. Universal Grammar is assumed to provide features, procedures to assemble lexical items, and a small set of basic operations. The central idea is that the computational system of human language is the optimal, simplest solution to interface conditions between form and meaning. Merge and move are the key operations that combine words. The current minimalist model involves selecting and merging items from the lexicon to build syntactic structures in a recursive, bottom-up fashion.
This document summarizes several theories of language learning, including:
- Edward Anthony's definitions of approach, method, and technique in language teaching.
- Humanist theory which focuses on human dignity and observational learning.
- Behaviorist theory which emphasizes reinforcement and punishment in language acquisition.
- Chomsky's theory of Universal Grammar which posits an innate language acquisition device.
- Cognitive theories which see language learning as involving mental schemata and organization.
- Krashen's Monitor Theory distinguishing between acquisition and learning.
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2. Stylistics of various levels
• Phonetic -rhythm, rhyme, alliteration,
onomatopoeia
• Morphological – All lexical items
• Writing -grammatical categories
• Lexical stylistics - All styles at word levels
• Syntactic stylistics - Word order, types of
sentences, syntactical relations
3. Stylistics at phonetic level
• Abrams (1971: 118) explains it as: “onomatopoeia is a word or a
combination of words, whose sound seems to resemble the sound
it denotes: 'hiss', 'buzz', 'rattle', bang' “.
• Examples- he buzzing bee flew away.
• The sack fell into the river with a splash.
4. Rhyme
Rhyme requires two or more words that repeat the same sounds..
They are often spelled in a similar way, but they don’t have to be
spelled in similar ways. Rhyme can occur at the end of a line, called
end rhyme, or it can occur in the middle of the line, called internal
rhyme. Example=See you later, alligator,
“Whose woods these are I think I know.
His house is in the village though;
He will not see me stopping here
To watch his woods fill up with snow”.
(“Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Evening” by Robert Frost)
5. Rhythm
• Rhythm
• Rhythm, is the beat–the stressed syllables in a poem. Poets have a
variety of possibilities for building that rhythm and ending lines.
Examples
I will find the keys for you,
and you must finda place to park the car.
Never stop doing best till you reach the top if you want to find hope
.
6. Alliteration
Alliteration is the repetition of the same consonant
sounds at the beginning of words near each other.
Examples
Sally sells seashells by the seashore.
Peter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppers.
8. Metaphor
Metaphor: identification between two entities that
have or seem to have nothing in common.
a. Life´s but a walking shadow , a poor player.
b) Duke players came out with volcanoes’ eyes,
spitting fire like mad dragons on the run. the iron
lions roared all the way on Malecon avenue.
9. Metonymy
• Metonymy: substitution or reference of own thing
by mentioning another associated or partially
related to it logically.
• a) those hot pants are gonna give a heart attack.
• b) my thirst can be quenched with just one glass
of your precious wine.
10. Metonymy and synecdoche
• Metonymy is the use of a linked term to stand in for an object or
concept
• The White House will be making an announcement around noon
today.
• Synecdoche is a literary device in which a part of something
represents the whole, or it may use a whole to represent a part.
• The word “suit” refers to a businessman.
• The word “boots” usually refers to soldiers
11. Irony
• speaking of a group of politicians trying to pass a given law: i
guess I’m in the wrong room. someone must have led my to the
first- graders (mentally-disabled , retarded) room instead of the
Dominican Republic Senate
12. Epithet
• term for the application of a word or phrase to someone that
describes that person's attributes or qualities. Often, this word or
phrase, used to describe the person, becomes synonymous with
the person and can be used as part of his/her name or in place of
his/her name.
• Richard the Lion-Heart
• Star-crossed lovers-describes Romeo and Juliet in Romeo and
Juliet
• The Piano Man(Billy Joel)
13. Hyperbole
• An author or speaker purposely and obviously exaggerates to an
extreme. It is used for emphasis or as a way of making a
description more creative and humorous.
• That suitcase weighed a ton!
• The new iPhone is ‘bigger than bigger.’
14. Oxymoron
• An expression that puts together opposite elements. The
combination of these contradicting elements serves to reveal a
paradox, confuse, or give the reader a laugh.
• That’s my adult child. Poor thing still can’t get himself into the
real adult world.
• “sounds of silence.” -Simon and Garfunkel’s
• https://youtu.be/Bk7RVw3I8eg
15. Literary forms
• Simile: comparing two things that belong to different nature or
domain.
• she looked at me with eyes like a moonless night.
• Hyperbole: an exaggeration made deliberately
• she blink ten thousand times in astonishment
• Euphemism: using more word than needed to deliberately avoid
using an offensive, vulgar, word or expression.
