Project in computer 3 eman

THE HISTORY
OF
THE INTERNET

The History of the Internet
Internet Timeline 1837
 Samuel Morse Invents
The Telegraph
 In 1837, Samuel Morse
invented the original
telegraph transmitter
and receiver. This
invention was the
foundation which led to
the information age as
we know it today.

 The First Trans-Atlantic
Cable Attempt
 In 1858, the Atlantic cable
was established to carry
instantaneous Atlantic Cable Sample
communications across the
ocean for the first time.
Although the laying of this
first cable was seen as a
landmark event, it only
remained in service a few
days.

 The Next Trans-Atlantic Cable Is
A Success
On the next attempt, cables Atlantic Cable Buoys
which were laid in 1866 were a
complete success. This event, in
its time, would compare to
events like the moon landing of
a century later. The cable of 1866
remained in service for the next
100 years.

Cable buoys were used to mark the
location of cables. The largest of the
buoys used on the Atlantic telegraph
cable of 1865-66 could carry a cable
weight of 20 tons.

 Alexander Graham Bell
Invents the Telephone
 The concept of
communicating voice over
large distances was the
foundation for the
backbone of Internet
connections today. Many
of the same principles that
defined the phone system
were later adapted to
create the first data
networks.
Alexander Graham Bell

 The Concept of HyperText is
Conceived
 Vannevar Bush was an electrical
engineer at MIT and an influential
science adviser to President
Roosevelt and the federal
government during and after
World War II. Bush was the
originator of the concept of
hypertext. In 1945, Bush proposed
MEMEX, a conceptual machine
that could store vast amounts of
information. Users had the ability
to create information trails, links
of related texts and illustrations,
which could be stored and used Vannevar Bush (1908-1974)
for future reference.

Year 1950
 The first portable, personal, digital computer is
invented by Edmund C. Berkeley. It’s called Simon. As
you know, the digital computer becomes an essential
part of using the Internet. (The first mechanical
computer was invented much earlier: in the 1800s,
with the first working model being rolled out in
1876.)

 Sputnik Launches ARPA
 USSR launched Sputnik, the first
artificial Earth satellite. In response,
President Dwight Eisenhower
created the Advanced Research
Projects Agency (ARPA) within the
Department of Defense to establish
a US lead in science and technology
applicable to the military.
 Sputnik 1, launched on Oct. 4, 1957,
became the first artificial satellite to
successfully orbit the Earth. It was a
metallic sphere about 2 feet across,
weighing 184 lbs (84 kg), with long
"whiskers" pointing to one side, and
stayed in orbit for 6 months before
falling back to Earth. Its rocket
booster, weighing 4 tons, also
reached orbit and was easily visible
from the ground.

 Ted H. Nelson Coins "hypertext"
and "hypermedia"
 Ted H. Nelson is the inventor of
many common ideas related to
hypertext, including the words
"hypertext" and "hypermedia."
Nelson defined hypertext as "a
body of written or pictorial
material interconnected in
[such] a complex way that it
could not be conveniently
represented on paper." The
principle of hypertext is to
associate information through
"links" into a coherent
organization. Ted H. Nelson

 Packet-Switching Theory
Is Created
 Leonard Kleinrock of
MIT wrote "Information
Flow in Large
Communication Nets."
This was the first paper
on packet-switching (PS)
theory, the foundation of
how all data is packaged
on the Internet today.

 Mouse inventor Douglas Englebart writes a paper titled “Augmenting
Human Intellect : A Conceptual Framework” about networking
information.
 JCR Licklider writes a series of memos envisioning a global system of
interconnected computers whileDonald Davies, Paul Baran, and others
theorize packet-switched networks. Together they create
ArpaNet which is the precursor to the Internet. The first nodes are
established at UCLA, the Stanford Research Center at UCSB, and UofU.
 Me 1.0 is launched by my mother, though this has nothing to do with
the web at this point. Me version 44.3 is in use today and remains fairly
reliable.

 Douglas Englebart tries
to turn his theories into
reality with the first
successful
implementation of
hypertext. By 1968, he’s
ready to present it to the
world.

Douglas Englebart

 A Network That Could
Withstand A Nuclear Bomb
 In 1964, the RAND
Corporation sought to design
a communications network
that could link cities, states,
and military bases and
withstand an atomic bomb.
Paul Baran of RAND put
forth a proposal entitled “On
Distributed Communication
Networks." This new network
would have no central
authority and was thus
designed from the beginning
to be more fail-proof.

 NPL Tests The First Packet-
Switching Network
 ARPA was renamed to DARPA
to reflect its sponsorship by the
Department of Defense. The
National Physical Laboratory
(NPL), in England created the
NPL network to experiment
with packet switching using
768Kbps (Kilobits per second)
lines. Later that year the first
meeting of the three
independent packet network
teams (RAND, NPL, ARPA)
was held.

