Studies on Seasonal Variations of Total Glycogen, Protein and Lipids in Estuarine Clam, Meretrix Meretrix Linnaeus after Chronic Exposure to Cadmium Chloride
This document summarizes a study on the seasonal variations of total glycogen, protein, and lipids in the estuarine clam Meretrix meretrix after chronic exposure to cadmium chloride. Key findings include:
- Biochemical components in clams from the control group varied seasonally, influenced by estuarine water parameters and breeding seasons.
- Clams exposed to sublethal cadmium chloride showed both increases and decreases in biochemical components across tissues and seasons compared to controls. For example, glycogen increased in gills during monsoon but decreased in foot.
- Cadmium exposure generally depleted lipids in all tissues, with the most significant decreases in the hepatopancreas
Study of Seasonal Variations in Oxygen Consumption of Estuarine Clam, Meretri...ijtsrd
The estuarine clam, Meretrix meretrix was exposed to predetermined seasonal sublethal and lethal concentrations of CdCl2, 2½ H2O for 96 hrs. Experiments were conducted during summer, monsoon and winter by keeping control group of clams. Estuarine water parameters like temperature, pH, salinity, rainfall and dissolved oxygen were recorded. In the present study, it is found that, it has significant influence on rate of oxygen consumption and toxicity of cadmium chloride. During summer, clams from LC0 and LC50 group were treated with 1.1ppm and 1.8 ppm respectively. During monsoon LC0 and LC50 group were treated with 1.6 ppm and 2.0 ppm respectively. During winter clams from LC0 and LC50 group were exposed to 1.4 ppm and 2.1 ppm cadmium chloride respectively. During summer, as compared to control group, there were 3.83, 17.04, 16.77 and 10.63 increase in oxygen uptake at the end of 24, 36, 48, and 60 hrs. There were 0.35, 4.97 and 21.75 decrease at the end of 48, 72, 84 and 96 hrs. Moreover, similar trend of oxygen consumption was observed in LC0 and LC50 .group of clams in winter and monsoon season. During monsoon and winter clams from control group showed similar trend of oxygen uptake with less significant fluctuations. Clams from control group and LC0 and LC50 group showed less oxygen consumption during monsoon than summer and winter. Sanjay Kumbhar "Study of Seasonal Variations in Oxygen Consumption of Estuarine Clam, Meretrix Meretrix (Linnaeus, 1758) after Acute Exposure of Cadmium Chloride" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30543.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/30543/study-of-seasonal-variations-in-oxygen-consumption-of-estuarine-clam-meretrix-meretrix-linnaeus-1758-after-acute-exposure-of-cadmium-chloride/sanjay-kumbhar
Study on Physico-Chemical Parameters of Harsi Reservoir Dabra, Gwalior Distri...ijsrd.com
this study was aimed to estimate physico-chemical characteristic of Harsi reservoir. Harsi reservoir located in Dabra, Gwalior district, Madhya Pradesh is constructed on parwati River. Monthly study in Physico-chemical parameters such as water temperature, depth, transparency, electrical conductivity, turbidity, total dissolved solids, pH, dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide, total alkalinity, total hardness, chlorides, sulphates, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, silicates, ammonia, BOD, COD, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium were analyzed from January 2011 to December 2011. The results indicated that Physico-chemical parameters of the water were used for drinking, domestic use, irrigation and pisciculture.
Study of Seasonal Variations in Oxygen Consumption of Estuarine Clam, Meretri...ijtsrd
The estuarine clam, Meretrix meretrix was exposed to predetermined seasonal sublethal and lethal concentrations of CdCl2, 2½ H2O for 96 hrs. Experiments were conducted during summer, monsoon and winter by keeping control group of clams. Estuarine water parameters like temperature, pH, salinity, rainfall and dissolved oxygen were recorded. In the present study, it is found that, it has significant influence on rate of oxygen consumption and toxicity of cadmium chloride. During summer, clams from LC0 and LC50 group were treated with 1.1ppm and 1.8 ppm respectively. During monsoon LC0 and LC50 group were treated with 1.6 ppm and 2.0 ppm respectively. During winter clams from LC0 and LC50 group were exposed to 1.4 ppm and 2.1 ppm cadmium chloride respectively. During summer, as compared to control group, there were 3.83, 17.04, 16.77 and 10.63 increase in oxygen uptake at the end of 24, 36, 48, and 60 hrs. There were 0.35, 4.97 and 21.75 decrease at the end of 48, 72, 84 and 96 hrs. Moreover, similar trend of oxygen consumption was observed in LC0 and LC50 .group of clams in winter and monsoon season. During monsoon and winter clams from control group showed similar trend of oxygen uptake with less significant fluctuations. Clams from control group and LC0 and LC50 group showed less oxygen consumption during monsoon than summer and winter. Sanjay Kumbhar "Study of Seasonal Variations in Oxygen Consumption of Estuarine Clam, Meretrix Meretrix (Linnaeus, 1758) after Acute Exposure of Cadmium Chloride" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30543.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/30543/study-of-seasonal-variations-in-oxygen-consumption-of-estuarine-clam-meretrix-meretrix-linnaeus-1758-after-acute-exposure-of-cadmium-chloride/sanjay-kumbhar
Study on Physico-Chemical Parameters of Harsi Reservoir Dabra, Gwalior Distri...ijsrd.com
this study was aimed to estimate physico-chemical characteristic of Harsi reservoir. Harsi reservoir located in Dabra, Gwalior district, Madhya Pradesh is constructed on parwati River. Monthly study in Physico-chemical parameters such as water temperature, depth, transparency, electrical conductivity, turbidity, total dissolved solids, pH, dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide, total alkalinity, total hardness, chlorides, sulphates, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, silicates, ammonia, BOD, COD, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium were analyzed from January 2011 to December 2011. The results indicated that Physico-chemical parameters of the water were used for drinking, domestic use, irrigation and pisciculture.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Seasonal Variations and Diversity of Marine Diatoms of Jegathapattinam and Ka...IJSRD
The present study entitled on Seasonal variations and diversity of plantonic marine diatoms of Jegathapattinam (Lat. 09º 95 N: Long. 79º 18 E) and Kattumavadi (Lat. 10º 13 N; Long.79º 22 E) South East Coast of India was carried out for a period of one year (from June 2011 to May2012).The study focuses attention on the survey, systematics of marine diatom diversity and the influence of physico-chemical factors on their seasonal distribution. A total of 52 species belonging to 38 genera of marine diatoms were recorded from both stations. The most common genera were Actinocyclus, Amphora, Bacteriastrum, Biddulphia, Chaetoceros, Coscinodiscus, Cyclotella, Diploneis, Gyrosigma, Licmophora, Melosira, Navicula, Nitzschia, Pleurosigma and Tropidoneis were present in the two stations. Higher values of diatom population density were found during summer at both stations. The seasonal distribution and abundance are discussed in relation to physico- chemical parameters.
