Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and divide to produce more stem cells. There are two main types - embryonic stem cells isolated from blastocysts and adult stem cells found in tissues. Adult stem cells act as a repair system, replenishing tissues. Stem cells can be extracted from bone marrow, adipose tissue, and blood. They are characterized by their ability to self-renew and differentiate into other cell types. Embryonic stem cells are derived from embryos and cultured on feeder layers where they can proliferate indefinitely. Stem cells have potential uses in research, drug testing, and regenerative cell therapy for conditions like heart disease, diabetes, and spinal cord injury.
INTRODUCTION TO STEM CELL BIOLOGY DEFINITION CLASSIFICATION AND SOURCES OF ST...Anantha Kumar
This document discusses stem cell biology, defining stem cells as unspecialized cells capable of becoming specialized cells. It classifies stem cells into four broad types: embryonic, fetal, umbilical cord, and adult stem cells. For each type, sources and examples are provided. Adult stem cells can be found in bone marrow, skin, brain, liver, and other tissues, where they aid in regeneration and repair.
The cell is the basic unit of life and all physiological systems depend on cellular activity. Cells acquire differentiation through development to equip them for specific functions. It was once thought that differentiated cells could not be reprogrammed, but advances in cell biology have challenged this idea. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can renew themselves and differentiate into other cell types. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent while adult stem cells found in tissues are multipotent or unipotent. Stem cells show potential for applications like disease modeling, drug development, and regenerative medicine.
This document discusses stem cell basics, including what stem cells are, their unique properties, and different types of stem cells. It covers embryonic, adult, fetal, cord blood, and induced pluripotent stem cells. The document also discusses the potential uses of stem cells, such as for drug testing, cell-based therapies, and generating tissues for transplantation. However, it notes that technical challenges remain before stem cells can be used safely and effectively for therapies.
saptarshi pangrahi (BCDA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY & TECHNOLOGY)saptarshi panigrahi
1. The document discusses a breakthrough on stem cells presented by four students under the guidance of Dr. NRIPENDRA NATH BALA.
2. It defines stem cells as undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and can divide to produce more stem cells. There are two main types - embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells.
3. The document outlines the history of stem cell research from 1978 to 1997 and describes the properties and characteristics of ideal stem cells as well as embryonic and adult stem cells. It discusses potential applications of stem cells in tissue repair and treatment of diseases like Parkinson's, diabetes, and baldness.
2nd msc class presentn stem cell intro, typesSmart Karthi
Stem cells have the potential to develop into many different types of cells and can self-renew to produce more stem cells. There are two main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells, which are derived from embryos, and adult stem cells, which are found in various tissues. Stem cells are important because of their ability to both renew themselves and differentiate into specialized cell types, offering potential for regenerative medicine and treatments of diseases.
Stem cells exist in both embryos and adult tissues. They are unspecialized cells that can differentiate into other cell types and have self-renewal abilities. There are several types of stem cells defined by their differentiation potential, ranging from totipotent stem cells that can form the entire organism, to pluripotent stem cells that can form any fetal cell type but not extraembryonic tissues, to multipotent, oligopotent, and unipotent stem cells with progressively narrower differentiation abilities. Stem cell lines can be derived from embryonic stem cells, adult tissues, or through reprogramming adult cells into induced pluripotent stem cells. These cell lines have various applications in research and regenerative medicine to treat diseases.
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and divide to produce more stem cells. There are two main types - embryonic stem cells isolated from blastocysts and adult stem cells found in tissues. Adult stem cells act as a repair system, replenishing tissues. Stem cells can be extracted from bone marrow, adipose tissue, and blood. They are characterized by their ability to self-renew and differentiate into other cell types. Embryonic stem cells are derived from embryos and cultured on feeder layers where they can proliferate indefinitely. Stem cells have potential uses in research, drug testing, and regenerative cell therapy for conditions like heart disease, diabetes, and spinal cord injury.