 ARPANET Is Proposed and
Contracted Out
 In 1968 DARPA sent out a Request
for Proposals for a network project
called ARPANET. The project was
awarded in three parts:

1. UCLA was awarded a contract to
create a Network Measurement
Center.
2. Bolt, Beranek and Newman, Inc.
(BBN) was awarded the packet
switching contract to build
Interface Message Processors
(IMP).
3. Network Working Group (NWG)
had the task of developing
protocols to communicate over
the ARPANET.

 The 50Kbps ARPANET Is Tested
With 4 Nodes
 ARPANET was configured with
four IMP network nodes
running at 50Kbps connecting
four universities using the
Network Control Protocol (NCP)
to transfer data. This allowed
communications between hosts
running on the same network.
The first packets sent by Charley
Kline at UCLA as he tried UCLA - Univ. of Calif. at Los Angeles
logging on, resulted in the UCSB - Univ. of Calif. at Santa Barbara
system crashing as the letter G UTAH - Utah University
of LOGIN was entered. SRI - Stanford Research Institute

 First Email / First eBook / ARPANET
Grows
 First Email
Ray Tomlinson of BBN invented an email
program to send messages across a
distributed network. The email program
was derived from two others: an intra-
machine email program (SENDMSG)
and an experimental file transfer
program (CPYNET).
 First eBook
Michael S. Hart creates the first eBook
by typing the US Declaration of
Independence into a computer. During
the same year he also founded Project
Gutenberg, the first digital library to
create and house electronic copies of
eBooks.
 ARPANET Grows
Also in 1971, ARPANET had grown to 15
nodes with 23 hosts. The original IMPs
were limited to 4 host connections, and
so BBN developed a terminal IMP (TIP)
that supported up to 64 hosts.

 ARPANET Is Publicly
Demonstrated.
 Ray Tomlinson (BBN) modified his
email program for ARPANET and it
became an instant hit. The Telnet
specification was defined. The first
public demonstration of ARPANET
was held in the basement of the
Washington Hilton Hotel. The
demonstration allowed the public to
come in and use the ARPANET,
running applications all over the
U.S.
Much to the surprise of the people
at AT&T who were skeptical about
whether it would work, the demo
was a booming success.

 International ARPANET Connections/
Ethernet Is Created in 1973, an ARPA
study showed that email accounted for
75% of all the traffic generated by the
estimated 2,000 users. 1973 also saw the
first international connections to
ARPANET, when the University College
of London and Norway's Royal Radar
Establishment signed on. The File
Transfer specification was defined for
transporting files.
Bob Metcalfe's Harvard Ph.D. Thesis
outlined the idea for Ethernet. The
concept was tested on Xerox PARC's Alto
computers, on the first Ethernet network
called the Alto Aloha System. Below is a
diagram of the original Ethernet design.
 Metcalfe later went on to form one of the
largest networking companies in the
world, 3COM. The name was derived Bob Metcalfe
from the prefixes of three terms: Ethernet Creator
computer, communication, and
compatibility.

 Vinton G. Cerf "Father of the
Internet"
 In 1974, the term Internet was first
used by Vinton Cerf and Bob Kahn
in a paper on Transmission Control
Protocol. Commercial interests hit
in 1974 when BBN developed a
commercial version of ARPANET
called Telenet. It was the first
commercially available packet-
switching network and was widely
used by early online services like
Compuserve and GEnie. Becuase of
Cerf's contributions, he is Vinton G. Ceft
considered by many as the Father of
the Internet.

 First Public Internet
Service Provider (ISP)
 The World
In 1989 a company called
"The World" was the first
internet service provider
(ISP) to offer dial-up access
to the general public. As of
October 2011 The World is
still offering dial-up
services via
TheWorld.com.

 UUCP Copy Protocol / Royal
Email
 UUCP Copy Protocol
The UUCP (Unix-to-Unix CoPy)
program was developed at AT&T
Bell Labs. UUCP is a collection
of computer programs and
protocols allowing remote
execution of commands and
transfer of files, email and
netnews between computers.
AT&T Bell Labs distributed
UUCP with the UNIX operating
system one year later.
 Royal Email
Elizabeth II, Queen of the
United Kingdom, sent out the
first royal email.

 First Spam Email / PC Modem
 First Spam Email
On May 3, 1978, Gary Thuerk sent the first spam
email ever. A marketer for the Digital Equipment
Corporation "DEC", blasted out his message to
400 of the 2600 people on ARPAnet to promote
DEC's new range of mini-computers. Naturally he
annoyed a lot of people, but he also had some
success, with a few recipients interested in what
he was pushing.
 PC Modem
In April of 1977, Dennis C. Hayes developed the
first personal computer modem on his dining
room table, establishing the critical technology
that allowed today's online and Internet industries
to emerge and grow. A modem converts the digital
signals of the sending computer to analog signals
that can be transmitted through telephone lines.
When the signal reaches its destination, another
modem reconstructs the original digital signal,
which is processed by the receiving computer. In
January 1978, Hayes Corp. was founded, and by
1985 Hayes' annual sales hit $120 million. In fact,
Hayes modems were so popular that other
competitors would sell their modems as Hayes-
compatible modems.