Heavy Metals in Sediment from Alvarado Lagoon System in Veracruz, MéxicoIJEAB
Heavy metals are one of the main sources of pollution in sediment in coastal lagoons in Mexico. The presence of metals in sediments of these aquatic bodies, are an indicator that allows us to know the environmental quality of ecosystems and the risk it poses to public health. This, due to consumption of aquatic organisms that have direct contact with the sediment when inhabiting the bottom of the lagoon system. The objective of this research was to determine the concentration of Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr and Co in the Alvarado lagoon complex in Veracruz, Mexico. Sediments of 41 sampling stations were analyzed. Sediment digestion for the analysis of heavy metals was carried out in a CEM Microwave Accelerated Reaction System, Model MARS 5®. The concentrations levels of the metals were analyzed by atomic absorption through flame spectrophotometry on a Thermo Cientific 3500 Model AA Ice System. The presence of the five metals were found in all 41 analyzed stations. The Co presented the maximum concentration with 9.53 μg g-1. Concentrations were within the limits established by international legislation with the exception of Cd. However, continuous analyzes should be carried out in this study area to ensure the environmental quality of sediments as a final deposit site for persistent organic pollutants. The above as a result of different productive activities that impact this area of study.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A B S T R A C T
Urban stormwater lakes in cold regions are ice-covered for substantial parts of the winter. It has long been considered that the ice-covered period is the “dormant season,” during which ecological processes are inactive. However, little is known about this period due to the historical focus on the open-water season. Recent pioneering research on ice-covered natural lakes has suggested that some critical ecological processes play out on the ice. The objective of this study was to investigate the active processes in ice-covered stormwater lakes. Data collected during a two-year field measurement program at a stormwater lake located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada were analyzed. The lake was covered by ice from November to mid-April of the following year. The mean value of chlorophyll-a during the ice-covered period was 22.09% of the mean value for the open-water season, suggesting that primary productivity under ice can be important. Nitrogen and phosphorus were remarkably higher during the ice-covered period, while dissolved organic carbon showed little seasonal variation. Under ice-covered conditions, the total phosphorus was the major nutrient controlling the ratio of total nitrogen to total phosphorus, and a significant positive correlation existed between total phosphorus and chlorophyll-a when the ratio was smaller than 10. The results provide preliminary evidence of the critical nutrient processes in the Stormwater Lake during the ice-covered period.
Zooplanktonic Diversity and Trophic Status of Pashupatinath Pond in Relation ...IOSR Journals
Present investigation were carried out to physico chemical characterstics and trophic status of
Pashupatinath pond Mandsour (M.P.).water sample were collected seasonal basis for a period of December
2008 to September 2010 using plastic container .standard procedure were followed during collection
,preservation and analysis of water sample for various physicochemical and biological parameter .
The water quality is remained moderately alkaline PH (8.11) while electrical conductivity (0.2176 ms/cm), TDS
(187ppm) chloride (22.123ppm), Hardness(139.166ppm) and alkalinity (75.33ppm) show low mean value
.Average dissolve oxygen levels were at (7.771 ppm) ,while average nitrate and phosphate The water remained
modertly alkaline PH (7.95) while electrical conductance (0.2165ms/cm),TDS (153.66ppm)chloride (22.83ppm)
hardness (138.66ppm )and alkalinity (62.166 ppm) showed low mean values .Average dissolved oxygen level
were at (7.58 ppm ) while average nitrate and phosphate level were (0.2126ppm) and (0.5868 ppm) respectely
.On the basis of water quality parameter .Mirzapur dam was found to be oligotrophic. A low density of
Zooplankton were also observed during the study period
CORRELATION STUDIES ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETER AND PHYTOPLANKTON IN FRESH ...Journal For Research
The periodicity of phytoplankton with reference to Physico-chemical and Biological parameters was undertaken from June 2014 to May 2015 in Guthal lake of Mandya. 18 Physicochemical parameter and four groups of planktonic population have been correlated. Chlorophyceae and Cyanophyaceae are controlled by total acidity and Cyanophyceae. Bacillariophyceae are dependent on Magnesium. Total dissolved solids, BOD and Phosphate has maximum role in controlling their growth. Euglenophyceae and Cyanophyceae are regulated by a wide variety of physico-chemical factors of total hardness, total solids, phosphate and BOD. The diversity of phytoplankton is important in understanding the distribution of planktonic algae in fresh water lake.
Effect of Temperature on Stream Fish Energetics and Tolerance to Increasing U...Marylou Moore
ABSTRACT
Urban development threatens stream systems throughout the world and has been shown to correspond with predictable changes in fish assemblage attributes. These shifts in fish communities suggests that there may be species specific differences in tolerance to altered environmental conditions related to urbanization. Over the last three decades, a great amount of literature has focused on the development of community-level metrics for assessing biotic integrity of fishes within flowing waters. While these efforts have spawned a great deal of information on community and guild-level responses by stream fishes, it is unknown how individual species’ evolutionary adaptation and physiological acclimation correspond to their ability to tolerate drastic environmental change. This study investigated temperature-dependent responses of metabolism and thermal sensitivity in redbreast sunfish (Lepomis auritus) collected from sites representative of the lowest and highest degree of urban land use throughout the Etowah Watershed, Georgia. Standard metabolic rate (SMR) was shown to be significantly lower in fish drawn from the urban stream at both experimental temperatures (20 °C and 25 °C). Additionally, the urban population had a significantly higher metabolic scope at 25 °C than the non-urban population. These findings support the hypothesis that intraspecific differences in thermal tolerance may exist at localized scales within a small watershed. This study also provides the first known reports of the metabolic rate and aerobic scope of L. auritus.
