Study of honey bee and their culture

1. Agro omy
#12

2. Irrigation
Methods
Surface
Flooding
Wild flooding
Border Flooding
Check basin
Ring Basin Flooding
Furrow
Deep Furrow
Corrugated furrow
Surge Irrigation
Sub Surface
Drip
Surface
Sub surface
Sprinkler
Micro Sprinkler
Overhead sprinkler
Rain gun
Center Pivot

3. Surge
Irrigation

4. Surge irrigation
• Surge irrigation is the application of water into the furrows
intermittently in a series of relatively short ON and OFF times of
irrigation cycle.
• It has been found that intermittent application of water reduces the
infiltration rate over surges thereby the waterfront advances
quickly. Hence, reduced net irrigation water requirement.
• This also results in more uniform soil moisture distribution and
storage in the crop root zone compared to continuous flow.
• The irrigation efficiency is in between 85 and 90%

5. SUB-
SURFACE
IRRIGATION

6. SUB-SURFACE IRRIGATION
• In subsurface irrigation, water is applied beneath the ground by
creating and maintaining an artificial water table at some depth, usually
30-75 cm below the ground surface.
• Moisture moves upwards towards the land surface through capillary
action.
• Water is applied through underground field trenches laid 15-30 m
apart.
• Open ditches are preferred because they are relatively cheaper and
suitable to all types of soil.
• The irrigation water should be of good quality to prevent soil salinity.

7. Pressurized or Modern Irrigation System
• Drip Irrigation system
• Sprinkler Irrigation system

8. Drip
Irrigation

9. Drip irrigation system
• Drip Irrigation system or trickle irrigation is one of the latest and
modern methods of irrigation.
• It is suitable for water scarcity and salt affected soils.
• Water is applied in the root zone of the crop.
• Standard water quality test needed for design and operation of drip
irrigation system.
• Drip irrigation is the best means of water conservation.
• In general, the application efficiency is 90 to 95%, compared with
sprinkler at 70% and furrow irrigation at 60 to 80%, depending on
soil type, level of field and how water is applied to the furrows.

10. Drip components
• A drip irrigation system consists of a pump or overhead tank,
main line, sub-mains, laterals and emitters.
• The mainline delivers water to the sub-mains and the sub-mains
into the laterals.
• The emitters which are attached to the laterals distribute water for
irrigation.
• The mains, sub-mains are usually made of PVC (poly vinyl
chloride) pipes and laterals of LLDPE tubes. The emitters are also
made of PVC material.
• The other components include pressure regulator, filters, valves,
water meter, fertilizer application devices etc.

11. Advantages of drip irrigation
• 1. Water saving - losses due to deep percolation, surface runoff and
transmission are avoided. Evaporation losses occurring in sprinkler
irrigation do not occur in drip irrigation.
• 2. Uniform water distribution
• 3. Application rates can be adjusted by using different size of drippers
• 4. Suitable for wide spaced row crops, particularly coconut and other
horticultural tree crops.
• 5. Soil erosion is reduced
• 6. Better weed control
• 7. Land saving
• 8. Less labour cost

12. Limitation of drip Irrigation
• 1.High initial cost
• 2. Drippers are susceptible to blockage
• 3. Interferes with farm operations and movement of
implements and machineries
• 4. Frequent maintenance
• 5. Trees grown may develop shallow confined root zones
resulting in poor anchorage

13. Sprinkler
Irrigation

14. Sprinkler irrigation system
• Sprinkler irrigation is application simulating rainfall
overhead so overhead sprinklers.
• The sprinkler (overhead or pressure) irrigation system
conveys water to the field through pipes (aluminum or
PVC) under pressure with a system of nozzles.
• This system is designed to distribute the required depth of
water uniformly, which is not possible in surface irrigation.
• Water is applied at a rate less than the infiltration rate of the
soil hence the runoff from irrigation is avoided.

15. Types of sprinkler system
❑Based on arrangement for spraying irrigation water:
• a) Rotating head (or) revolving sprinkler system
• b) Perforated pipe system
❑Based on the portability
• a) Portable system
• b) Semi permanent system
• c) Solid set system
• d) Permanent system.

16. Advantages of sprinkler
• Suitable for undulating topography (sloppy lands)
• Water saving (35-40%) compared to surface irrigation methods.
• Fertilizers and other chemicals can be applied through irrigation
water
• Saving in fertilizers, even distribution and avoids wastage.
• Reduces erosion
• Suitable for coarse textured soils (sandy soils)
• Frost control - protect crops against frost and high temperature
• Drainage problems eliminated
• Saving in land

17. Limitations
• High initial cost
• Efficiency is affected by wind
• Higher evaporation losses in spraying water
• Not suitable for tall crops like sugarcane
• Not suitable for heavy clay soils
• Poor quality water can not be used (Sensitivity of crop to
saline water and clogging of nozzles)

18. Sowing
•Sowing is an art of placing seeds in the soil
to have good germination in the field.

19. Features of Perfect Sowing
•Correct number of seed per unit area.
•Correct depth of sowing
•Correct spacing between row-to-row and plant to
plant.
•Correct seed rate

20. SOWING METHODS
1.Broadcasting 2. Dibbling
3. Sowing behind
the country plough
(manual and
mechanical drilling)
4. Seed drilling
5. Nursery
transplanting
6. Planting 7. Hill Dropping

21. Broadcasting

22. Broadcasting
• Broadcasting is also known as random sowing. It means scattering the
seed.
• Broadcasting is mostly followed for small sized to medium sized crops.
• This is the largest method of sowing followed in India, it is the easiest
and cheapest and it requires minimum labors.
• To ensure a good and uniform population, it is better to broadcast on
either direction. This is called crisscross sowing.
• For broadcasting sesame seeds are mixed with sand at 1:15 or 1:10 ratio
and sown.
• Example: Crops like wheat, paddy, Sesamum, methi, coriander, etc. are
sown by this method.