 Usenet Newsgroups
Created / BITNET Created
 Usenet, a decentralized
news group network, was
created by Steve Bellovin.
It was based on UUCP. The
creation of BITNET,
"Because it's Time
Network," by IBM,
introduced the "store and
forward" network. It was
used for email and
listservs.

Year 1980
 Philips invents the CD but users don’t see these things for a
while.
 Tim Berners-Lee, IT consultant for CERN, writes
the Enquire cross-linking database that relies on the notion
of hyperlinking between network nodes. This forms the
very foundation of the World Wide Web (still not an
established name at this point in time, though). For the
record, Tim Berners-Lee denies that he invented the web as
many claim. He’s adamant about it in fact. (I think he’s
being humble and was instrumental in making all of this
happen.)

 NSF Creates The 56 Kbps
CSNET
 National Science
Foundation created a
backbone called CSNET 56
Kbps network for
institutions without access
to ARPANET. Vinton Cerf
proposed a plan for an
inter-network connection
between CSNET and the
ARPANET.

 Internet Is Born / America Online  Internet Is Born
 America Online On January 1st, every machine connected
Founded in 1983 as Control Video to ARPANET had to switch from the
Corporation, Steve Case rebranded it as Network Control Protocol (NCP) to the
America Online in February 1991, thus Transmission Control Protocol TCP/IP.
AOL was born. Steve Case positioned By TCP/IP replacing NCP entirely, the
AOL as the online service for people foundation for the Internet as we know it
unfamiliar with computers, in particular today was born.
contrast to CompuServe, which had long
served the technical community. AOL
was the first online service to require use
of proprietary software, rather than a
standard terminal program; as a result it
was able to offer a graphical user
interface (GUI) instead of command
lines, and was well ahead of the
competition in emphasizing
communication among members as a
feature. Many consider AOL to be the
first successful online social network.

 The Internet Gets Fast / DNS Created
 The Internet Gets Fast
Upgrade to CSNET was contracted to
MCI. The new circuits would be T1
lines, 1.544 Mbps (Million bits per
second) which is twenty-five times
faster than the old 56 Kbps lines. The
new network was to be called NSFNET
(National Science Foundation
Network), and old lines would
continue to be called CSNET.
DNS Created
1984 also saw the introduction of the
Domain Named Server (DNS). Before
the DNS existed users were required to
enter a IP address to reach a web site
such as 72.21.214.128 to access the
amazon web site. Using the domain
name server, users were able to use the
domain name amazon.com instead of
the IP address 72.21.214.128.

 NSF Deploys The 1.544
Mbps(T1) NSFNET
 In 1985 a number of
agreements were in place to
connect networks, such as the
academic CSnet (Computer
Science Network), to the
ARPANET. To increase the
speed on the net, the
National Science Foundation
began deploying its new T1
lines (1.544Mbps), which
would be finished by 1988.

 PERL Scripting Language is
Created
 Larry Wall developed PERL, a
powerful programming
language optimized for text
processing and available as
freeware. PERL later became
very popular for building
WWW server-side scripts.
Wall developed PERL in 1986
when he worked at Unisys.
Larry Wall
"PERL" is short for "Practical
Extraction and Report
Language."

 45 Mbps (T3) Approved / IANA
Created
 45 Mbps (T3) Approved
In 1988 the T1 NSFNET backbone
was completed. Traffic increased so
quickly that plans immediately
began on upgrading the network
again. NSF approves upgrades for
NSFNET To 45 Mbps (T3), A high-
speed network using T3, a 45 Mbps
line. The new network would be
complete by the end of 1991.
IANA Created
1988 also brought the creation of the
Internet Assigned Numbers
Authority (IANA) to hand out
network addresses. Jonathan B.
Postel, creator of the Internet's Jonathan B. Postel
address system, ran the IANA for
many years.

 ARPANET Terminated
While the T3 lines were being
constructed, the Department of
Defense disbanded the ARPANET
and it was replaced by the NSFNET  ARPANET Terminated / MP3 Is Born
backbone. The original 50Kbps lines
of ARPANET were taken out of  Tim Berners-Lee coins the phrase
service. World Wide Web (WWW) in
reference to a browser built for the
NeXTstep platform. He launches
the first web browser and first web
page (the killer app of the era), then
at nxoc01.cern.ch, but now at
http[://info.cern.ch/.