Effect of water parameters on temporal distribution and abundance of zooplank...AbdullaAlAsif1
Seasonal abundance of zooplankton in relation to different physico-chemical conditions of Kaptai lake has been studied. A total of four major groups of zooplankton were identified from study area of Kaptai lake during three seasons observation at pre-monsoon, monsoon and Post-monsoon. These four groups were categorized into rotifers, copepods, cladocerans and others (fish larvae, shrimp larvae, insects, mosquito larvae etc.). The mean abundance of group rotifers, copepods, cladoceras and others were 103, 84.67, 38.33 and 41.83 ind. L-1 respectively. The highest group was rotifers in terms of abundance and composition where compositions were recorded 38 % at three season's observation. The lowest group was cladoceras in term of abundance and composition where compositions were recorded 14 %. The air temperature, water temperature, transparency, water pH, DO, BOD5, PO 4-P, NO 2-N, SiO 3-Si, TSS, TDS, Alkalinity ranged between 21 and 27.5C, 23.5 and 31.5C, 0.8 and 3 m, 7.1 and 7.5, 5.72 and 8.58 mg/l, 8.55 and 12.87 mg/l, 3.22 and 4.13 µg/l, 0.992 and 1.19 µg/l, 161.18 and 201.15 µg/l, 0.28 and 0.48 g/l, 0.18 and 0.68 g/l, 40 and 60 ppm, respectively. Margalef richness index (d), Pielou's evenness index (J'), Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'), Simpson dominance index (λ) are analyzed by Primer V6 software to quantify the collected species. Through same software SIMPER, Cluster analysis also done to compare similarity between season.
Ecology and feeding behavior of Sanguinolaria acuminata (Reeve, 1857) (Bival...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Seasonal Variations and Diversity of Marine Diatoms of Jegathapattinam and Ka...IJSRD
The present study entitled on Seasonal variations and diversity of plantonic marine diatoms of Jegathapattinam (Lat. 09º 95 N: Long. 79º 18 E) and Kattumavadi (Lat. 10º 13 N; Long.79º 22 E) South East Coast of India was carried out for a period of one year (from June 2011 to May2012).The study focuses attention on the survey, systematics of marine diatom diversity and the influence of physico-chemical factors on their seasonal distribution. A total of 52 species belonging to 38 genera of marine diatoms were recorded from both stations. The most common genera were Actinocyclus, Amphora, Bacteriastrum, Biddulphia, Chaetoceros, Coscinodiscus, Cyclotella, Diploneis, Gyrosigma, Licmophora, Melosira, Navicula, Nitzschia, Pleurosigma and Tropidoneis were present in the two stations. Higher values of diatom population density were found during summer at both stations. The seasonal distribution and abundance are discussed in relation to physico- chemical parameters.
Heavy Metals in Sediment from Alvarado Lagoon System in Veracruz, MéxicoIJEAB
Heavy metals are one of the main sources of pollution in sediment in coastal lagoons in Mexico. The presence of metals in sediments of these aquatic bodies, are an indicator that allows us to know the environmental quality of ecosystems and the risk it poses to public health. This, due to consumption of aquatic organisms that have direct contact with the sediment when inhabiting the bottom of the lagoon system. The objective of this research was to determine the concentration of Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr and Co in the Alvarado lagoon complex in Veracruz, Mexico. Sediments of 41 sampling stations were analyzed. Sediment digestion for the analysis of heavy metals was carried out in a CEM Microwave Accelerated Reaction System, Model MARS 5®. The concentrations levels of the metals were analyzed by atomic absorption through flame spectrophotometry on a Thermo Cientific 3500 Model AA Ice System. The presence of the five metals were found in all 41 analyzed stations. The Co presented the maximum concentration with 9.53 μg g-1. Concentrations were within the limits established by international legislation with the exception of Cd. However, continuous analyzes should be carried out in this study area to ensure the environmental quality of sediments as a final deposit site for persistent organic pollutants. The above as a result of different productive activities that impact this area of study.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A B S T R A C T
Urban stormwater lakes in cold regions are ice-covered for substantial parts of the winter. It has long been considered that the ice-covered period is the “dormant season,” during which ecological processes are inactive. However, little is known about this period due to the historical focus on the open-water season. Recent pioneering research on ice-covered natural lakes has suggested that some critical ecological processes play out on the ice. The objective of this study was to investigate the active processes in ice-covered stormwater lakes. Data collected during a two-year field measurement program at a stormwater lake located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada were analyzed. The lake was covered by ice from November to mid-April of the following year. The mean value of chlorophyll-a during the ice-covered period was 22.09% of the mean value for the open-water season, suggesting that primary productivity under ice can be important. Nitrogen and phosphorus were remarkably higher during the ice-covered period, while dissolved organic carbon showed little seasonal variation. Under ice-covered conditions, the total phosphorus was the major nutrient controlling the ratio of total nitrogen to total phosphorus, and a significant positive correlation existed between total phosphorus and chlorophyll-a when the ratio was smaller than 10. The results provide preliminary evidence of the critical nutrient processes in the Stormwater Lake during the ice-covered period.
Zooplanktonic Diversity and Trophic Status of Pashupatinath Pond in Relation ...IOSR Journals
Present investigation were carried out to physico chemical characterstics and trophic status of
Pashupatinath pond Mandsour (M.P.).water sample were collected seasonal basis for a period of December
2008 to September 2010 using plastic container .standard procedure were followed during collection
,preservation and analysis of water sample for various physicochemical and biological parameter .
The water quality is remained moderately alkaline PH (8.11) while electrical conductivity (0.2176 ms/cm), TDS
(187ppm) chloride (22.123ppm), Hardness(139.166ppm) and alkalinity (75.33ppm) show low mean value
.Average dissolve oxygen levels were at (7.771 ppm) ,while average nitrate and phosphate The water remained
modertly alkaline PH (7.95) while electrical conductance (0.2165ms/cm),TDS (153.66ppm)chloride (22.83ppm)
hardness (138.66ppm )and alkalinity (62.166 ppm) showed low mean values .Average dissolved oxygen level
were at (7.58 ppm ) while average nitrate and phosphate level were (0.2126ppm) and (0.5868 ppm) respectely
.On the basis of water quality parameter .Mirzapur dam was found to be oligotrophic. A low density of
Zooplankton were also observed during the study period
CORRELATION STUDIES ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETER AND PHYTOPLANKTON IN FRESH ...Journal For Research
The periodicity of phytoplankton with reference to Physico-chemical and Biological parameters was undertaken from June 2014 to May 2015 in Guthal lake of Mandya. 18 Physicochemical parameter and four groups of planktonic population have been correlated. Chlorophyceae and Cyanophyaceae are controlled by total acidity and Cyanophyceae. Bacillariophyceae are dependent on Magnesium. Total dissolved solids, BOD and Phosphate has maximum role in controlling their growth. Euglenophyceae and Cyanophyceae are regulated by a wide variety of physico-chemical factors of total hardness, total solids, phosphate and BOD. The diversity of phytoplankton is important in understanding the distribution of planktonic algae in fresh water lake.
