Structures of Materials 2.ppt
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Materials are classified into four main categories based on their chemistry and atomic structure: metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites. Crystalline solids have atoms arranged in orderly, repeated patterns, unlike the random distribution in amorphous materials. Crystal structures are specified using unit cells, which are the smallest repeating units that define the entire crystal structure and atom positions within. There are seven crystal systems that classify crystal structures based on unit cell geometry.
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Crystals have orderly, repeating atomic patterns defined by a unit cell, whereas amorphous materials have disordered atomic distributions. Unit cells characterize crystal structures by their geometry and internal atom positions, and there are seven crystal systems classified by unit cell properties. Common metals form crystals with face-centered cubic, body-centered cubic, or hexagonal close-packed unit cell structures.
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The Building Blocks of Matter: Discovering the Structure and Properties of Atoms and Molecules in Class 9 Science Chapter 3.How will understanding Crystalline Structure affect material selecti.pdf
How will understanding Crystalline Structure affect material selection.write more as you can.
please dont copy & paste, write in your own words. thank you
Solution
The properties of materials mainly depends on the internal arrangement of the atoms on
molecules.In the selection of materials, the awarenessregarding differences and similarities
between materials is extremely important. Metals of a single type atom are named pure metals.
Metals in actual commercial use are almost
exclusively alloys, and not pure metals, since it is possible for the designer to realize an infinite
variety of
physical properties in the product by varying the metallic composition of the alloy. Alloys are
prepared
from mixed types of atoms. Alloys are classified as binary alloys, composed of two components,
as ternary
alloys, composed of three components or as multi component alloys. Most commercial alloys
are multicomponent. The composition of an alloy is described by giving the percentage (either
by weight or by atoms)
of each element in it.
The basic atomic arrangement or pattern is not apparent in the final component, e.g. a shaft or a
pulley
but the properties of the individual crystals within the metallic component, which are controlled
by the
atomic arrangement, are mainly responsible for their application in industry.
One can determine the strength of a piece of metal by its ability to withstand external loading.
The
structure of metal or alloy responds internally to the applied load by trying to counteract the
magnitude of
the applied load and thus tries to keep the constituent atoms in their ordered positions if however
the load
is higher than the force which holds the atoms in place, the metallic bond becomes ineffective
and atoms
in the metal are then forced into new displaced positions. The movement of atoms from their
original
positions in the metal is termed as slip. The ease with which atoms move or slip in a metal is an
indication
of hardness. We must note that the relative movement of atoms or slip within a material has a
direct bearing
on the mechanical properties of the material..
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the applied load and thus tries to keep the constituent atoms in their ordered positions if however
the load
is higher than the force which holds the atoms in place, the metallic bond becomes ineffective
and atoms
in the metal are then forced into new displaced positions. The movement of atoms from their
original
positions in the metal is termed as slip. The ease with which atoms move or slip in a metal is an
indication
of hardness. We must note that the relative movement of atoms or slip within a material has a
direct bearing
on the mechanical properties of the material..
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- 2. Materials classes On the basis of chemistry and atomic structure, materials are classified into: 1. metals (metallic elements), 2. ceramics (compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements), 3. polymers (compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic elements). 4. composites are composed of at least two different material types.
- 4. Fundamental Concepts 1. Atoms in crystalline solids are positioned in orderly and repeated patterns that are in contrast to the random and disordered atomic distribution found in noncrystalline or amorphous materials. 2. Crystal structures are specified in terms of parallelepiped unit cells, which are characterized by geometry and atom positions within. 1.3 Crystalline and non-crystalline structures
- 5. 3. Unit cell- small repeating entity of the atomic structure. The basic building block of the crystal structure. It defines the entire crystal structure with the atom positions within. 4. The concept of crystal system is used to classify crystal structures on the basis of unit cell geometry—that is, unit cell edge lengths and interaxial angles. There are seven crystal systems: cubic, tetragonal, hexagonal, orthorhombic, rhombohedral (trigonal), monoclinic, and triclinic.
- 6. • William D. Callister, David G. Rethwisch (2018) Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. 10th Edition. John Wiley and Sons Australia, Limited. • William D. Callister, David G. Rethwisch (2015) Materials Science and Engineering. 9th Edition. John Wiley and Sons Australia, Limited, • William D. Callister, David G. Rethwisch (2009) Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. 8th Edition. John Wiley and Sons Australia, Limited, References