INTRODUCTION TO STEM CELL BIOLOGY DEFINITION CLASSIFICATION AND SOURCES OF ST...Anantha Kumar
This document discusses stem cell biology, defining stem cells as unspecialized cells capable of becoming specialized cells. It classifies stem cells into four broad types: embryonic, fetal, umbilical cord, and adult stem cells. For each type, sources and examples are provided. Adult stem cells can be found in bone marrow, skin, brain, liver, and other tissues, where they aid in regeneration and repair.
The cell is the basic unit of life and all physiological systems depend on cellular activity. Cells acquire differentiation through development to equip them for specific functions. It was once thought that differentiated cells could not be reprogrammed, but advances in cell biology have challenged this idea. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can renew themselves and differentiate into other cell types. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent while adult stem cells found in tissues are multipotent or unipotent. Stem cells show potential for applications like disease modeling, drug development, and regenerative medicine.
This document discusses stem cell basics, including what stem cells are, their unique properties, and different types of stem cells. It covers embryonic, adult, fetal, cord blood, and induced pluripotent stem cells. The document also discusses the potential uses of stem cells, such as for drug testing, cell-based therapies, and generating tissues for transplantation. However, it notes that technical challenges remain before stem cells can be used safely and effectively for therapies.
saptarshi pangrahi (BCDA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY & TECHNOLOGY)saptarshi panigrahi
1. The document discusses a breakthrough on stem cells presented by four students under the guidance of Dr. NRIPENDRA NATH BALA.
2. It defines stem cells as undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and can divide to produce more stem cells. There are two main types - embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells.
3. The document outlines the history of stem cell research from 1978 to 1997 and describes the properties and characteristics of ideal stem cells as well as embryonic and adult stem cells. It discusses potential applications of stem cells in tissue repair and treatment of diseases like Parkinson's, diabetes, and baldness.
2nd msc class presentn stem cell intro, typesSmart Karthi
Stem cells have the potential to develop into many different types of cells and can self-renew to produce more stem cells. There are two main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells, which are derived from embryos, and adult stem cells, which are found in various tissues. Stem cells are important because of their ability to both renew themselves and differentiate into specialized cell types, offering potential for regenerative medicine and treatments of diseases.
Stem cells exist in both embryos and adult tissues. They are unspecialized cells that can differentiate into other cell types and have self-renewal abilities. There are several types of stem cells defined by their differentiation potential, ranging from totipotent stem cells that can form the entire organism, to pluripotent stem cells that can form any fetal cell type but not extraembryonic tissues, to multipotent, oligopotent, and unipotent stem cells with progressively narrower differentiation abilities. Stem cell lines can be derived from embryonic stem cells, adult tissues, or through reprogramming adult cells into induced pluripotent stem cells. These cell lines have various applications in research and regenerative medicine to treat diseases.
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and can self-renew. There are several types of stem cells including embryonic, adult, and fetal stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are the most versatile but also raise ethical issues, while adult stem cells are more limited in their differentiation potential. Stem cell therapy works by stem cells differentiating into the type of cells needed to repair damaged tissue when transplanted into the body. Current applications of stem cell therapy include treating diseases like cancer, diabetes, and Parkinson's disease.
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and divide to produce more stem cells. There are two main types: embryonic stem cells derived from blastocysts, and adult stem cells found in mature tissue. Stem cell research offers potential treatments for diseases by replacing damaged cells, though it faces ethical issues and technical challenges. The presentation discussed various stem cell applications in diabetes, eye disease, and blood disorders.
Stem cells can be derived from embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the potential to differentiate into other cell types. There are several types of stem cells including totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, oligopotent, and unipotent stem cells, which differ in their ability to differentiate. Stem cells offer potential for treating diseases but also raise ethical issues that require more research.
HUMAN STEM CELLS: An interpretation and impression on Human Adult Stem cellIJSRED
This document provides an overview of human adult stem cells and germ line stem cells. It discusses that stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can renew themselves and differentiate into specialized cell types. There are several types of stem cells classified based on their differentiation potential, including totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent stem cells. Adult stem cells are found in various tissues like bone marrow, skin, blood, and can differentiate into cell types of the organ they originated from. Germ line stem cells are found in ovaries and testes and are responsible for gamete production. The document also discusses the potential uses of stem cells in regenerative medicine and disease research.
