String Theory History
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String theory began in the 1920s with Kaluza-Klein theory which proposed that electromagnetism can arise from gravity in a theory with four space dimensions. In the 1970s, string theory was developed as a way to describe the quantum mechanics of oscillating strings. Supersymmetry was introduced in the 1970s and holds the promise of resolving problems in particle theory. In the 1980s, breakthroughs showed string theory can incorporate supersymmetry and gravity, and it was accepted as a potential theory of quantum gravity. Further developments in the 1990s through dualities unified different versions of string theory and shed light on black hole thermodynamics.
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String Theory
This document provides an overview of string theory, including its basic properties, characteristics of strings, and levels of magnification. It discusses two actions - Nambu-Goto and Polyakov - used to describe how strings move through spacetime. Strings oscillate due to tension and kinetic energy, and these oscillations take on vibrational modes that determine the string's mass, spin, and charge. Different excitation modes allow strings to appear as different particles. String theory posits strings at the smallest measurable scale of around 10-33 cm. Worldsheets are used to depict the history and splitting/connecting of strings in spacetime. Theorists can construct different string theories based on whether strings are open or closed, and whether they include only bosons or
String Theory History
String theory began in the 1920s with Kaluza-Klein theory which proposed that electromagnetism can arise from gravity in a theory with four space dimensions. In the 1970s, string theory was developed as a way to describe the quantum mechanics of oscillating strings. Supersymmetry was introduced in the 1970s and holds the promise of resolving problems in particle theory. In the 1980s, string theory combined with supersymmetry yielded an equal number of fermions and bosons, showing it can be fully supersymmetric. Major advances in the 1990s included the duality revolution and using string theory to provide a microscopic explanation of black hole entropy.
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The unification of fundamental forces of nature into a single force occupied Einstein attention for much of his later life. Today thousand of physicist, on the cutting edge of physics is still trying to solve it. Albert Einstein spent his last two decades and during his last hr. he was trying to unify all the theories and laws of universe into a single theory so powerful that can describe all the laws and theories of the universe but Einstein ran out of time unfulfilling his dream, now almost a half century later his dream has become the holy grail of the modern physics we may achieve Einstein dream with a new and radical set of ideas called string theory but if this revolutionary theory is right we are in real quite a shock, String Theory says we may be living in a world where reality meets science fiction, a universe of eleven dimension with parallel universes right next to us i.e.an elegant universe composed entirely of the music of strings, but what would be if we combine Einstein general theory of relatively,Newtonian Mechanics Maxwellian Electromagnetism and quantum mechanics to produce a theory that can explain the cosmic background radiation then it would be really a blockbuster in the history of science.
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This document provides an overview of string theory, including its basic properties, characteristics of strings, and levels of magnification. It discusses two actions - Nambu-Goto and Polyakov - used to describe how strings move through spacetime. Strings oscillate due to tension and kinetic energy, and these oscillations take on vibrational modes that determine the string's mass, spin, and charge. Different excitation modes allow strings to appear as different particles. String theory posits strings at the smallest measurable scale of around 10-33 cm. Worldsheets are used to depict the history and splitting/connecting of strings in spacetime. Theorists can construct different string theories based on whether strings are open or closed, and whether they include only bosons or
String Theory History
String theory began in the 1920s with Kaluza-Klein theory which proposed that electromagnetism can arise from gravity in a theory with four space dimensions. In the 1970s, string theory was developed as a way to describe the quantum mechanics of oscillating strings. Supersymmetry was introduced in the 1970s and holds the promise of resolving problems in particle theory. In the 1980s, string theory combined with supersymmetry yielded an equal number of fermions and bosons, showing it can be fully supersymmetric. Major advances in the 1990s included the duality revolution and using string theory to provide a microscopic explanation of black hole entropy.
