Stem Initiative
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The STEM Initiative was created in the 1950s after the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, the first artificial satellite. Americans were surprised by the Soviet's technological advancement and demanded changes to the education system to focus more on science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). The STEM Initiative aims to promote these fields through scholarships and teaching opportunities to counter Soviet advances and remain competitive globally. It remains active today through organizations like the STEM Education Coalition.
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These slides accompanied a March 2015 webinar for ALSC on the topic of diverse STEAM practices, from the reasons to incorporate them in a youth library setting to age-appropriate examples and resources.
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1. The history of science and technology education in Japan shows a segregation between different communities like the history of science, philosophy of science, and science education.
2. The Japanese government determined the academic contents of education through curriculum guidelines and university entrance exams, which did not include the nature of science (NOS) as a subject.
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The American Civil War was a unique period in history – not just American history but world history as well. It was a war of firsts that preserved the democratic form of government as well as pioneered many social freedoms we largely take for granted today. The Civil War ended slavery and in turn launched a young nation into an industrial and technological economic, military, political, and social prowess.
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2. It identifies six leading edges of K-12 innovation: thinking, curriculum/assessment, technology, time/place, co-teaching, and engaging youth. The arts are presented as key to developing thinking and student engagement.
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"Education" Chapter 8 of Race and Racisms and Carter, Prudence L. "''Black''Cultural Capital, Status Positioning, and Schooling Conflicts for Low-Income African American Youth." Social Problems 50.1 (2003): 136-155.
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This curriculum proposal outlines new course options for an urban high school serving grades 9-12. It proposes adding electives such as Forensic Science, Public Speaking, Consumer Math and courses on human anatomy and sexuality. Core subjects would continue like English, math, science and history. Electives aim to diversify options and engage more students. The proposal discusses the school's demographics and mission to develop resilient, socially conscious students. It provides rationales for proposed courses based on historical developments in curriculum and society.
Education
Education takes place through both formal and informal institutions. It imparts knowledge and skills and allows for socialization. In traditional societies, education occurred informally through families, but as societies changed, specialized knowledge was needed. The functions of education have been examined through various theoretical perspectives such as functionalism, Marxism, and interactionism. Education in the Caribbean developed from limited pre-emancipation education to the establishment of the University of the West Indies in the 1950s, which allowed for regional university education.
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The document discusses STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) education and the push to expand it to STEAM with the addition of arts. STEM education gained national attention after the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, but the US risks losing its innovative edge. Studies show integrating arts into STEM (STEAM) improves cognition and creativity skills needed for innovation. The document argues STEAM is necessary to maintain US economic leadership in a globally competitive landscape.
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Chapters 10, 11, 12
This chapter discusses the rise of scientific management in schools in the early 20th century. Key points:
- Schools aimed to be managed by trained experts rather than local politics to create a meritocratic system. This reduced public control over schools.
- Intelligence tests developed for the military were adopted by schools and seemed to confirm racial hierarchies, influencing immigration policy.
- The 1924 Immigration Act imposed quotas that restricted immigration based on national origins from the 1910 census, largely closing immigration.
- Special classrooms increased for students seen as "backward" but emphasized segregation rather than support for disabilities. Overall support has increased since then.
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Sussex Development Lecture - Centre for International Education intro
Sussex Development Lecture - Centre for International Education intro
Race Class based on Chapter 8 of "Race and Racisms: A Critical Approach."
Race Class based on Chapter 8 of "Race and Racisms: A Critical Approach."
Diversifying course options in an urban high school curriculum proposal
Diversifying course options in an urban high school curriculum proposal
More from Paul Kitchen
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The document provides background information on Vietnam prior to US involvement:
- Vietnam had a long history of independence from Chinese rule starting in the 10th century and various dynasties ruled over Vietnam until the French colonized Vietnam in the late 19th century.
- Under 60 years of French colonial rule, the French exploited Vietnam economically through taxes and forced labor while developing the country very little.
- During World War 2, Japan occupied Vietnam which led the Vietnamese to declare independence, sparking the First Indochina War between the Viet Minh and French military from 1946-1954.
US Indian Policy
The document discusses the Carlisle Indian Industrial School and the U.S. government's policies toward Native Americans from 1789 to the present. It provides context on the goals of the boarding school system, which aimed to "civilize" Native American children by forcibly assimilating them into white culture and separating them from their Indigenous identities and communities. This was done through practices like cutting boys' hair short and banning Indigenous languages and customs. The document also summarizes the five stages of U.S. Indian policy over time, from sovereignty to self-determination.