(1) Stem cells can be embryonic, adult, or induced pluripotent. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent while adult stem cells are multipotent.
(2) Cancer stem cells are a small fraction of tumor cells that can self-renew and differentiate to form the heterogeneous tumor mass. They rely on signaling pathways like JAK/STAT, Hedgehog, Wnt, and Notch to maintain their stem-like properties.
(3) Targeting these pathways and surface markers on cancer stem cells is a promising strategy for cancer treatment, though more research is still needed to develop effective therapies.
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into various cell types and serve as a repair system for the body. There are several types of stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are the most versatile and found in early-stage embryos, while adult stem cells are found in tissues and can differentiate into multiple cell types. Mesenchymal stem cells are multipotent and can differentiate into bone, cartilage, and fat cells. Induced pluripotent stem cells are generated from adult cells that have been genetically reprogrammed. The potential medical uses of stem cells are debated due to ethical issues around embryonic stem cell research.
Stem cells have unique properties that allow them to renew themselves and differentiate into other cell types. There are two main sources of stem cells: embryonic stem cells derived from embryos and adult stem cells found in tissues. Embryonic stem cells are grown in laboratories using nutrient solutions and feeder cell layers. Tests to identify stem cells examine transcription factors, cell markers, and differentiation potential. Applications of stem cell research include tissue regeneration, treatment of diseases like cardiovascular and brain disorders, replacing deficient cells, and treating blood disorders.
Stem cells can be used in a variety of ways including as research tools, for cell therapies, drug target validation, toxicology screening, drug delivery, and as a source for 3D bioprinting. As research tools, stem cells and related materials are used to study areas like cancer stem cells, growth factors, and differentiation. For cell therapies, both allogeneic and autologous stem cell transplants are used to treat diseases. Stem cells also aid in drug development through target validation, toxicity assessment, and serving as vehicles for drug delivery. They show promise as materials for 3D printed tissues and organs.
Dr. B. Victor presented on stem cell technology. He discussed different types of stem cells including embryonic stem cells, which are pluripotent and derived from embryos, and adult stem cells, which are multipotent and found in adult tissues. Stem cells can differentiate into specialized cell types and have potential applications in cell therapy and tissue engineering to treat diseases. However, the use of embryonic stem cells is considered ethically controversial as it requires embryo destruction.
Regenerative medicine aims to repair damaged organs and tissues using stem cells. Stem cells have the unique ability to renew themselves and differentiate into other cell types. The two main types are embryonic stem cells found in early embryos, and adult stem cells found in tissues like bone marrow. Stem cells are characterized by their ability to self-renew and differentiate. Regenerative medicine uses stem cells to treat diseases like leukemia, Parkinson's, heart disease, and thalassemia. Tissue engineering also plays a role by developing biological substitutes using principles of chemistry, biology, materials science and engineering. Cells used can come from autologous, allogenic, cell line, or xenogenic sources.
Stem cells are unspecialized cells capable of renewing themselves through cell division, sometimes after long periods of inactivity.
Stem cell therapy is the most advance therapy which use stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition.
Properties, types and uses of stem cells are summarized in this presentation.
Stem cells are unspecialized cells capable of renewing themselves through cell division, sometimes after long periods of inactivity.
Stem cell therapy is an advance therapy technique used to treat or prevent a disease or condition using stem cells.
Stem cells are the cells which have the capability to differentiate into any cells of the body when provided with right stimulus and environment. This presentation teaches about stem cells, characteristics, types and cultivation of stem cells in artificial environment. Sample practice questions are also provided in the end to review the concept learned from this presentation.
Stem cells are cells that can differentiate into other types of specialized cells and can divide to produce more stem cells. There are several types of stem cells including embryonic stem cells, which are pluripotent and can differentiate into any fetal cell type, and adult stem cells, which are multipotent and can differentiate into a limited number of cell types. Stem cell potency refers to their differentiation potential, ranging from totipotent stem cells that can form a complete organism, to unipotent stem cells that can produce only one cell type.
