Media in the Online age

1. Media in the Online Age
History of the internet

2. Difference between internet and world wide web.
• The Internet is a massive network of networks, a networking infrastructure.
It connects millions of computers together globally, forming a network in
which any computer can communicate with any other computer as long as
they are both connected to the Internet.
• Whereas, The World Wide Web, or simply Web, is a way of accessing
information over the medium of the Internet. It is an information-sharing
model that is built on top of the Internet.

3. Brief History
• The first recorded description of the social interactions that could be enabled
through networking was a series of memos written by J.C.R. Licklider of MIT in
August 1962 discussing his "Galactic Network" concept. He envisioned a globally
interconnected set of computers through which everyone could quickly access data
and programs from any site. In spirit, the concept was very much like the Internet
of today. Licklider was the first head of the computer research program at
DARPA, starting in October 1962. While at DARPA he convinced his successors at
DARPA, Ivan Sutherland, Bob Taylor, and MIT researcher Lawrence G. Roberts, of
the importance of this networking concept.

4. • The original ARPANET grew into the Internet. Internet was based on the idea that
there would be multiple independent networks of rather arbitrary design, beginning
with the ARPANET as the pioneering packet switching network, but soon to
include packet satellite networks, ground-based packet radio networks and other
networks. The Internet as we now know it embodies a key underlying technical idea,
namely that of open architecture networking. In this approach, the choice of any
individual network technology was not dictated by a particular network architecture
but rather could be selected freely by a provider and made to interwork with the
other networks through a meta-level "Internetworking Architecture".

5. • A major shift occurred as a result of the increase in scale of the Internet and its
associated management issues. To make it easy for people to use the network, hosts
were assigned names, so that it was not necessary to remember the numeric
addresses. Originally, there were a fairly limited number of hosts, so it was feasible
to maintain a single table of all the hosts and their associated names and addresses.
The shift to having a large number of independently managed networks (e.g.,
LANs) meant that having a single table of hosts was no longer feasible, and the
Domain Name System (DNS) was invented by Paul Mockapetris of USC/ISI. The
DNS permitted a scalable distributed mechanism for resolving hierarchical host
names into an Internet address.

6. Related Questions.

7. Q. When the Internet started and by whom/what ?
• The initial idea is credited as being Leonard Kleinrock's after he published
his first paper entitled "Information Flow in Large Communication Nets" on
May 31, 1961.
• In 1962, J.C.R. Licklider became the first Director of IPTO and gave his
vision of a galactic network. In addition to ideas from Licklider and
Kleinrock, Robert Taylor helped create the idea of the network that later
became ARPANET.

8. Q. Who created Emailing ?
• In 1978, a 14-year-old named VA Shiva Ayyadurai developed a computer
program, which replicated the features of the interoffice, inter-organizational
paper mail system. He named his program “EMAIL”. Shiva filed an
application for copyright in his program and in 1982 the United States
Copyright Office issued a Certificate of Registration to him on the progress.

9. Q. When was spam born ?
• On May 3, 1978, the Internet witnessed a glorious and not particularly
welcome birth: The first ever spam email. Gary Thuerk, a marketer for the
Digital Equipment Corporation, blasted out his message to 400 of the 2600
people on Arpanet, the DARPA-funded so-called “first Internet.” Naturally:
He was selling something. (Computers, or more specifically, information
about open houses where people could check out the computers.) He
annoyed a lot of people. And he also had some success, with a few recipients
interested in what he was pushing. And thus, spam was born.

10. Q. What is MUD and USE NET ?
• MUD or Multi User Dungeons is a class of virtual reality experiments accessible via
the Internet. These are real-time chat forums with structure; they have multiple
'locations' like an adventure game, and may include combat, traps, puzzles, magic, a
simple economic system, and the capability for characters to build more structure
onto the database that represents the existing world.
• Usenet is a worldwide distributed Internet discussion system. It was developed from
the general purpose UUCP dial-up network architecture. Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis
conceived the idea in 1979 and it was established in 1980.

11. Q. What happened in 1988?
• 1988 was an important year in the early history of the Internet—it was the
year of the first well-known computer virus, the 1988 Internet worm. The
first officially sanctioned online commercial e-mail provider debuted as well.
A computer virus is a malware program that, when executed, replicates by
inserting copies of itself into other computer programs, data files, or
the boot sector of the hard drive; when this replication succeeds, the affected
areas are then said to be "infected".

12. Q. What was launched in 1989 ?
• Galileo was an unmanned NASA spacecraft which studied the planet
Jupiter and its moons, as well as several other solar system bodies. Named
after the astronomer Galileo Galilei, it consisted of an orbiter and entry
probe. It was launched on October 18, 1989, carried by Space
Shuttle Atlantis, on the STS-34 mission. Galileo arrived at Jupiter on
December 7, 1995, after gravitational assist flybys of Venus and Earth, and
became the first spacecraft to orbit Jupiter. It launched the first probe into
Jupiter, directly measuring its atmosphere.

13. Q. When was the first webpage created ?
• Sir Timothy John "Tim" Berners-Lee, born 8 June 1955, also known as
"TimBL", is an English computer scientist, best known as the inventor of
the World Wide Web. He made a proposal for an information management
system in March 1989, and he implemented the first successful
communication between a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)client and
server via the Internet sometime around mid November of that same year.

14. Q. Why was 1995 significant for internet users ?
There are a lot of things that happened in 1995.
• Netscape introduced JavaScript.
• Netscape Navigator completely dominated the web browser market.
• Microsoft launched Internet Explorer 1.
• Microsoft released Windows 95. Most people were using Win 3.1 or 3.11 at the time.
• Sun announced Java.
• Intel released their 133 MHz Pentium processor, and the Pentium Pro processor (running up to a mighty 200 MHz).
• Sony launched the first Playstation.
• Linus Torvalds released version 1.2.0 of the Linux kernel (a.k.a. Linux 95).
• And sadly enough: The final original strip of Calvin & Hobbes was published.

15. Q. When did Google go live ?
• Google began in March 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey
Brin, Ph.D. students at Stanford University.
• In search of a dissertation theme, Page had been considering—among other
things—exploring the mathematical properties of the World Wide Web,
understanding its link structure as a huge graph. His supervisor, Terry
Winograd, encouraged him to pick this idea (which Page later recalled as "the
best advice I ever got") and Page focused on the problem of finding out
which web pages link to a given page.

16. Q. When was Wikipedia launched ?
• The Wikipedia was launched on Monday 15 January 2001 by Jimmy
Wales and Larry Sanger; however, its technological and conceptual
underpinnings predate this. The earliest known proposal for an online
encyclopedia was made by Rick Gates in 1993, but the concept of a free-as-in-
freedom online encyclopedia was proposed by Richard Stallman in
December 2000.