 MP3 Is Born
The Moving Pictures Experts Group (MPEG) in conjunction with a German
company Fraunhofer-Gesellshaft implements MP3 audio compression. During
the 1980s, MPEG had worked to develop a compression method to transmit
high-quality audio files. Different amounts of compression were represented by
"layer" algorithms, where the best quality was a compression ratio of 1:4, known
as Layer 1. The most efficient ratio was Layer 3, compressing sound 1:12, or
reducing the size of the audio file 12 times compared with the original CD
standard. This compression became known as MPEG Layer 3, or MP3.

 CSNET Is Taken Out Of
Service
 Tim Berners-Lee
 In 1991, the CSNET makes WWW files
(which consisted of publicly available
56Kbps lines) had on the
fulfilled its role. It was Internet. This
discontinued and sold marks the
off to private business. official birth of
the Internet.

 Tim Berners-Lee Creates
the WWW
 Internet Society was
chartered. Tim Berners-
Lee published a paper
proposing a "world wide
web" which was released
by CERN, and Jean Armour
Polly coined the phrase
"surfing the Internet." Web
sites showed up on the
Internet for the first time
for a grand total 26 Web Tim Berners-Lee
sites by year end.

 InterNic / Mosaic / 10 Million
Users

 InterNIC
InterNIC was created by NSF to
provide specific Internet
services: directory and database
services (by AT&T), registration
services (by Network Solutions
Inc.), and information services
(by General Atomics/CERFnet).

 Mosaic - Marc Andreessen and NCSA and the University of Illinois
developed a graphical user interface to the WWW, called "Mosaic," the
first Web browser. The growth rate of the Internet was an incredible
341%.

 10 Million Users
1993 marks the year where the Internet reached 10 million users.
According to Google stats, this number doubled by 1994, doubled again
by 1995, reached 1 billion by 2005 and exceeded 2 billion by 2010.

 Yahoo / Pizza Hut / Gore / NSF
Upgrades
 Yahoo
Yahoo, the first Internet search
engine, was created in April 1994 by
David Filo and Jerry Yang at
Stanford University where Yahoo
itself first resided on Yang's student
workstation. Currently Yahoo
provides over 167 million search
results per day.
 Pizza Hut
Pizza Hut's offers first online pizza
service on August 22nd, 1994. Well...
almost. The Web site let you submit
a form which took your order, name,
address, and phone number, and
then the restaurant would call you
back to verify.

 Gore
Vice President Al Gore, coined term "Information Superhighway." He became the point
man in the Clinton administration's effort to build a national information highway, much
as his father, former Senator Albert Gore, was a principal architect of the interstate
highway system a generation or more earlier.
 NSF Upgrades
In 1994 NFS installed an ATM (Asynchronous Transmission Mode, 145Mbps) backbone on
NSFNET.

 The White House goes online.

 The WWW beats out telnet to become the second most popular Internet service. FTP is
first.
 The Netscape Navigator Browser is released.

 Federal Express launches its online package tracking service.

 Database software MySQL, co-founded by Michael “Monty” Widenius and David Axmark,
changes the way data is stored, organized, and delivered to web pages. This was the
culmination of work that really began in 1978.

 The word spam is coined in relation to unsolicited email, but the term really spans all the
way back to 1937.

 Finding jobs online gets its real start as Monster Worldwide Inc., founded in 1967,
launches Monster.com.

 eBay
In the summer of 1995, Pierre Omidyar Amazon
was having dinner at home in Campbell Amazon, launched in Seattle by Jeffrey
with his fiancée, Pam Wesley. Wesley Bezos, was the first online bookstore and
collected PEZ dispensers, and she now the world's largest online-only retailer.
mentioned that she was having trouble Amazon's initial business plan was unusual
finding fellow collectors to trade with. in that the company did not expect to turn a
He came to Wesley's rescue by writing profit for four to five years after it was
the code for what would one day become
founded. In retrospect the strategy was
eBay. The domain name ebay.com was
registered in August 1995, the beginning sound, despite the dotcom collapse of 2000.
of the largest online person-to-person
trading community.

 Netscape
Marc Andreessen, the mastermind of Mosaic, founded his own company,
Mosaic Communications Corporation, which is now known as Netscape.
Netscape took a 70% market share of the browser market virtually
overnight.

 RealAudio
Rob Glaser released RealAudio, the first Internet audio streaming
software. This was later followed by RealVideo and RealPlayer.

 Domain Fees
In 1995, a $50 annual fee was imposed on domains, excluding .edu and
.gov domains, which were still funded by the NSF. NSF announced that it
would no longer allow direct access to the NSF backbone and contracted
with four companies that would provide access to the NSF Backbone for a
fee.

 Internet Explorer / Java / Flash
 Internet Explorer
Most Internet traffic was carried
by backbones of independent
ISPs for a fee. Microsoft saw this
gigantic potential for the
Internet and soon released its
own browser, the MS Internet
Explorer, for free.
 Flash
In December 1996, FutureWave
Software was sold Macromedia,
and FutureSplash Animator
became Macromedia Flash 1.0.
Flash would become
synonymous with animation on
the Internet. Macromedia was
later purchased by Adobe who
continues to produce Flash.