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that have the ability to renew themselves through cell division and can differentiate into specialized cell types. There are three main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst, embryonic germ cells from fetal gonadal tissue, and adult stem cells found in various tissues. Stem cells are distinguished by their clonality, pluripotency, plasticity and expression of specific cell surface markers. Research is being conducted to understand how stem cells can be used to treat diseases like diabetes, heart disease and nervous system disorders. However, there are still safety and ethical concerns to address before stem cell therapies can be widely applied.
Stem cells have the potential to differentiate into many cell types and can serve as a repair system in the body. There are several types of stem cells including embryonic stem cells which are pluripotent and can differentiate into any fetal or extraembryonic cell type, and adult stem cells which are multipotent and can differentiate into a limited number of cell types. Stem cells offer promise for treating diseases but also face challenges for clinical applications including controlling differentiation, reducing tumor risk, and addressing ethical concerns about embryonic stem cells.
This document discusses stem cells, their properties and applications. It defines stem cells as unspecialized cells that can renew themselves and differentiate into specialized cell types. The three main types of stem cells discussed are embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Potential applications of stem cells include developing cell-based therapies for diseases, screening new drug treatments, and studying early human development.
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and can self-renew. There are several types of stem cells including embryonic, adult, and fetal stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are the most versatile but also raise ethical issues, while adult stem cells are more limited in their differentiation potential. Stem cell therapy works by stem cells differentiating into the type of cells needed to repair damaged tissue when transplanted into the body. Current applications of stem cell therapy include treating diseases like cancer, diabetes, and Parkinson's disease.
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and divide to produce more stem cells. There are two main types: embryonic stem cells derived from blastocysts, and adult stem cells found in mature tissue. Stem cell research offers potential treatments for diseases by replacing damaged cells, though it faces ethical issues and technical challenges. The presentation discussed various stem cell applications in diabetes, eye disease, and blood disorders.
Stem cells can be derived from embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the potential to differentiate into other cell types. There are several types of stem cells including totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, oligopotent, and unipotent stem cells, which differ in their ability to differentiate. Stem cells offer potential for treating diseases but also raise ethical issues that require more research.
HUMAN STEM CELLS: An interpretation and impression on Human Adult Stem cellIJSRED
This document provides an overview of human adult stem cells and germ line stem cells. It discusses that stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can renew themselves and differentiate into specialized cell types. There are several types of stem cells classified based on their differentiation potential, including totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent stem cells. Adult stem cells are found in various tissues like bone marrow, skin, blood, and can differentiate into cell types of the organ they originated from. Germ line stem cells are found in ovaries and testes and are responsible for gamete production. The document also discusses the potential uses of stem cells in regenerative medicine and disease research.
(1) Stem cells can be embryonic, adult, or induced pluripotent. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent while adult stem cells are multipotent.
(2) Cancer stem cells are a small fraction of tumor cells that can self-renew and differentiate to form the heterogeneous tumor mass. They rely on signaling pathways like JAK/STAT, Hedgehog, Wnt, and Notch to maintain their stem-like properties.
(3) Targeting these pathways and surface markers on cancer stem cells is a promising strategy for cancer treatment, though more research is still needed to develop effective therapies.
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into various cell types and serve as a repair system for the body. There are several types of stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are the most versatile and found in early-stage embryos, while adult stem cells are found in tissues and can differentiate into multiple cell types. Mesenchymal stem cells are multipotent and can differentiate into bone, cartilage, and fat cells. Induced pluripotent stem cells are generated from adult cells that have been genetically reprogrammed. The potential medical uses of stem cells are debated due to ethical issues around embryonic stem cell research.
Stem cells have unique properties that allow them to renew themselves and differentiate into other cell types. There are two main sources of stem cells: embryonic stem cells derived from embryos and adult stem cells found in tissues. Embryonic stem cells are grown in laboratories using nutrient solutions and feeder cell layers. Tests to identify stem cells examine transcription factors, cell markers, and differentiation potential. Applications of stem cell research include tissue regeneration, treatment of diseases like cardiovascular and brain disorders, replacing deficient cells, and treating blood disorders.