Effect of Temperature on Stream Fish Energetics and Tolerance to Increasing U...Marylou Moore
ABSTRACT
Urban development threatens stream systems throughout the world and has been shown to correspond with predictable changes in fish assemblage attributes. These shifts in fish communities suggests that there may be species specific differences in tolerance to altered environmental conditions related to urbanization. Over the last three decades, a great amount of literature has focused on the development of community-level metrics for assessing biotic integrity of fishes within flowing waters. While these efforts have spawned a great deal of information on community and guild-level responses by stream fishes, it is unknown how individual species’ evolutionary adaptation and physiological acclimation correspond to their ability to tolerate drastic environmental change. This study investigated temperature-dependent responses of metabolism and thermal sensitivity in redbreast sunfish (Lepomis auritus) collected from sites representative of the lowest and highest degree of urban land use throughout the Etowah Watershed, Georgia. Standard metabolic rate (SMR) was shown to be significantly lower in fish drawn from the urban stream at both experimental temperatures (20 °C and 25 °C). Additionally, the urban population had a significantly higher metabolic scope at 25 °C than the non-urban population. These findings support the hypothesis that intraspecific differences in thermal tolerance may exist at localized scales within a small watershed. This study also provides the first known reports of the metabolic rate and aerobic scope of L. auritus.
Effect of Temperature on Stream Fish Energetics and Tolerance to Increasing U...
Similar to Studies on Seasonal Variations of Total Glycogen, Protein and Lipids in Estuarine Clam, Meretrix Meretrix Linnaeus after Chronic Exposure to Cadmium Chloride
Effect of water parameters on temporal distribution and abundance of zooplank...AbdullaAlAsif1
Seasonal abundance of zooplankton in relation to different physico-chemical conditions of Kaptai lake has been studied. A total of four major groups of zooplankton were identified from study area of Kaptai lake during three seasons observation at pre-monsoon, monsoon and Post-monsoon. These four groups were categorized into rotifers, copepods, cladocerans and others (fish larvae, shrimp larvae, insects, mosquito larvae etc.). The mean abundance of group rotifers, copepods, cladoceras and others were 103, 84.67, 38.33 and 41.83 ind. L-1 respectively. The highest group was rotifers in terms of abundance and composition where compositions were recorded 38 % at three season's observation. The lowest group was cladoceras in term of abundance and composition where compositions were recorded 14 %. The air temperature, water temperature, transparency, water pH, DO, BOD5, PO 4-P, NO 2-N, SiO 3-Si, TSS, TDS, Alkalinity ranged between 21 and 27.5C, 23.5 and 31.5C, 0.8 and 3 m, 7.1 and 7.5, 5.72 and 8.58 mg/l, 8.55 and 12.87 mg/l, 3.22 and 4.13 µg/l, 0.992 and 1.19 µg/l, 161.18 and 201.15 µg/l, 0.28 and 0.48 g/l, 0.18 and 0.68 g/l, 40 and 60 ppm, respectively. Margalef richness index (d), Pielou's evenness index (J'), Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'), Simpson dominance index (λ) are analyzed by Primer V6 software to quantify the collected species. Through same software SIMPER, Cluster analysis also done to compare similarity between season.
Ecology and feeding behavior of Sanguinolaria acuminata (Reeve, 1857) (Bival...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Utilization of Multiple Habitat Sampling Protocol for Macroinvertebrates as Indicators of Water
Quality in Stream Ecosystem in Lawis,
Buruun, Iligan City
Study of Physicochemical Properties of Freshwater Body Located at Madhepura D...ijtsrd
In order to better understand the current situation and plan for its future use, the current research examines the seasonal fluctuations in some significant physico chemical parameters and biological investigations of the three rural ponds in Madhepura, Bihar. The data gathered during different seasons summer, winter, and rainy study showed that the studied parameters were within acceptable limits for fish culture and the stocking should be done in accordance with the productivity of the water. Yet, a statistical examination of the data shows that the physicochemical characteristics of certain ponds were responsible for significant environmental benefits. Our study emphasizes the importance of community involvement and effluent disposal education. Our investigation of the ponds BOD shows that they are somewhat polluted, which has to be fixed in the future for higher productivity. Md Manjoor Alam | Manoj Narayan Bhagat | Arun Kumar "Study of Physicochemical Properties of Freshwater Body Located at Madhepura District of Bihar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd55044.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/biological-science/ecology/55044/study-of-physicochemical-properties-of-freshwater-body-located-at-madhepura-district-of-bihar/md-manjoor-alam
Seasonal Histopathological Changes in Gill Structure of Orecohromis niloticus...iosrjce
This study was carried out to identify the histopathological changes taking place in gill structure of
cichlids; Orecohromis niloticus collected from three different fishing areas namely, Ginka, Beshteir and Deshdy
in Manzalah Lake .This lake receives enormous quantities of industrial and agricultural wastes through
different sources of drainage water from Bahr el-Bakar, Hados, Ramses and El Sirew drains.Histopathological
observation showed hyperplasia, hypertrophy and fusion of lamellae, edema, telangiectasis and necrosis in gills
of O.niloticus in Ginka and Beshteir subjected to more wastes than in Deshdy relatively far from the inflow of
heavy polluted water.
Physico Chemical Parameter of River Ajnal at Harda M.P.ijtsrd
Rapid Industrialization and urbanization affect the natural system including water. Ajnal river is a small river of Harda M.P. . In the recent decade it was polluted and become a Nalla. Sample was collected from the River Ajnal at three different sites of town Harda in different season. Research work divides on three different season winter, summer and monsoon in the year 2018 to 2019 and analyzed the physicochemical parameters Temperature, transparency, pH, alkalinity, water hardness, DO, etc. average water quality of the river was observed during research work. Suraj Chhipa | Narendra Khore | Dr. Rashida Qureshi ""Physico-Chemical Parameter of River Ajnal at Harda (M.P.)"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29924.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/29924/physico-chemical-parameter-of-river-ajnal-at-harda-mp/suraj-chhipa
ABSTRACT- An attempt was made to study the increasing organic pollutants in the 'Syama Kunda', a holy water reservoir of religious importance in District Mathura, India. Various key physico-chemical parameters of water of the reservoir were tested over an entire year from January 2016 to December 2016. The populations of some test organisms were also noted from the same water samples. A correlation was tried to develop between the degree of pollution load and fluctuations in the population of the test organisms. It was found that the ‘Syama Kunda’ reservoir is grossly polluted. The level of pollution becomes the most severe in summers. The test organisms, especially Arcella and Paramecium spp. exhibited a severe negative trend with the rise in pollution load.