Manifest Destiny
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The document summarizes key events that helped trigger the Second Red Scare in the mid-20th century in the United States, including the Soviet Union developing atomic weapons in 1949, the rise of Communist control in China, laws targeting Communist organizations and sympathizers in the US, high-profile spy cases involving the Soviets, President Truman's investigations of government employees for loyalty, Senator Joseph McCarthy's baseless accusations of Communist infiltration and his rise of McCarthyism, the House Un-American Activities Committee investigations of Hollywood, and McCarthy's eventual decline in popularity from 1954 after attacking the US Army.
How the Other Half Lives
The document discusses living and working conditions in the late 1800s, and efforts to improve them. It shows photos of families working long hours in unsafe conditions. Some worked in homes, while factories emerged as a new system where many worked together in one location. Reformers advocated for better protections and regulations. Andrew Carnegie believed wealth should support society, while Jacob Riis pushed for housing reforms and Ida Tarbell called for antitrust laws to limit corporate power and corruption. Jane Addams established volunteer services to directly aid the poor.
Cold War Hot Spots, 1945-1962
The document provides background information on the start of the Cold War following World War II. It describes the rising tension and distrust between the US and Soviet Union, with the US viewing the Soviet Union as a threat. It then outlines several key conflict areas and proxy wars between the two superpowers during the Cold War from 1945 to 1962, including divisions in Germany and Berlin, the Korean War, Iranian coup, and Cuban Revolution.
5 Main Causes of the Great Depression
The document analyzes 5 main causes of the Great Depression:
1) The Farm Depression of the 1920s caused by falling prices and overproduction in farming. Many farmers lost money and their farms.
2) Overproduction in industry where wages did not rise enough for workers to buy the surplus factory output.
3) Uneven distribution of income where industrial wages rose slowly compared to a 75% rise for the top 1% of incomes.
4) High tariffs and war debts where European nations owed the US money but their economies were devastated so they could not buy US goods.
5) The 1929 stock market crash where many investors bought on margin and prices dropped, causing brokers to call in loans
Reagan Revolution
The document summarizes the political climate and events leading up to Ronald Reagan's election as president in 1980. Americans were dissatisfied with the government in the aftermath of the 1960s and 1970s. The Iran hostage crisis further damaged President Carter's popularity. Reagan promised to restore traditional American values and strength. After his election, Reagan enacted tax cuts and reduced government spending. He survived an assassination attempt and saw the hostages in Iran released on the day of his inauguration.
President Jimmy Carter
President Carter faced many domestic and foreign policy challenges during his presidency from 1977-1981. Domestically, he tried to tackle high inflation and unemployment by developing a national energy policy focused on conservation and alternative energy. However, inflation continued to rise. He had some environmental successes but the Three Mile Island incident increased concerns about nuclear power. In foreign policy, Carter recognized China, pursued arms limitations with the USSR, and brokered the Camp David Accords between Egypt and Israel. However, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and Iranian hostage crisis undermined his presidency and contributed to his loss in the 1980 election.
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- 1. STEM Initiative • In 1957 the Soviet Union launched Sputnik • This scared Americans because the Eisenhower administration had always been telling the American people that the Soviets were too dumb to make anything like ICBMs. • Americans looked at their education system and asked why have we not surpassed the Soviets? • Americans demanded that something needed to be done and so the STEM Initiative was created.
- 2. STEM Initiative • The Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics was created to counter the Soviet advancements in technology and is still in action today. • The STEM Education Coalition represents all sectors of the technological workforce – from knowledge workers, to educators, to scientists, engineers, and technicians.
- 3. The STEM Initiative and You • Colleges still provide scholarships for many students who show an interest in one of these fields of study • They also provide scholarships for those who want to teach one of these fields –This includes College, High School, and even Middle School teachers • S.T.E.M. Opportunities
- 4. In the 1950s, the American public was given false information about how advanced the Soviets were when it came to technology. The government did this so as to not cause a panic. They began to emphasize math and science in school so they could attempt to catch up to the Soviets. Was it right for the government to keep this information hidden? Can the American people handle this sort of information? How does it make you feel that the government is still pushing these areas of study onto students in high schools today?