Stem cells can be used in a variety of ways including as research tools, for cell therapies, drug target validation, toxicology screening, drug delivery, and as a source for 3D bioprinting. As research tools, stem cells and related materials are used to study areas like cancer stem cells, growth factors, and differentiation. For cell therapies, both allogeneic and autologous stem cell transplants are used to treat diseases. Stem cells also aid in drug development through target validation, toxicity assessment, and serving as vehicles for drug delivery. They show promise as materials for 3D printed tissues and organs.
Dr. B. Victor presented on stem cell technology. He discussed different types of stem cells including embryonic stem cells, which are pluripotent and derived from embryos, and adult stem cells, which are multipotent and found in adult tissues. Stem cells can differentiate into specialized cell types and have potential applications in cell therapy and tissue engineering to treat diseases. However, the use of embryonic stem cells is considered ethically controversial as it requires embryo destruction.
Regenerative medicine aims to repair damaged organs and tissues using stem cells. Stem cells have the unique ability to renew themselves and differentiate into other cell types. The two main types are embryonic stem cells found in early embryos, and adult stem cells found in tissues like bone marrow. Stem cells are characterized by their ability to self-renew and differentiate. Regenerative medicine uses stem cells to treat diseases like leukemia, Parkinson's, heart disease, and thalassemia. Tissue engineering also plays a role by developing biological substitutes using principles of chemistry, biology, materials science and engineering. Cells used can come from autologous, allogenic, cell line, or xenogenic sources.
Stem cells are unspecialized cells capable of renewing themselves through cell division, sometimes after long periods of inactivity.
Stem cell therapy is the most advance therapy which use stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition.
Properties, types and uses of stem cells are summarized in this presentation.
Stem cells are unspecialized cells capable of renewing themselves through cell division, sometimes after long periods of inactivity.
Stem cell therapy is an advance therapy technique used to treat or prevent a disease or condition using stem cells.
Stem cells are the cells which have the capability to differentiate into any cells of the body when provided with right stimulus and environment. This presentation teaches about stem cells, characteristics, types and cultivation of stem cells in artificial environment. Sample practice questions are also provided in the end to review the concept learned from this presentation.
Stem cells are cells that can differentiate into other types of specialized cells and can divide to produce more stem cells. There are several types of stem cells including embryonic stem cells, which are pluripotent and can differentiate into any fetal cell type, and adult stem cells, which are multipotent and can differentiate into a limited number of cell types. Stem cell potency refers to their differentiation potential, ranging from totipotent stem cells that can form a complete organism, to unipotent stem cells that can produce only one cell type.
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that have the ability to renew themselves through cell division and can differentiate into specialized cell types. There are three main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst, embryonic germ cells from fetal gonadal tissue, and adult stem cells found in various tissues. Stem cells are distinguished by their clonality, pluripotency, plasticity and expression of specific cell surface markers. Research is being conducted to understand how stem cells can be used to treat diseases like diabetes, heart disease and nervous system disorders. However, there are still safety and ethical concerns to address before stem cell therapies can be widely applied.
Stem cells have the potential to differentiate into many cell types and can serve as a repair system in the body. There are several types of stem cells including embryonic stem cells which are pluripotent and can differentiate into any fetal or extraembryonic cell type, and adult stem cells which are multipotent and can differentiate into a limited number of cell types. Stem cells offer promise for treating diseases but also face challenges for clinical applications including controlling differentiation, reducing tumor risk, and addressing ethical concerns about embryonic stem cells.
This document discusses stem cells, their properties and applications. It defines stem cells as unspecialized cells that can renew themselves and differentiate into specialized cell types. The three main types of stem cells discussed are embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Potential applications of stem cells include developing cell-based therapies for diseases, screening new drug treatments, and studying early human development.
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.Gokuldas Hospital
Your smile is beautiful.
Let’s be honest. Maintaining that beautiful smile is not an easy task. It is more than brushing and flossing. Sometimes, you might encounter dental issues that need special dental care. These issues can range anywhere from misalignment of the jaw to pain in the root of teeth.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s PerspectiveGolden Helix
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
The Children are very vulnerable to get affected with respiratory disease.
In our country, the respiratory Disease conditions are consider as major cause for mortality and Morbidity in Child.
Discover the benefits of homeopathic medicine for irregular periods with our guide on 5 common remedies. Learn how these natural treatments can help regulate menstrual cycles and improve overall menstrual health.