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The unification of fundamental forces of nature into a single force occupied Einstein attention for much of his later life. Today thousand of physicist, on the cutting edge of physics is still trying to solve it. Albert Einstein spent his last two decades and during his last hr. he was trying to unify all the theories and laws of universe into a single theory so powerful that can describe all the laws and theories of the universe but Einstein ran out of time unfulfilling his dream, now almost a half century later his dream has become the holy grail of the modern physics we may achieve Einstein dream with a new and radical set of ideas called string theory but if this revolutionary theory is right we are in real quite a shock, String Theory says we may be living in a world where reality meets science fiction, a universe of eleven dimension with parallel universes right next to us i.e.an elegant universe composed entirely of the music of strings, but what would be if we combine Einstein general theory of relatively,Newtonian Mechanics Maxwellian Electromagnetism and quantum mechanics to produce a theory that can explain the cosmic background radiation then it would be really a blockbuster in the history of science.
. I have seen that the weak force has ben successfully combined with electromagnetism so that they may be jointly viewed as aspects of a single electroweak force . theories that attempts to add the strong force to this combination-called grand unification theories (GUT) – are being persuade actively . This could be a theory that would seeks to complete the job by adding gravity – sometimes called theories of everything (TOE) .
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String theory and quests for unification of fundamental forces of nature
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OBC | String theory and quests for unification of fundamental forces of nature
OBC | String theory and quests for unification of fundamental forces of nature
The historical development of the concept of forces
The historical development of the concept of forces
Basic and fundamental of quantum mechanics (Theory)
Basic and fundamental of quantum mechanics (Theory)
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An introduction of quantum physics in the field of homoeopathy medical science
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String Theory History
- 1. String Theory The History Source: The Official String Theory Website: www.superstringtheory.com
- 2. 1921 – Kaluza– Klein Theory Electromagnetism can be derived from gravity in a unified theory if there are four space dimensions instead of three, and the fourth is curled into a tiny circle. Kaluza and Klein made this discovery independently of each other.
- 3. 1970 – String Theory is Born! Three particle theorists independently realize that the dual theories developed in 1968 to describe the particle spectrum also describe the quantum mechanics of oscillating strings. This marks the official birth of string theory.
- 4. 1971 – Supersymmetry Supersymmetry is invented in two contexts at once: in ordinary particle field theory and as a consequence of introducing fermions into string theory. It holds the promise of resolving many problems in particle theory, but requires equal numbers of fermions and bosons, so it cannot be an exact symmetry of Nature.
- 5. 1974 - Gravitons String theory using closed strings fails to describe hadronic physics because the spin 2 excitation has zero mass. Oops, that makes it an ideal candidate for the missing theory of quantum gravity! This marks the advent of string theory as a proposed unified theory of all four observed forces in Nature.
- 6. 1976 - Supergravity Supersymmetry is added to gravity, making supergravity. This progress is especially important to string theory, where gravity can't be separated from the spectrum of excitations.
- 7. 1980 - Superstrings String theory plus supersymmetry yields an excitation spectrum that has equal numbers of fermions and bosons, showing that string theory can be made totally supersymmetric. The resulting objects are called superstrings.
- 8. 1984 – The Big Year This was the year for string theory! Deadly anomalies that threatened to make the theory senseless were discovered to cancel each other when the underlying symmetries in the theory belong two special groups. Finally string theory is accepted by the mainstream physics community as an actual candidate theory uniting quantum mechanics, particle physics and gravity.
- 9. 1991 – 1995 – The Duality Revolution Interesting work on stringy black holes in higher dimensions leads to a revolution in understanding how different versions of string theory are related through duality transformations. This unlocks a surge of progress towards a deeper nonperturbative picture of string theory
- 10. 1996 – Black Hole Entropy Using Einstein relativity and Hawking radiation, there were hints in the past that black holes have thermodynamic properties that need to be understood microscopically. A microscopic origin for black hole thermodynamics is finally achieved in string theory. String theory sheds amazing light on the entire perplexing subject of black hole quantum mechanics.