2. INTRODUCTION
Cancer is a group of more than 200 diseases
characterized by uncontrolled and unregulated
growth of cells.
Sir Rudolf Virchow, a German biologist and
politician, is generally credited with discovering
the first cancer cells.
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3. INCIDENCE
76 % of diagnosed patients are 55 years of all
age group.
5.1 % of total diseases and 12.5 % of deaths
around the world are related to cancer
3.3 % of disease burden and 9.9 % of deaths
occur in India.
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4. CONTD..
Nearly 6,70,000 people are expected to die due
to cancer in India by 2016
Cancer related to tobacco uptake is about 30%-
35% in men and 17 % in female
Cancer incidence in women is higher than men
in India.
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8. BIOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION
Two major dysfunctions present in the process of
cancer are:
1. Defective cellular proliferation
2. Defective cellular differentiation
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11. DEFECTIVE CELLULAR
PROLIFERATION
Normally Stem Cells are present as a group of
undifferentiated cells which mature and become
functional cells of that tissue.
Cell proliferation starts during cell cycle.
Cancer cells which grows in tissue culture,
loose their power of contact inhibition.
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12. CONTD..
Cancer cells divide indiscriminately and
haphazardly.
During defective cellular proliferation, the DNA
of the stem cell is substituted or permanently
rearranged.
Thus they get mutated.
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13. Due to cell mutation one of the following occurs:
1. Cell death either from damage or by
programmed cellular suicide (apoptosis)
2. Cell reorganizes the damage and repair itself
3. Mutated cell survives (Malignant) & passes the
damage to daughter cells
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16. DEFECTIVE CELLULAR
DIFFERENTIATION
It is an orderly process that progresses from a
stage of immaturity to a state of maturity.
Two types of normal genes that get affected by
mutation are:
Protooncogenes
Tumor suppressor genes.
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20. CLASSIFICATION OF CANCER
Tumors can be classified based on:
I. Anatomic site,
II. Histological grading,
III. Extent of disease.
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24. HISTOLOGICAL GRADING
Four grades are used to evaluate abnormal cells:
1. Grade I: Cells differ slightly from normal cells
2. Grade II: Cells are more abnormal and moderately
differentiated
3. Grade III: Cells are very abnormal and poorly
differentiated
4. Grade IV: Cells are immature and primitive and
undifferentiated (difficult to determine the cell of origin).
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25. EXTENT OF DISEASE
Clinical Staging:
Stage 0: Cancer in situ
Stage I: Tumor limited to the tissue of origin
Stage II: Limited local spread
Stage III: Extensive local and regional spread
Stage IV: Metastasis
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26. TNM CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
This classification is system is used to determine the
anatomic extend of the disease involvement according to
three parameters:
a) Tumor size and invasiveness
b) Presence or absence of regional spread to the lymph
node
c) Metastasis to distant organ sites
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27. TNM CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
Primary Tumor (T)
T0- No evidence of primary tumor
Tis- Carcinoma in situ
T1-4- Ascending degrees of increase in tumor
Tx- Tumor cannot be measured or found
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28. Regional Lymph Nodes:
N0- No evidence of disease in lymph nodes
N1-4- Ascending degrees of nodal involvement
Nx- Regional lymph nodes unable to be assessed
clinically
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29. Distant Metastasis:
Mo- No evidence of distant metastasis
M1-4- Ascending degrees of molecular involvement
of the host, including distant nodes
Mx- Cannot be determined
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30. 7 WARNING SIGNS OF CANCER
C hange in bowel or bladder habits
A sore that does not heal
U nusual bleeding or discharge from any body orifice
T hickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere
I ndigestion or difficulty in swallowing
O bvious change in a wart or mole
N agging cough or hoarseness
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