Visit Us: https://drdeepikashomeopathy.com/service/irregular-periods-treatment/
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7shruti jagirdar
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
2. Objectives
Define what stem cells are
List the types of stem cells and their
properties
List the methods of stem cell culture
List the medical roles of stem cells
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3. Outline
Definition
Types of stem cells
Stem cells and organogenesis
Stem Cell Culture
Medical roles of stem cells
Summary
References
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4. What are Stem Cells?
4
A stem cell is a relatively unspecialized cell
that can reproduce itself indefinitely.
able to differentiate into any cell of an organism
and have the ability of self-renewal.
exist both in embryos and adult cells.
5. 5
They have two unique properties that enable
them to do this
They can divide over and over again to produce
new cells.
As they divide, they can change into the other
types of cells that make up the body.
6. 6
What factors account for the stemness and
cell differentiation capability of ES cells?
Expression of high levels of active telomerase.
allows them to escape senescence.
Expression of specific genes.
A gene called Oct4, is exclusively expressed in
ES cells.
Codes for a transcription regulator.
A core set of transcription regulators defines and
maintains the ES cell state.
7. Types of Stem Cell
7
There are three main types of stem cell:
Embryonic stem cells
Supply new cells for an embryo as it grows and
develops into a baby.
Are said to be pluripotent,
they can change into any cell in the body.
9. 9
Adult stem cells
Supply new cells as an organism grows and to
replace cells that get damaged.
Are said to be multipotent
they can only change into some cells in the body,
not any cell.
10. Adult stem cells…
10
Blood (or 'haematopoietic') stem cells can only
replace the various types of cells in the blood.
Skin (or 'epithelial') stem cells provide the
different types of cells that make up our skin
and hair.
11. 11
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells)
Stem cells that scientists make in the
laboratory
Induced’ means that they are made in the lab
by taking normal adult cells, like skin or blood
cells, and reprogramming them to become
stem cells.
Just like embryonic stem cells, they are
pluripotent so they can develop into any cell
type
12. Stem cell Types …
Stem cells are of many types, specialized
for the genesis of different classes of
terminally differentiated cells—
intestinal stem cells for intestinal epithelium,
epidermal stem cells for epidermis,
hematopoietic stem cells for blood
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13. Tissue Renewal That Does Not Depend on
Stem Cells:
Insulin Secreting Cells in the Pancreas and
Hepatocytes in the Liver
Some types of cells can divide even though
fully differentiated
allowing for renewal and regeneration without the
use of stem cells.
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14. insulin-secreting cells (β cells) of the
pancreas
Sequestered in cell clusters called islets of
Langerhans
contain no obvious subset of cells specialized
to act as stem cells
yet fresh β cells are continually generated
within them
Renewal occurs by simple duplication of the
existing insulin-expressing cells, not by
means of stem cells.
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15. Hepatocyte
renew by simple duplication of fully differentiated
cells
normally live for a year or more and renew
themselves through cell division at a very slow rate
Within a day or so after either sort of damage, a
surge of cell division occurs among the surviving
hepatocytes, quickly replacing the lost tissue.
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16. If two-thirds of a rat’s liver is removed, for
example, a liver of nearly normal size can
regenerate from the remainder by
hepatocyte proliferation within about two
weeks.
Both the pancreas and the liver contain
small populations of stem cells that can be
called into play as a backup mechanism for
production of the differentiated cell types in
more extreme circumstances.
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17. Some Tissues Lack Stem Cells and Are Not
Renewable
the auditory epithelium and the retinal
epithelium lack stem cells, and their sensory
receptor cells—the sensory hair cells in the
ear, the photoreceptors in the retina—are
irreplaceable.
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18. Fibroblasts
When a tissue is injured, the fibroblasts nearby
proliferate, migrate into the wound and
produce large amounts of collagenous matrix that
helps to isolate and repair the damaged tissue.
are the easiest of cells to grow in culture
a feature that has made them a favorite subject for
cell biological studies.
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19. Figure: The family of connective tissue cells.
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20. Figure : Control of fibroblast differentiation by the physical properties of the extracellular matrix.