 Java
1996 also saw the release of Sun Microsystems' Java
programming language. Java 1.0 was released to the public
in January 1996. It provided more interactivity with users
by giving developers a way to produce more interactive web
pages. Over the years it has evolved as a successful language
for use both on and off the Internet. A decade later, it’s still
an extremely popular language with over 6.5 million
developers worldwide.

 Blog
The term "weblog" was coined by Jorn
Barger in December 1997, while the
shorter version, "blog," was coined by
Peter Merholz in 1999. Blogging has
emerged as a popular means of  business.com
communication, affecting public opinion
and mass media around the world. It
The domain name
wasn't until 2004 that the role of blogs business.com, originally
became increasingly mainstream as registered for $50 in 1995, sold
political consultants, news services, and for $150,000 in 1997. It would
candidates began using them as tools for
outreach and opinion formation.
later be sold again in 1999 for
Webster's Dictionary declared "blog" as $7,500,000.
the word of the year in 2004, and by
February 2011 there were more than 156
million active blogs.

Winamp, the first popular MP3 music
player, boosted the success of MP3 virtually
overnight. It was developed by college
dropout Justin Frankel at his parents' home
in Sedona, Arizona.

Wi-Fi IEEE 802.11, codenamed Wi-Fi, is a
wireless local area network (WLAN)
standard first released in June 1997. Wi-Fi
connects electronic devices wirelessly across
short distances, roughly 150-300 ft. A Wi-Fi
enabled device, such as a personal computer,
video game console, or smartphone, can
connect to the Internet via a wireless
network access point, or "hotspot". Wi-Fi
enabled devices came slow in the early years,
with only 7.5 million units shipped in 2001.
Units shipped increased exponentially over
the next ten years, reaching 41 million units
by 2003, 300 million units by 2007, and over
1 billion units in 2011.

 Google
Co-founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin,
brought Google to life in September 1998,
answering roughly 10,000 search queries a day.
By 1999 it was handling 500,000 queries per
day, and by 2000 it was up to 100 million
queries a day. Currently Google indexes over
4.28 billion web pages and provides over 250
million search results per day.

 PayPal
founded in December 1998 by Peter Thiel and
Max Levchin, is an Internet business which
allows the transfer of money between email
users and merchants, avoiding traditional
paper methods such as checks/cheques and
money orders. PayPal also performs payment
processing for e-commerce vendors, auction
sites, and other corporate users, for which they
charge a fee. Paypal quickly became the most
common method of paying for eBay auctions.

Netflix, the first to offer online movie
rentals, started offering pay-per-rental
movies online at $4 per rental plus $2 in
postage. It wasn't until 1999 that they
introduced the monthly subscription
concept with no due dates, late fees,
shipping or handling fees.
eBook Readers
The first eBook readers or eReaders were
also released in 1998. One was called Rocket
eBook, with a 4.5 x 3 inch two color B/W
touch screen, which could hold up to 4000
pages (about 10 books). The other was called
SoftBook, with a 6 × 8 inch grayscale touch
screen, which could hold 1500 pages (about
4 books).
Postage
Electronic postal stamps became a reality,
with the US Postal Service allowing stamps
to be purchased and downloaded for
printing from the Web.

 Internet 2
Internet 2 (exceeding 8GBps), led by
over 170 U.S. universities working in
partnership with industry and
government, developed and deployed
advanced network applications and
technologies, accelerating the creation of
tomorrow's Internet. MCI/Worldcom,
the vBNS provider for NSF, began
upgrading the US backbone to 2.5GBps
The world feared the unknown Y2K
effects on the Internet, which never
materialized. Computers were free with a
3-year network service agreement.
 Napster
In mid-1999, the laid-back, 18-year-old
Northeastern University dropout Shawn
Fanning – nicknamed "Napster" for the
nappy hair – developed Napster, the first
popular peer-to-peer file sharing
platform. Napster, a free software
program, allowed people to easily
exchange recordings via the Net, cutting
out stores and music publishers. Within
a year Napster would upend music's
business model.

 Domain Name Sales
Multi-million dollar domain name sales were the poster child of
the dot-com excess, with the most infamous being Business.com,
which was purchased by ECompanies Venture Group, headed by
former Disney executive Jake Weinbaum. The following domain
name purchases were realized in 1999 alone:

 Business.com - $7.5 million
 wine.com - $3.3 million
 AltaVista.com - $3.25 million
 autos.com - $2.2 million
 coupons.com - $2.2 million
 express.com - $2 million
 MarketingToday.com - $1.5 million
 WallStreet.com - $1.03 million
 Rock.com - $1 million
 drugs.com - $824,000

 Internet Appliances
Led by 3Com's Palm Pilot, handheld
devices with Internet connectivity began
to become a reality. These devices
allowed users to view news, sports, stock Web Attacks
quotes, weather, road conditions, and A massive denial of service (DoS) attack was
much more. They could also purchase
stock, place online bids, send and receive launched against major Web sites, including
email, book flights, and perform online Yahoo, Amazon, and eBay in early February.
banking, with more features arriving
daily. Various domain name hijackings took place
 COPPA in late May and early June, including
The United States Children's Online internet.com, bali.com, and web.net.
Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) became
effective April 21, 2000, and is an act that
applies to commercial web sites and
online services that collect information
and could be used by children under the
age of 13. COPPA helps protect an
underage child's privacy by either
restricting the child's access to the site
without a parent's permission or not
allowing that child to access the page
because it collects data.