Key-words- Organic pollutants, Sewage, B.O.D, Coliform, Ammonia
Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve:
Profiling Mercury Distribution in the NERR by Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometery
Similar to Studies on Seasonal Variations of Total Glycogen, Protein and Lipids in Estuarine Clam, Meretrix Meretrix Linnaeus after Chronic Exposure to Cadmium Chloride (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Studies on Seasonal Variations of Total Glycogen, Protein and Lipids in Estuarine Clam, Meretrix Meretrix Linnaeus after Chronic Exposure to Cadmium Chloride
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD30908 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2020 Page 195
Spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer Model 3030.USA). Clams
of medium size measuring 4.0-4.8cms were selected for
experiment. These clams were exposed to predetermined
sub lethal concentrations of cadmiumchloride.Afterchronic
exposure, various tissues (gill, mantle, hepatopancreas, foot
and gonad of live clams were removed from the control and
experimental groups in different seasons. Pooled tissues
were weighed and dried in an oven at 100°C ( + 5°C) until a
constant weight was obtained. Oven dried tissue powder
was used for biochemical analyzed for total glycogen (De
Zwan and Zandee, 1972), proteins (Gornal et al, 1949) and
lipids (Barnes and Blackstock, 1973).
Result and discussion:
Literature survey revealed that, the independent variables
like tides, river discharge, density, differences between
water masses in the estuary caused by differencesinsalinity
and temperature makes estuarine hydronomics very
complex. Quasim,(1980) 12 reported that, magnitude of
variations in the environment depends on a large extent on
the time of the year and the place of the observation In the
present study it was decided to focus on few estuarine
parameters and unveil their probable relationship in
intensifying or decreasing toxicity of cadmium chloride. It
was observed that, average water temperature was
minimum in winter (25.7 0c). The maximum average water
temperature was recorded in summer (26.50c). Maximum
average salinity was recorded in summer (35.1). It was
30.36mg/l in winter. Minimum average salinity was
recorded in monsoon season (5.2mg/l).Inthepresentstudy,
it was observed that, salinity changes according to season.
Differences in seasonal variations in salinity were due
rainfall, heavy influx of fresh water and temperature, pH
fluctuations was observed in monsoon than summer and
winter. The average pH was 8.2, 7.1 and 8.3 in summer,
monsoon and winter respectively. The average dissolved
oxygen was 3.9, 5.6 and 4.7 ml/l in summer, monsoon and
winter respectively. During monsoon estuarine water
showed maximum saturation of oxygen (5.6ml/l). It was
minimum (3.9ml/l) in months of summer. Average pH
during summer, monsoon and winter was 8.2, 7.1 and 8.3
respectively. Variations in pH did not show significant
pattern, however, it was low in monsoon due to heavy influx
of fresh water. Similar observations were recorded by
Chandran and Ramamorthy (1984) 14 while studying
hydronomics of Vellar estuary. The average rainfall during
monsoon was 29.15mm. During winter scanty rainfall was
recorded. Summer received no rainfall. In tropical countries
rainfall is regular cyclic phenomenon. It brings profound
changes in hydronomics of the estuarine environment
(Quasim, 1980) 13. Heavy rainfall in monsoon reduced
salinity, water temperature, pH of estuarine water and
increases turbidity and oxygen saturation.Thehydronomics
of an estuary in general is very complex. It was decided to
analyze preexistence of cadmium before conductingchronic
static bioassay. It was observed that, during summer,
cadmium concentration in water wasbelowdetectablelevel.
In monsoon and winter average concentration of cadmium
was 0.005 and 0.001 µg/l respectively. Maximum
accumulation of cadmium was observed in monsoon.
Unfortunately data is not available stating cadmium
concentration in Bhatye estuary. At Ratnagiri, heavy rainfall
was recorded in monsoon (34.39 mm/day).Rainy freshets
brought heavy load of soil that impregnated with heavy
metals like cadmium. It resulted in increaseinconcentration
of cadmium in monsoon. It also showed rapid loss of
cadmium during summer and winter. Fowler and Oregioni
(1976) 15 suggested that seasonal maximum concentration
appeared in the spring was due to high water run-off which
increased the amount of available metals. Philips (1973) 16
proposed similar conclusion with zinc, cadmium, lead and
copper. In the present investigation concentration of
cadmium in estuarine water was considered while
quantifying sub lethal and lethal concentrations ofcadmium
chloride.
Table1. Cadmium chloride induced alterations in total glycogen content of M.meretrix after chronic exposure
(Results are expressed in mg/100mg. dry wt.basis).
TISSUE SEASON CONTROL CHRONIC GROUP
GILL
SUMMER
MONSOON
WINTER
6.872 + 0.071
4.045 + 0.106
8.121 + 0.046
6.039 + 0.052 (12.12)
5.455 + 0.081 (34.85)* *
6.247 + 0.162 (23.07)* * *
MANTLE
SUMMER
MONSOON
WINTER
14.785 + 0.089
15.410 + 0.025
15.202 + 0.096
19.367 + 0.229 (30.99)* * *
18.950 + 0.158 (22.97)* * *
19.792 + 0.624 (30.19)* * *
FOOT
SUMMER
MONSOON
WINTER
42.063 + 0.012
4.145 + 0.328
52.062 + 0.061
26.239 + 0.123 (37.61)
24.365 + 0.095 (44.80)* *
29.155 + 0.012 (43.99)* * *
GONAD
SUMMER
MONSOON
WINTER
38.802 + 0.920
29.969 + 1.041
32.015 + 1.134
31.091 + 1.024 (19.87)*
26.117 + 0.162 (12.85)
27.980 + 0.524 (12.60)
Values in parenthesis are percent change, ± =S.D. of five animals.
(*=p<0.05; **=p<0.01; ***=p<0.001).