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21. Myoblasts
Precursors of skeletal muscle fibers.
after a period of proliferation, they stop dividing,
expression of a muscle-specifc genes required for
terminal differentiation
Fuse with one another to form multinucleate skeletal
muscle fibers
Once differentiation and cell fusion have occurred,
the cells do not divide
The nuclei never again replicate their DNA.
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22. Some Myoblasts Persist as Quiescent Stem Cells in
the Adult
able of serving as myoblasts are retained
small, flattened, and inactive cells lying in close
contact with the mature muscle cell
The process of muscle repair by means of satellite
cells is, however, limited.
exhaustion of their regenerative capacity
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23. myoSatellite cells
Are the stem cells of adult skeletal muscle
held in reserve in a quiescent state
available when needed as a self-renewing
source of terminally differentiated cells.
If the muscle is damaged or stimulated to
grow, these cells are activated to proliferate
their progeny can fuse to repair the damaged
muscle or to allow muscle growth.
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24. BLOOD CELLS
Are all generated from a common stem cell, located
in the bone marrow.
hematopoietic stem cell is thus multipotent
giving rise to all the types of terminally
differentiated blood cells as well as some other
types of cells, such as the osteoclasts in bone
have limited life-spans and are produced throughout
life.
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25. Bone Marrow Contains Multipotent Hematopoietic
Stem Cells, Able to Give Rise to All Classes of Blood
Cells
The developing blood cells and their precursors,
including the stem cells, are intermingled with one
another
The stem cells constitutes a tiny fraction of the bone
marrow population
about 1 cell in 50,000–100,000
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27. Neural Stem Cells
Stem cells capable of generating new neurons are
hard to find.
Were thought to be absent many years.
Can be manipulated in culture and used to
repopulate the central nervous system.
It is now discovered that neural stem cells that
generate both neurons and glial cells do persist in
certain parts of the adult human brain.
There is continuing turnover of neurons in the
hippocampus.
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28. Neural stem cells can be obtained from The
hippocampal region or fetal brains
Grown in culture, and then grafted back into
other sites in the brain,
generate neurons appropriate to the new
location.
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29. Neural stem cells from pluripotent stem
cells can be grafted into an adult brain.
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30. Embryonic Stem (ES) Cells Can Generate Any Part
of the Body.
A fertilized egg, or an equivalent cell produced by
nuclear transplantation can generate a whole new
multicellular individual.
can be taken from an early mouse embryo, at the
blastocyst stage.
A class of stem cells called embryonic stem cells
through cell culture can be driven from it.
Originate from the inner cell mass of the early
embryo.
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Stem cells
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31. Figure : Production and pluripotency of ES cells.
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Stem cells
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32. iPS cells also be derived from adult human
cells and from various other differentiated cell
types besides fibroblasts.
ES and iPS cells can be guided to generate
specific adult cell types and even whole
organs.
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33. Cells of one specialized type can be forced to
transdifferentiate directly into another.
Fibroblasts can be made to transdifferentiate
directly into heart muscle cells.
By forcing expression of combination of
factors: Gata4, Mef2c, and Tbx5
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34. 34
Reprogramming focuses on the expression of
oncogenes such as
octamer-binding transcription factor-4 (Oct4),
Kruppel-like factor-4 (Klf4)
c-myelocytomatosis (c-Myc)
enhanced by a downregulation of genes
promoting genome stability, such as p53.
35. Stem Cells and organogenesis
35
After fertilization, the zygote usually divides
rapidly, or cleaves, to form many smaller cells.
during this cleavage, the embryo does not
grow.
a blastula—typically a solid or a hollow fluid-
filled ball of cells is then formed.
36. Stem Cells and
organogenesis…
36
Complex cell rearrangements called
gastrulation
transform the blastula into a multilayered
structure containing. a rudimentary internal gut.
Some cells of the blastula remain external,
constituting the ectoderm, which will give rise
to the epidermis and the nervous system.
37. Stem Cells and
organogenesis…
37
A blastocyst is formed after the fusion of sperm
and
ovum fertilization. Its inner wall is lined with
short- lived stem cells, namely, embryonic stem
cells.