 Wikipedia - launched on
January 2001 as a free online
English-language encyclopedia
project. It now contains over 19
million articles. Almost all of its
articles can be edited by anyone
with access to the site, and it has
about 90,000 active
contributors. As of July 2011,
there were editions of Wikipedia
in 282 languages. As for its
accuracy, a peer-review
comparison of selected science
articles in the printed
Encyclopedia Britannica with New TLDs
the online user-edited ICANN selected new top level domains
Wikipedia, conducted by the (TLDs) .aero, .biz, .coop, .info, .museum,
journal Nature, rates the .name, .pro.
Wikipedia nearly as accurate as
Britannica.

 Radio Silence
Radio stations broadcasting over the Web went silent over artist royalty
disputes. About the same time a federal judge ruled that Napster must
remain offline until it could prevent copyrighted material from being
shared by its users.

 Tech Stock Blues
Many high tech stocks including the big boys like CSCO, ORCL, and
SUNW saw 2-year lows as investor confidence dove due to massive dot
com failures in 2000 and below-estimate returns in 2001.

 eBay and Paypal Merge
July 2002, online auction giant eBay
Inc. bought Internet payment
provider PayPal Inc. in a $1.3 billion Amazon Grows
stock deal that would unite the In October 2002, Amazon added hundreds
Web's arguably most successful of new partnerships with reatailers
business with one of the few including The Gap, Nordstrom, Land's End,
companies that had been giving it Target, Borders, and Toys R Us. At the same
any trouble. eBay executives said time, Amazon launched an online sporting
they hoped acquiring PayPal would goods store, which offered 3,000 different
make the trading site faster, easier, brand names. By the end of 2003, Amazon
safer and give eBay a significant would enjoy its first full-year profit and
chunk of e-commerce action that it annual sales of over $5.25 billion, an increase
had been missing. of more than a third over 2002.

 Myspace
Myspace was the first major social
networking web site. It allowed users to
create profiles, add photos, add music,
personalize their page, list personal
interests, and more. Myspace had
100,000,000 active users by August 2006
and doubled to 200,000,000 by
September 2007. From 2003-2007
Myspace was the most popular social
networking site, only to be overtaken by
Facebook in mid 2008.

 Skype
Skype, lauched in August 2003, is a
software application that allows users to
make free voice and video calls and chats
over the Internet. Skype was purchased
by Microsoft in May of 2011 for $8.5
Billion. For a monthly fee, traditional
landline telephones and mobile phones
can be made, and users can have real
phone numbers attached to their Skype
accounts.

• 3Gor 3rd generation mobile
• iTunes StoreAlthough iTunes was
telecommunications, was first
introduced by Apple, Inc. January 2001 in
commercially available in the United
States in July 2003. Both 1G and 2G conjunction with the release of the Apple
exists, but the data download rate was a iPod later that year, the release of the iTunes
mere 9.6kbs and not very effective for store in April 2003 brought iTunes to the
mobile purposes. 3G Technology forefront. iTunes is a media player computer
marked the first time that cellular program, used for playing and organizing
phones could directly connect to the digital music and video files on desktop
internet and provide mobile broadband computers. It can also manage contents on
access to smartphones as well as laptop
iPod, iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad. iTunes
mobile modems. 3G data rates can reach
384kbps download, which is comparable can connect to the iTunes Store to purchase
to home broadband connections. and download music, music videos,
Typical uses include mobile web television shows.
browsing, mobile application
downloads,and mobile access for laptop
computers.

 Facebook like Myspace, is a social
networking web site, but it was originally
limited to college students. In mid 2008,
Facebook opened the doors to anyone ages
13+ to join. Within a year, Facebook had
twice as many members as Myspace, and
with the addition of new features over the
next few years, Facebook had five times as
• Firefox Mozilla Firefox 1.0 Internet
many active users as Myspace. As of July
2011, Facebook had more than 800 million browser was released in September 2004.
users, making it by far the most popular With over 25 million downloads in the 99
social networking web site. days after the initial 1.0 release, Firefox
became one of the most downloaded free
and open source applications. On October
19, 2005, Firefox had its 100 millionth
download, just 344 days after the release. It
has already grabbed over 10% of the browser
market share and is growing rapidly.

