1) In 1972, a major conference on computer communication was held in Washington D.C. where researchers demonstrated early applications of packet switching and email over the ARPANET network. 2) This conference helped popularize the ideas of networked computers and sparked new interest in further developing what would become the Internet. 3) Key figures in attendance included Vint Cerf, a founder of the Internet, and researchers who developed early technologies like Ethernet and the TCP/IP protocols.

1. LA PIU’ GRANDE MACCHINA INVENTATA DALL’UOMO Internet: la storia di una idea semplice Italo losero

2. Conference of Computer Comunication 1972 Washington Hilton Hotel

3. coinvolti nella dimostrazione Vintorn Cerf (il padre di Internet) Jack Haverty (Oracle) Severo Ornstein Donald Davies (UK) Gesualdo Le Moli Ray Tomlinson (e-mail) Bob Metcalfe (Ethernet, 3COM)

4. Operation Research il dipartimento della difesa degli Stati Uniti per applicare la ricerca scientifica ai piani militari sviluppa gli OR per combattere l’unione sovietica e la red china > 1945

5. OR più importanti Center for Naval Analysys Franklin Institute, Filadelfia Army Operations Research Office John Hopkins University Air Force RAND con Douglas Aircraft Company, dal 1948 organizzazione no-profit Research and Developement ARPA Advanced Research Project Institute High-Tech C3: Command, Control & Communications 1947

6. October 4, 1957: Sputnik KOROLEV, SERGEI PAVLOVITCH (1906-1966)

7. NUCLEAR SURVIVABILITY

8. The Greenbrier … mineral springs health resort since early 1800s, it is the site of The Greenbrier, a historic hotel whose grounds conceal a formerly secret two-story underground bunker built (1958; decommissioned 1995) [encyclopedia.com]

10. viene immediatamente scartata la possibilità di usare la rete telefonica esistente, troppo vulnerabile agli attacchi il Pentagono chiede al RAND come si sarebbero effettuate le comunicazioni verso la nazione “ o, almeno, della parte rimanente della nazione ” NUCLEAR SURVIVABILITY

11. RAND: Paul Baran la soluzione è una rete che continua a comunicare dopo ogni danno in questo sistema there would be no obvious central command and control point, but all the surviving points would be able to reestabilish contact in the event of an attack at any point throught a “redoundance of connectivity”

12. la soluzione Baran il modo per creare una rete del genere fu più tardi chiamato packed switching al quale Paul Baran stava lavorando contemporaneamente in Inghilterra Donald Davies dei National Physical Laboratories stava lavorando indipendentemente allo stesso progetto, coniando il termine ‘packet’

13. coinvolgimento di ARPA ARPA risulta l’organismo più adatto a sviluppare queste tematiche Coinvolgeva la gran parte degli scienzati in progetti di ricerca ARPA in 1960s becam the patron of computer research, a Medici to the mathematical Michelangelos Diamond & Bates, The Ancient History of the Internet viene eletto JFK 1960

14. dissensi l’ambiente universitario, pur entusiasta sul tipo di ricerca, voleva dichiararsi indipendente dal complesso politico.economico del Pentagono il 95% dei coinvolti era contrario alla guerra nel Vietnam “ I like to believe that the purpose of the military is to support ARPA and the purpose of ARPA is to support research ” prima macchina fotocopiatrice (Xerox 914) - 1961 primo fax - 1966 prima gioco al computer (star wars) realizzato da studenti del MIT 1962 JFK assassinato 1963

16. gara d’appalto viene indetta una gara d’appalto per ricerche sul packet switching network IBM e AT&T non partecipano vince la gara d’appalto una ditta composta di tecnici provenienti da Cambridge e formatasi al MIT, la Bolt Beranek & Newman (BBN) 1969 The DOORS Light my fire

17. Bolt, Beranek & Newman

19. 1969 MOON LANDING

20. Interface Message Processor per realizzare il Packet Switching viene realizzato l’IMP basato su un Honeywell DDP 516 “ when they turned it on, it just start running” IMP computer linea telefonica

21. vengono coinvolte le realtà universitarie collaborano professori e laureandi IMP n°1 installation team

22. nascono le RFC Steve Crocker vuole rendere pubblico un documento sugli studi fatti osserva che il gruppo era costituito da soli studenti “ with no authority” non si può quindi ‘imporre’ un documento come se fosse uno standard inventa la formula RFC: please comment on this, and tell us what you think

23. labour day: IMP a UCLA September 2 [2004] is the 35th anniversary of the installation of the first node of the ARPANET at UCLA in the laboratory of Professor Leonard Kleinrock. Kleinrock was the principal investigator on the ARPANET Network Measurement Center project. Many of us involved in the development of the Internet were present when this first ARPANET node, called an Interface Message Processor or IMP, was installed. Developed by Bolt Beranek and Newman, the IMP was a packet switch (as distinct from traditional telephony circuit switches) [dal sito di Vintorn Cerf] 1969

24. ottobre: IMP a SRI 1969

25. novembre: IMP a UCSB 1969

26. dicembre: IMP a UTAH 1969

27. UCLA UCSB SRI 1969

28. utah UNIVERSITY OF UTAH AT SALT LAKE CITY 1969

29. I primi quattro nodi UCSB UCLA SRI UTAH 1969

30. 1971 The fastest backbone available to the nascent Internet over the ARPANET backbone was operating at 50,000 bits per second. vengono coinvolte alte università ed il MIT 19 nodi The applications running on the ARPANET were simply email, remote terminal access and file transfers

31. International Conference of Computer Comunication Washington, Hilton Hotel primo messaggio di e-mail da parte di roy Tomlinson via ARPAnet InterNetWorking Group fondato con a capo Vintorn Cerf 1972

32. The meeting at the Washington Hilton in 1972 was quite the most important and influential conference I have ever attended….I arrived at the Hilton Hotel early to see what was happening and met an extraordinary scene. On a podium was 'Terminal IMP' or TIP….joined to the existing ARPA network, surrounded by many terminal devices of all kinds....It was a complete turn-around, seemingly in one day, though in fact it was the enormous efforts of the ARPA team that achieved this demonstration and caused the revolutionary change in thinking about networks.…What happened in Washington was that people could now see these ideas in the form of practical achievements. They could get a glimpse of the intellectual impact that networks were destined to produce . (from Donald W. Davies "Early Thoughts on Computer Communications")