23. Disadvantages
➢ All the seeds broadcasted do not have contact with the soil.
➢ 100% germination is not possible.
➢ Enhanced seed rate is required.
➢ Seeds cannot be placed in desired depth. Desired depth ensures perfect
anchorage.
➢ Crop stand is not uniform.
➢ Lodging (falling down) is common in broadcasting.
➢ Result in gappy germination & defective wherever the adequate moisture is not
present in the soil.
➢ Spacing is not maintained within rows & lines, hence interculturing is difficult.

25. Dibbling
➢ This is actually line sowing.
➢Inserting a seed through a hole at a desired depth and covering the
hole.
➢Dibbling is practiced on plain surface and ridges and furrows or
beds and channels.
➢The seeds are dibbled at 2/3rd from top or 1/3rd at bottom of the
ridge.
➢This is done for wider spaced crops and medium to large sized
seeds.
➢Example: Groundnut, castor Sorghum, maize, sunflower, cotton is
dibbled on ridges and furrows.

26. Drilling

27. Drill sowing (or) Drilling:
➢Drilling consists of dropping the seeds in furrow lines in a continuous
flow and covering them with soil. (AFO 2021)
➢In this method, sowing implements (seed drill, seed-cum-ferti driller or
mechanical seed drill) are used for placing the seeds into the soil.
➢Seeds are drilled continuously or at regular intervals in rows.
➢Seeds are placed at uniform depth, covered and compacted.
➢This method is very helpful in achieving proper depth, proper spacing
and proper number of seed to be sown in the field.
➢Crops like Jowar, wheat Bajara, etc. are sown by this method.

28. Types of Drilling
•(1) Sowing behind the plough
•(2) Bullock drawn seed drills
•(3) Tractor drawn seed drills.

29. Advantages of Drilling
➢Seeds are placed at proper & uniform depths
➢Along the rows, inter culturing can be done
➢Uniform row to row spacing is maintained
➢Seed requirement is less than ‘broad casting’
➢Sowing is done at proper moisture level.
➢The quantity of seed required is less.
➢During drilling Manures, fertilizers and amendments can
applied with seeds.

30. Disadvantages of Drilling
➢Require implement for sowing.
➢Whapsa (soil contains both air and water molecules)
condition is must.
➢Plant to plant (Intra row) spacing is not maintained.
➢Skilled person is required for sowing.
➢More time consuming.
➢Cost is high.

31. Sowing behind the Plough

32. Sowing behind the plough
➢Sowing behind the plough is done by manual or mechanical means.
➢Seeds are dropped in the furrows opened by the plough and the same is
closed or covered when the next furrow is opened.
➢The seeds are sown at uniform distance.
➢Seeds like maize, pea, red gram, cowpea and groundnut are sown
behind the country plough. Major sown crop is ground nut.
➢The seeds are placed at desired depth covered by iron planks.

33. •Kera and pora methods are related to desi/indigenous
plough.
•Kera is a manual method wherein, one man drops the
seeds behind the plough.
•Pora is a mechanical method as seeds are dropped by
man through funnel. This is a slow and laborious method.
•Seeds are sown by mechanical means by ‘Gorus’ – seed
drill.
•A seed drill has a plough share and hopper. Seeds are
placed on hopper.

34. Crop in nursery

35. Transplanting

36. Transplanting
• Transplanting consists of rising the seedlings in a nursery
bed and then planting the seedlings in another field (main
field).
• It is commonly done for paddy, vegetable and flowers.
• It is a time-consuming operation.
• Equipment used for planting the seedlings in the main field is
called transplanter.

37. Important Points for Transplanting
• Age of seedlings is 1/4th of the total duration of the crop.
• As a thumb rule: 3 months crop will have 3 weeks nursery duration, 4 months
crop will have 4 weeks nursery duration.
• Closer spaced crops (Rice and finger millet)- Random method even after nursery.
• For vegetable crops- Desired spacing is required during transplanting.
• Transplanting shock- period after transplanting, the seedlings show no growth.
This is mostly due to the change in the environment between root and the soil. It is
for a period of 5-7 days depending upon season, crop, variety, etc.
• Area required for nursery normally is 1/10th of the total area.

38. Advantages
• Can ensure optimum plant population.
• Sowing of main field duration, i.e., management in the
main field is reduced.
• Crop intensification is possible under transplanting.

39. Disadvantages
• Nursery raising is expensive.
• Transplanting is another laborious and expensive
method.

40. Planting

41. Planting
➢It is the placing of vegetative part of crops which are vegetatively
propagated in the laid-out field.
➢Example: Tubers of Potato sets of ginger & turmeric, cuttings of
sweet potato & grapes, sets of sugarcane.

42. Hill dropping
• In this method, few seeds are dropped as a hill at a
fixed place and not in a continuous stream.
• The spacing between hill to hill in a row is constant
The equipments are called planters
• In case of drills, the seeds are dropped in continuous
stream and the spacing between plant to plant in a
row is not constant.