Internet Speed record was broken this year.
Researchers successfully sent data using a 10
Gigabit Ethernet link between the
University of Tokyo and the CERN research
center in Geneva, Switzerland. The T110
delivered sustained 7.57 Gbps throughput
running standard 1500-byte Ethernet
packets over a single TCP connection across
an 11,490 mile (18,500 km) link. That's
enough speed to transfer a full-length DVD
anywhere in the world in less than five
seconds.

 TiVo Internet Access, the most popular
personal video recorder, added new
features this year that made it possible for
users to exchange shows with other users
and schedule recordings remotely online.
TiVo now says it is also working to allow
movies and music from the Internet to be
downloaded to TiVo, similar to how pay-
per-view is offered by cable and satellite
providers.
 VOIP Soars Voice Over IP (VOIP), the
technology for using a standard phone
across the Internet, more than doubled its
subscriber base this year. Reasons? Calls to
other VOIP users are typically free
anywhere in the world, while calls to and
from traditional land line phones or cell
phones cost a few pennies a minute.
Typically, VOIP plans cost $25 a month for
unlimited dialing,

YouTube
Before the launch of YouTube in 2005, there were
few easy methods available for ordinary computer
users who wanted to post videos online. YouTube
made it possible for anyone with an Internet
connection to post a video that a worldwide
audience could watch within a few minutes. In
November 2006 Google purchased YouTube for
$1.65 billion in Google stock. As of May 2010,
YouTube was serving more than two billion videos
a day to over 100 million viewers, which is nearly
double the prime-time audience of all three major
US television networks combined.

Google Earth
The release of Google Earth in June 2005 to the
public caused a more than tenfold increase in
media coverage on virtual globes, driving public
interest in geospatial technologies and
applications. Google Earth lets you fly anywhere
on Earth to view satellite imagery, maps, terrain,
3D buildings, from galaxies in outer space to the
canyons of the ocean.

 Standards Awareness
This year also saw a much improved
 Web 2.0 is a term often applied to a awareness of Web standards with
perceived ongoing transition of the more and more Web Professionals
World Wide Web from a collection of looking to meet XHTML/CSS
web sites to a full-fledged computing Standards and ensure web sites
platform serving web applications to end
users. Ultimately Web 2.0 services are meet Accessibility requirements.
expected to replace desktop computing Twitter
applications for many purposes. This Twitter is a social networking and
year there was an explosion of Web 2.0
applications. This includes improved microblogging service that enables its
calendar services, blogs, newsfeeds, users to send and read other users'
upgraded map services, dynamic Web messages called tweets. Twitter came
content that needs no page reloads, and to life in July 2006 when @jack sent
an overhaul to the look and feel of Web
sites to make them cleaner and easier to the first Tweet to his seven followers
use, making Web 2.0 the much and by 2007 Twitter had 5,000 tweets
improved, user-friendly Internet. per day. This quickly grew to 300,000
per day in 2008, 2,500,000 per day in
2009, and 50,000,000 per day in 2010.
As of 2011, there were over 100 million
Twitter users worldwide.

 Android In November 2007, Google
released Android, an operating system for
mobile devices such as smartphones and
tablet computers. Android is the only direct
competitor to Apple's iPhone and is raising
the bar daily. For example, unlike the
iPhone, Android phones can swap batteries
when power is low, upgrade memory when
storage is low, run Adobe Flash, and Google
never charges for Google-created Android
Apps. As of May 2011 there were more than
100 million activated Android devices.

 Google Docs
In February 2007, Google Docs was made
available to Google Apps users. Google
Docs is a free, Web-based office suite, and
data storage service offered by Google. It
allows users to create and edit documents
online while collaborating in real-time with
other users.

•Kindle Although the first eReaders were
available in 1998, consumer interest did not peak
until Amazon launched Kindle. In November
2007, Amazon offered the Kindle eReader for sale
for the first time, which sold out in less than six
hours and would remain out of stock for the next
five months. The First Kindle's cost US$399 and
could hold about 200 eBooks. In September 2011,
Amazon released a base Kindle, costing a mere
US$79, with a capacity of 1500 eBooks. Free Kindle
software apps are also available for the iPad,
Windows and Mac computers, as well as Apple
iPhone and Google Android and BlackBerry
cellphones. •iPhone/iOS Apple's iPhone, running on
Apple's iOS operating system, were both
released in June 2007, making available a
line of Internet and multimedia-enabled
smartphones with a virtual keypad and a
virtual keyboard that would set the standard
for smartphones going forward. As of June
2011, Apple's iOS operating system was
installed on over 200 million devices.