• He is a special child (disabled or learning challenged)
• “kick the bucket”
16. Pun
• we activate or play with two meaning of a word or words
simultaneously. We based this on emphasizing the different
meanings of a word (polysemy) or on the same spelling and
pronunciation of two words or the same sound of two different
words (homonymy). • examples: Can you please watch my watch ?
it’s a gift from my late grandpa. • write that right!! I don’t want
them to misunderstand it.
17. Syntactic Stylistics
• based on reduction of the initial sentence model: ellipsis,
aposiopesis, nominative sentences, asyndeton;
• based on extension of the initial sentence model: repetition,
enumeration, tautology, polysyndeton, "it is (was) he, who...", the
emphatic verb "to do", parenthetic sentences;
• based on change of word-order: inversion, detachment; • based
on interaction of syntactic structures in context: parallel
constructions;
• based on transposition of meaning and connection of constituent
parts: rhetoric questions, parceling
18. • An elliptical sentence is such a syntactic structure in which there
is no subject, or predicate, or both. The main parts of elliptical
sentences are omitted by the speaker intentionally in cases when
they are semantically redundant. For example: - Hullo! Who are
you? - The staff.
• Ellipsis saves the speaker from needless ef-fort, spares his time,
reduces redundancy of speech.
19. NOMINATIVE (NOMINAL) SENTENCES
• A nominative sentence is a variant of one-member structures: it
has neither subject nor predicate. It is called nominative or
nominal because its basic (head) component is a noun or a noun-
like element (gerund, numeral). For example: Morning. April.
Problems.
• Communicative functions. A sequence of nominative sentences
makes for dynamic description of events. Sets of nominative
sentences are used to expressively depict the time of the action,
the place of the action, the atten-dant circumstances of the
action, the participants of the action.
20. • APOSIOPESIS (BREAK-IN-THE-NARRATIVE) Like ellipsis, aposiopesis
is also realized through incompleteness of sentence structure,
though this incompleteness is of different structural and semantic
nature: it appears when the speaker is unwilling to proceed and
breaks off his narration abruptly: If you go on like this...
21. • ASYNDETON It is deliberate omission of structurally significant
conjunctions and connectives. For example: John couldn 't have
done such a silly thing, he is enough clever for that. Fathers,
mothers, uncles, cousins. Cocking tails and pricking whiskers,...
Communicative functions. Asyndeton makes speech dynamic and
ex-pressive. Sometimes it implies the speaker's haste, nervousness
and impatience
22. • REPETITION Stylistic repetition of language units in speech
(separate words, word-combinations or sentences) is one of the
most frequent and potent stylis-tic devices. For example: Never
take the rifle again. Put it back! put it back! Put it back!
23. • There are several structural types of repetition: ANAPHORA. The
repeated word or word-combination is at the beginning of each
consecutive syntactic structure. For example: Victory is what we
need. Victory is what we expect. EPIPHORA. The repeated unit is
placed at the end of each consecutive syntactic structure. For
example: It is natural to be scared in a case like that. You are sure
to be petrified in a case like that. FRAMING. The initial part of a
language unit is repeated at the end of this unit. For example:
Poor Mary. How much Jack loved her! What will he do now? I wish
it hadn't happened. Poor Mary.
24. • CHIASMUS (reversed parallel construction). In such syntactic
structures there is a cross order of repeated language units. For
example: The jail might have been the infirmary, the infirmary
might have been the jail. Communicative functions. The device of
repetition aims at emphasizing a certain component of the
utterance. Being repeated, a language unit obtains additional
stylistic information. Consecutive contact repetition is capable of
rendering scores of modal meanings and human emotions.
25. • POLYSYNDETON It is stylistically motivated redundant repetition of
conjunctions or prepositions: The dog barked and pulled Jack, and
growled, and raged. Communicative functions. Polysyndeton is a
means of rhythmical organization of the utterance. Due to this
quality it is widely used in poetry. It also makes for underlining the
most important part of information.
26. • PARALLEL CONSTRUCTIONS Parallelism is a stylistic device of
producing two or more syntactic structures according to the same
syntactic pattern: Mary cooked dinner, John watched TV, Pete
played tennis. Communicative functions. Syntactic parallelism is
polyfunctional. It creates rhythm and is typical of poetry. It makes
speech persuasive and is a feature of the publicistic and oratory
styles. It underlines important informa-tion and is widely used in
everyday speech.
27. • INVERSION Inversion is the syntactic phenomenon of intentional
changing word-order of the initial sentence model: To her family
Martha gives all her time
28. • RHETORIC QUESTIONS These are not questions but affirmative or
negative statements put into the interrogative shape. A rhetoric
question needs no answer, because the answer to it is quite
obvious: Me a liar? Communicative functions. A rhetoric question
enhances the expressiveness of speech. Used in oratory style,
rhetoric questions aim at catching the attention of the audience,
making the sequential sentences sound persuasive and significant