The studies on biochemical changes enable to define the dose response relationship, threshold limit value, revercible and
irrevercible nature of pollutant effect. In the present study significant alterations in total glycogen, proteins and lipids were
observed both in control and chronic group of clams. In summer, the glycogen content in the control group showed ascending
order of gill< hepatopancreas< mantle< gonad< foot, with 6.872 + 0.071, 13.536 + 1.083, 14.785 + 0.089, 29.155 + 0.015,
38.802 + 0.920 mg/100 mg dry tissue respectively. In chronic group, glycogen content was present in increasing orderofgill<
hepatopancreas< mantle< foot< gonad, with 6.036 + 0.052, 12.286 + 0.864, 19.367 + 0.229,and31.091+1.024mg/100mgdry
tissue respectively. As compared to controls, there was 30.99% (p<0.001) increase in mantle, while 9.23 (P<0.05),
37.61(p<0.001) and 19.87% (P<0.05) significant decrease in hepatopancreas, foot and gonad respectively During monsoon,
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD30908 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2020 Page 196
control group showed glycogen content in ascending order of gill< hepatopancreas< mantle< gonad< foot, with4.045+0.106,
14.369 + 0.427, 15.410 + 0.025, 29.969 + 1.041, and 44.145 + 0.328 mg/100mg dry tissue respectively. In chronic group,
glycogen content was low in gill, followed by hepatopancreas, mantle, foot and gonad, with 5.455 + 0.081, 12.078 + 0.080,
18.950 + 0.158, 24.365 + 0.095 and 26.117 + 0.162 mg/100mg dry tissue respectively. Based on percent change, there was
34.85 (p<0.001) and 22.97 % (p<0.001) increase in gill and mantle, while 15.94 (P<0.05), 20.47 (p<0.001), 44.80%(p<0.001)
significant decrease in hepatopancreas and foot respectively. During winter, control group exhibited high glycogen contentin
gill, followed by hepatopancreas, mantle, gonad, foot, with 8.121 + 0046, 14.216 + 0.035, 37.485 + 1.050 and 52.062 + 0.061
mg/ 100mg dry tissue respectively. In chronic group, glycogen content was present in ascending order of gill<
hepatopancreas< mantle< gonad<foot, with 6.247 + 0.162, 17.662 + 0.0061,20.616+1.603,27.980+0.521and29.155+0.012
mg in 100mg dry tissue. As compared to control group, there was 24.24 and 30.19 % significant (p< 0.001) increase in
hepatopancreas and mantle while 23.07 and 43.99 % significant (p<0.001) decrease in gill, and foot respectively Clams from
control group showed less glycogen content in gills and high glycogen content in gonad and foot .Glycogen content was at its
peak during gametogenesis and it was low during the spawning period.Similarobservationswerenoted byNagbhushnamand
Talikhedkar (1977)17 in wedge clam, Danus cunaeutus. The result obtained are in good agreement with earlier workers
(Masumoto and Hibino,197318 ;Dhavale and Masurekar,198519 ;George and Mathews,199620) Clams those were subjected to
chronic sub lethal concentration showed increase in glycogen content in gill in monsoon, while hepatopancreas showed
significant increase during winter. Hepatopancreas and gills are more modifiedintheir biochemical compositionthanmuscles
and hence accumulate higher level of cadmium and to reduce toxicity they require more glycogen. Similar observation was
noted by Diaz Mayans et al (1986) 21. In rest of soft tissues there was significant decrease in glycogen content. Decline in
glycogen content was may be due to stress resulting in breakdownoftissueglycogentomeetenergydemandduetotoxicstress
of cadmium chloride.
Table 2: Cadmium chloride induced alterations in total protein content of M.meretrix after chronic exposure
(Results are expressed in mg/100mg. dry wt.basis).
TISSUE SEASON CONTROL CHRONIC GROUP
GILL
SUMMER
MONSOON
WINTER
10.620 + 1.013
12.206 + 0.077
10.376 + 0.520
11.427 + 0.907 (7.49)
16.524 + 0.012 (35.37)* *
16.600 + 0.039 (59.93)* * *
MANTLE
SUMMER
MONSOON
WINTER
20.400 + 1.047
21.025 + 0.093
23.552 + 0.034
17.942 + 0.213 (-12.04)* * *
20.102 + 1.054 (-4.39)*
20.763 + 0.615 (-11.84)* *
HEPATOPANCREAS
SUMMER
MONSOON
WINTER
6.526 + 1.022
7.102 + 0.316
7.230 + 1.069
7.902 + 0.091 (21.85)
10.022 + 0.097 (41.11)* *
7.500 + 0.016 (3.73)
FOOT
SUMMER
MONSOON
WINTER
25.059 + 0.085
27.500 + 0.104
27.560 + 0.458
21.709 + 0.007 (13.33)
22.406 + 0.025(18.52)* *
22.970 + 0.044 (16.65)* * *
GONAD
SUMMER
MONSOON
WINTER
27.521 + 0.015
23.746 + 0.705
24.854 + 1.802
21.164 + 0.033 (23.09)***
16.047 + 1.091 (32.42)**
20.803 + 0.196(16.29)
Values in parenthesis are percent change, ± =S.D. of five animals.