 Netflix Streaming Although Netflix was first
introduced in 1998 as an online movie rental  Cloud Computing In early 2008, Eucalyptus
company, it wasn't until January 2008 that the introduced the first open source Cloud
company launched unlimited streaming of computing platform, and the concept has been
movies and TV shows online for as little as growing exponentially ever since. Cloud
$9.99 a month. Originally these would only computing is a hardware independant method
stream on personal computers, but device- providing of computing where users are billed
specific support quickly became available. for software usage, cpu usage, and memory
Today these devices include game consoles usage as if it were a utility. This avoids the
such as Nintendo Wii, Microsoft Xbox 360, need to purchase hardware and software, and
and PlayStation 3, plus stand-alone devices eliminates the need to migrate to newer
such as Google TV, Apple TV, Blu-ray players, computers every few years.
DVRs, handheld devices and more.

•Tethering Mid-2008 saw the rise of tethering, a
means of sharing the Internet connection of an
Internet-capable mobile phone with other devices
such as a laptop. Although mobile consumers rave
about free interent for their laptops via their
phones, the phone companies are, as one can
imagine, not as pleased. Some carriers, such as
AT&T, have gone as far as to ban tethering, which
•App Stores (Google) In October 2008, Google
affects almost all iPhone users. It is assumed that
released Android Market, Google's app store. By
market pressure will force AT&T and others alike
March 2009, Android Market had 2,300 Apps.
to offer tethering for free at some point if they
One key advantage to the Android Market is that
plan to keep their customer base.
57% of the apps are free, compared to 28% at
Apple's App Store. More important, Apple charges
•App Stores (Apple) In July 2008, the Apple App
for premium apps that Apple creates, whereas
Store went live with 522 apps, including 135 free
Google has yet to charge for any Google-created
apps. The App Store is a service that allows iPhone
apps. In July 2011, 4.5 billion apps had been
users to browse and download applications from
downloaded from Android Market, and Google
the iTunes Store directly to their iPhone.
had approved its 250,000th app.
Depending on the application, they are available
either for free or at a cost. In January 2011, the 10
billionth app was downloaded and on May 2011,
Apple approved its 500,000th app.

 Google Voice, a telecommunications  Mobile Data Milestone
service offered by Google, was launched Mobile data traffic surpassed voice traffic
in March 2009. By October 2009, Google on mobile devices for the first time in
Voice had 1.4 million users. Google Voice 2009 and has consistently topped mobile
is used for placing free voice calls over voice traffic ever since. Total mobile data
the internet to landline telephones and traffic across the world now exceeds 1
mobile phones. Google will also provide exabyte, which is 1 billion gigabytes. The
you a real phone number attached to data explosion should come as no
your Google Voice account free of charge. surprise with the increased popularity of
You can then go anywhere in the world text messages, Twitter, Facebook, and
and make free calls to the United States other Internet-related apps being used
from your Google voice account. Calls to via smartphones.
other countries from your Google Voice
account cost mere pennies per minute.

 4G or 4th generation mobile telecommunications, network allows
mobile device data downloads at up to 100Mbs, whereas 3G offer data
speeds of only 3.84Mbs. Like 3G, typical uses include mobile web
browsing, mobile application downloads, and mobile access for laptop
computers. However, 4G would allow for real-time movie streaming
and other high bandwidth activities not possible with 3G. The world’s
first 4G network went live in Stockholm, Sweden and Oslo, Norway at
the end of 2009. It wasn't until 2010 that Sprint took the first 4G
network live in United States. By September 2010, Sprint had deployed
4G in 55 cities.

 iPad Released In April 2010 Steve
Jobs, co-founder of Apple, unveiled
the Apple iPad tablet, which is a
platform for audio-visual media
including books, periodicals,
movies, music, games, and web
content. Its size and weight falls
between smartphones and laptop
computers. The iPad will run the
same applications as iPod and
iPhone as well as its own
applications. Without modification,
the iPad will only run programs
approved by Apple and distributed
via the Apple App Store. Apple sold
3 million iPads in the first 80 days
and sold over 15 million iPads
worldwide within the year.

 eBooks Dominate while the eReader market was seemingly still in its
infancy, the sales of eBooks showed otherwise. Starting April 2010,
Amazon reported that eBooks consistently outsold hardcover books
every month. As of January 2011, Amazon reported that eBooks were
now outselling paperbacks. In June 2011, Barnes & Noble reported that
eBooks now outsell all print formats combined by a factor of three to
one at BN.com. Officially, December 25, 2009 was the first day that
eBooks ever outsold print books, according to Amazon, but these sales
were skewed because print book sales are generally down on Christmas
day, and eBook sales were significantly higher than normal because of
all the new Kindle eReaders received as Christmas gifts.

2010
• Internet World Stats counts over 1.9 billion web surfers worldwide
as of June, 2010.

2011
• Twitter and Facebook are the primary
means of communication for the Middle
East revolts.

2012
• Internet users scored an important victory
in the battle to defeat the Stop Online
Piracy Act (SOPA)/Protect IP Act (PIPA)
and to maintain Internet freedom.

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