(*=p<0.05; **=p<0.01; ***=p<0.001)
Proteins play vital role in the spawning and other metabolic activities. Alteration in protein content after chronic exposure to
cadmium chloride are shown in Table 2. During summer, control group showed protein content in different organs, in
increasing order of hepatopancreas < gill< mantle< foot< gonad with 6.526 + 1.022, 10.620 + 1.013,20.400+1.047.8,25.059+
0.085 and Chronic (0.18 ppm) group, exhibited low protein content in hepatopancreas, followed by gill, mantle, gonads, foot;
with 7.902 + 0.091, 11.427 + 0.907, 17.942 + 0.051, 21.164 + 0.033 and 21.709 + 0.015 mg/ 100mg dry tissue in respective
organs. As compared to control group, there was 12.04, 23.09 and 13.33%significant (p<0.001)decreaseinmantle,gonadand
foot respectively .In monsoon, control group exhibited protein content in increasing order of, hepatopancreas< gill<mantle <
foot < gonad, with 7.102 + 0.316, 12.206 + 0.077, 21.025 + 0.093, 23.746 + 0.705 and 38.640 + 0.070mg proteins in 100mgdry
tissue respectively. Chronic (0.20 ppm) group, showed protein content in the ascending order of hepatopancreas < gill<
mantle< gonad< foot, with 10.022 + 0.097, 16.047 + 1.091, 19.944 + 0.074, 20.102 + 1.054 and 22.406 + 0.025mg/100mgdry
tissue in respective organs. As compared to control, there was 41.11 (p<0.01), 35.37% (p<0.001) increase in hepatopancreas
and gill and 32.42 (p<0.01), 18.52% (p<0.001) increase in gonad and foot respectively. During winter,control group exhibited
protein content in ascending order of hepatopancreas < gill< mantle< female gonad< foot, with 7.230 + 1.069, 10.376 + 0.520,
23.552 + 0.034, 24.854 + 1.802, 27.560 + 0.458mg proteins in 100mg dry tissue respectively. Chronic (0.21 ppm) ground,
showed proteins in ascending order of hepatopancreass< gill< mantle< female gonad< foot, exhibiting7.500+0.016,16.600+
0.039, 003, 20.763 + 0.615, 20.803 + 0.196, 22.970 + 0.044mg proteins in drytissue.Ascomparedtocontrol,there was59.98%
significant (p<0.001) increase in gill, while 11.84 (p<0.01),and16.65%(p<0.01)decreaseinproteincontentinmantleandfoot
respectively. Clams from control group showed marked variations which were attributed to season. During winter protein
content was better in most of the soft tissues. It may be due to abundanceoffoodmaterial,increasedshell valveopeningperiod
and less energy expenditure. Protein content was low in summer and monsoon. It may be due to utilization of proteins for
spawning Mane,U.H et al (1987)22 observed that spawning period of K.opima and M. meretrix from Kalbadevi estuary was in
months of monsoon and summer. Durve and Bal (1961) 23 analyzed Crossostrea gryphoides and reported that low protein
4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD30908 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2020 Page 197
values coinsides with spawning season. Clams from chronic group showedsignificantdepletionduringthreedifferentseasons.
Marked depletion was observed in gonad and foot, while gill and hepatopancreas showed considerable elevation in protein
level. It may be due to mobilization of proteins from depositories and conversioninto glycogen.Gillsandhepatopancreaswere
primary target organs for cadmium chloride stress. Thesetissuesandorgansmighthaveutilizedanddemandedmoreglycogen
to reduce cadmium chloride stress.
Table 3: Cadmium chloride induced alterations in total lipid content of M.meretrix after chronic exposure (Results
are expressed in mg/100mg. dry wt. basis).
TISSUE SEASON CONTROL CHRONIC GROUP
GILL
SUMMER
MONSOON
WINTER
5.500 + 1.008
6.102 + 0.065
6.795 + 0.092
4.330 + 0.203 (21.27)
5.702 + 0.041 (6.55)* *
5.967 + 0.396 (12.18)* * *
MANTLE
SUMMER
MONSOON
WINTER
5.187 + 0.086
4.715 + 1.013
4.870 + 0.318
3.124 + 0.008 (39.77)* * *
4.225 + 0.013 (10.39)* * *
4.020 + 0.015 (17.45)* * *
HEPATOPANCREAS
SUMMER
MONSOON
WINTER
5.127 + 0.205
6.080 + 0.516
4.970 + 1.061
4.925 + 0.142 (3.93)*
4.204 + 0.057 (30.85)*
3.551 + 0.016 (28.55)* * *
FOOT
SUMMER
MONSOON
WINTER
42.063 + 0.012
44.145 + 0.328
52.062 + 0.061
26.239 + 0.123 (37.61)
24.365 + 0.095 (44.80)* *
29.155 + 0.012 (43.99)* * *
GONAD
SUMMER
MONSOON
WINTER
38.802 + 0.920
29.969 + 1.041
32.015 + 1.134
31.091 + 1.024 (19.87)*
26.117 + 0.162 (12.85)
27.980 + 0.524 (12.60)
Values in parenthesis are percent change, ± =S.D. of five animals.
(*=p<0.05; **=p<0.01; ***=p<0.001).
Alterations in lipid content after chronic exposuretocadmiumareshownin Table3.In summer,control groupofclamsshowed
variations in lipid content in different organs in ascending order of hepatopancreas< mantle< gill< gonad< foot, with 5.127 +
0.205, 5.187 + 0.086, 5.500 + 1.008 and 9.946 + 0.509 mg/ 100mg dry tissue respectively. Chronic (1.18 ppm)groupexhibited
lipid content with increasing trend of mantle, gill, hepatopancreas,gonad,foot,with3.124+0.008,4.330+0.203,4.925+0.142,
5.210 + 0.081, and 7.630 + 0.091 mg/ 100mg dry tissue respectively.Ascomparedtocontrol group,therewas39.77(p<0.001),
21.27, 3.93, 36.15 (p<0.001), and 23.28% (p<0.01) decrease inrespectiveorgans.Duringmonsoon,control groupshowedlipid
content in ascending order of mantle, followed by hepatopancreas, gill, gonad, foot, with 4.715 + 1.013, 6.080 + 0.516, 6.102 +
0.065, 7.020 + 0.816, and 10.421 + 0.012 mg lipids in 100mgdryweight respectively.Chronicgroup(0.20ppm)exhibitedlipids
in increasing order if hepatopancreas <mantle< gill< gonad< foot, with 4.204 + 0.057, 4.225 + 0.013, 5.702 + 0.041, 6.820 +
0.105, and 9.400 + 1.091 mg/100mg dry tissue respectively. As compared to control group,there wasconsiderable decreasein
lipid content of all organs, but decrease was significant in gill only. During winter, control group, showed lipid content, in
increasing order of mantle< hepatopancreas< gill< gonad < foot. The lipid content was 4.870 + 0.318, 4.970 + 1.061, 6.795 +
0.092, 8.205 + 0.032, and 12.072 + 0.076, mg in 100mg dry tissue respectively. In chronicgroup,(0.21ppm)thelipidcontentin
different organs was present in ascending order of hepatopancreas< mantle< gill< gonad< foot, with 3.551 + 0.016, 4.020 +
0.015, 5.967 + 0.392, 7.010 + 1.030.As compared to control group, there was 12.18 (p<0.001), 16.85 (p<0.01), and 25.22%
(p<0.001) decrease in lipid content in gill, gonad and foot respectively. In general, alterations in lipid content of chronicgroup
showed considerable depletion in all soft tissues, but depletion was significant (p<0.001) in hepatopancreas and mantle.
Hepatopancreas showed 30.85 and 28.55% decrease in monsoon and winter respectively. During summer, mantle showed
(39.77%) considerable depletion than hepatopancreas. Ansari (1983)24 reported copper induced decrease in lipid content of
Crossostrea punctatus .The decrease in lipid content of clams from chronic sub lethal exposure of cadmium chloride is in good
agreement with observations of few workers.( Jana and Bandopadhya,198725; Builter and Wilson, 1998)26.
Conclusion:
The present study gives a detailed account of influence of
cadmium chloride stress and seasonal water parameters on
biochemical alterations in soft tissues like gill, mantle,
hepatopancreas, gonad and foot of M.meretrix.Alterationsin
glycogen, protein and lipids were attributed to various
factors like environmental stress, physiological status of
clams and concentration of cadmium chloride.Alterationsin
glycogen content in clams from control groupwasattributed
to seasonal water parameters and spawning season. In
chronic group of clams, there was significant increase in
glycogen content of gill and hepatopancreas, while in rest of
organs there was marked decrease during summer,
monsoon and winter. The significant increase in glycogen
content in gill and hepatopancreas indicated that these soft
tissues were prominent target organs for cadmium chloride
toxicity. In control group, protein content was better during
winter. It was attributed to favourable environmental
parameters and abundance of food. Clams from chronic
group showed significant elevation in gill and
hepatopancreas. It may be due to mobilization or induction
of new proteins to combat against cadmium stress. Lipid
content was better during winter andgametogenesis period,
Clams from chronic group showed significant decrease in
almost all soft tissues during summer, monsoon and winter.
Acknowledgement:TheauthorgratefullyacknowledgesDr.
D.V Muley, Ret. Professor, Dept. of Zoology andEx.Registrar,
Shivaji University Kolhapur for his consistent and valueable
guidance.
5. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD30908 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2020 Page 198
References
[1] Rao, K. S., P. V. Sreenivasan, P. Muthiah, R. Sreenivasan,
P. Nataranjan, M. E. Rajapandian, C. T. Rajam, R.
Thangavelu, D. Sundararajan and P. Poovannan,
(1996). Distribution and exploitation of oyster
resources along the southeast and southwest coasts of
India Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., 145:1-16.
[2] Nagabhushanam R. and P. M. Talikhedkar (1977):
Seasonal variations in proteins, fat and glycogen of the
wedge clam Donax cuneatus., 79:pp 19-37.
[3] Peter, G.Beninger and Albert Lucas (1984): Seasonal
variations in composition. Reproductive activity
andxperimental gross biochemical composition oftwo
species of adult clam reared in common habitat: Tapes
decusatus and Tapes phillipinarum. Journal of
Experimental Biology and EcologyVol
[4] Patil, S. S. and U. H. Mane (1997): Tissue biochemical
levels in different body parts of the bivalve mollusks,
Lamellidens marginalis exposed to mercury in w
phillipinarum.inter season. J. Aqua. Biol. (Vol 12) (1
and 2), 47-52.
[5] Tendulkar, S. P and B. G. Kulkarni(1998):Physiological
responses of a clam Gafrarium divaricatum(Gmelin)to
xylene, benzene and gear oil-WSF. Indian Journal of
Marine Sciences.27 (3-4)492-495.
[6] DeZwaan and D. I. Zandee (1972): Body distribution
and seasonal changes in glycogen content of the
common sea mussel, Mytilus edulis. Comp. Biochem.
Physiol. 43:53-55.
[7] Eaton, A. (1979). Observations on the geochemistry of
soluble copper, iron, nickel and zinc in the San
Francisco: Determination of
[8] Kumbhar Sanjay (2001). Cadmium induced toxicity to
the estuarine clams from Ratnagiri coast of
Maharashtra. PhD thesis submitted to Shivaji
University Kolhapur, pp. 312 – 319.
[9] De Zwane A and D. J Zandee, (1972), stimations
Methods of Biochemical Estimations Biochemical
Physiology.: 43A 58., pp-34-39
[10] A, G, Gornall (1949) Determination of proteins by
means of the biuret reaction’ Journal of Biological
Chemistry, Vol. 177(2), pp. 51-66.
[11] Barnes H and Blackstock, (1973).Estimationoflipidsin
marine animals detail investigation of sulphovaniline
method .J. of Marine Biol.Ecol.12 pp 103- 118.
[12] Quasim, S. Z. and R. Sengupta, (1980):Present status of
marine pollution in India. In management of
Environment. Ed. By B. Patel; J. Wiley Eastern limited,
Bomba, pp.310-318.
[13] Chandran, R. and K. Ramamoorthi, (1984) a:
Hydrobiological studies in the gradient zone of the
Vellar estuary. I.Physio-Chemical parameters
Mahasagar 17:69-77.
[14] Fowler B.A, D. A. Wolfe and W. F Hettler (1975).
Mercury and iron uptake by cytosome in mantle
epithelial cell of hog clam exposed to mercury J. fish
Res. Canada 32- pp 767- 1775.
[15] Philips D. J. H. (1973).The common mussel, Mytilus
eudilisas an indicator of pollution by Zinc, Cadmium,
Copper. Mar. Bio.38; pp 39-5
[16] Masumoto, S. and M. J. Hibino. Sci. Hiroshima Univ. A
2(1932)158
[17] Dhavale, D. M; V. B. Maurekar. (1985): Variationsinthe
glucose and glycogen content in the tissues of Scyalla
serrata (Forskal) under the influence of cadium
toxicity. Geobios13:139-142.
[18] George, Chinnama and P. T. Mathews (1996):
Biochemical and nutritional evaluationofyellowclams,
Journal of Fishery Technology.Vol.33(1). Pp-41-45.
[19] Diaz Mayans, J; A. Torreblanca;J. Del Ramo; A. Nunez
Cachaza. (1986): Oxygen uptake by excised gills of
Procamparus clarkia (Girard) from Albufera…..
[20] iochemical, U. H. (1975): The adaptation of the
estuarine clam, Katelysia Opima to the salinity
fluctuations. Rev. Di. Biol; 67(12):75
[21] Durve, V. and D. V. Bal(1998): Journal of Marine
Sciences, (3), 56-58
[22] Ansari, A. D, 1972. Distribution, growth and seasonal
changes and chemical composition of the bivalves.
J.Biol.Ecol.10 pp – 137-143.
[23] Jana, S. R; N. Bandopadhaya. (1987): Effect of heavy
metals on some biochemical parametersonfreshwater
fish, Channa punctactus. Environ. Ecol. 3:488-496
[24] Buitler, M. and P. Wilson (1998): The use of
psychological assessment techniques for determining
the relative activity rate of bivalve shellfish during
simulated depuration. Journal of Shellfish Research.
17(5) 1627-1631.