Blastocysts are composed of two distinct cell
types:
The inner cell mass (ICM), develops into epiblasts
and induces the development of a foetus.
the trophectoderm (TE).
38. 38
The trophectoderm continues to develop
forms the extraembryonic support structures
needed for the successful origin of the embryo,
such as the placenta
As the TE begins to form a specialized support
structure, the ICM cells remain
undifferentiated, fully pluripotent and
proliferative
allows them to form any cell of the organism
39. 39
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are
derived from the ICM.
During the process of embryogenesis, cells
form aggregations called germ layers
Each germ layers eventually give rise to
differentiated cells and tissues of the foetus
and, later on, the adult organism.
40. 40
After hESCs differentiate into one of the germ
layers, they become multipotent stem cells,
potency limited to only the cells of the germ layer.
Pluripotent stem cells will then be formed all
over the organism as undifferentiated cells
Able to proliferate by the formation of the next
generation of stem cells
differentiation into specialized cells under certain
physiological conditions.
41. 41
Although the derivation of ESCs without
separation from the TE is possible, such a
combination has growth limits.
proliferating actions are limited, co-culture of
these is usually avoided.
42. Stem cell Culturing
42
Cells are placed in a culture dish filled with
culture medium.
Passage is inefficient but popular process of
sub-culturing cells to other dishes.
43. 43
Phenotypic pluripotency assays
Recognizing undifferentiated cells is crucial in
successful stem cell therapy.
Stem cells appear to have a distinct morphology
a prominent nucleolus, high nucleus to cytoplasm
ratio
Cells appear to be flat with defined borders, in
contrast to differentiating colonies.
appear as loosely located cells with rough
borders.
44. 44
When stem cells differentiate, the methylation
process silences pluripotency genes
reduces differentiation potential, although other
genes may undergo demethylation to become
expressed.
45. 45
hESC derivation and media
hESCs can be derived using a variety of
methods, from classic culturing to
microsurgery.
hESC differentiation must be specified to avoid
teratoma formation.
hESCs spontaneously differentiate into
embryonic
bodies (EBs).
46. 46
EBs can be studied instead of embryos or
animals to predict their effects on early human
development.
47. 47
The essential part of these culturing
procedures is a
separation of inner cell mass to culture future
hESCs.
Particular attention must be taken in
controlling spontaneous differentiation.
When the colony reaches the appropriate size,
cells must be separated.
48. 48
Cell passaging is used to form smaller clusters of
cells on a new culture surface.
There are four important passaging procedures.
Enzymatic dissociation
is a cutting action of enzymes on proteins and
adhesion domains that bind the colony.
It is crucial to not leave hESCs alone after
passaging.
Solitary cells are more sensitive and can easily
undergo cell death
collagenase type IV is an example.
49. 49
Manual passage
Focuses on using cell scratchers.
The selection of certain cells is not necessary.
This should be done in the early stages of cell
line derivation
50. 50
Trypsin utilization
allows a healthy, automated hESC passage.
However, there is a risk of decreasing the
pluripotency and viability of stem cells.
51. 51
Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)
indirectly suppresses cell-to-cell connections
by chelating divalent cations.
Their suppression promotes cell dissociation.
Prevent joining of cadherins (calcium dependent
adhesion) between cells
Prevent clumping of cells
Detaching adherent cells for passaging
52. Stem cell Culturing …
52
Stem cells require a mixture of growth factors
and nutrients to differentiate and develop.
The medium should be changed each day.
Traditional culture methods used for hESCs
are
mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) as a feeder
layer
bovine serum as a medium.
53. 53
First feeder layer-free culture can be
supplemented with serum replacement,
combined with laminin .
This causes stable karyotypes of stem cells
and pluripotency lasting for over a year.
Initial culturing media can be
serum (e.g. foetal calf serum (FCS)
artificial replacement such as
Synthetic serum substitute (SSS),
Knockout Serum Replacement (KOSR), or
StemPro.
54. 54
Turning point in stem cell therapy
John B. Gurdon in 1962
Challenged the dogma that the specialized
cell is irreversibly committed to its fate.
Successfully cloning frogs by transferring a
nucleus from a frog’s somatic cells into an
oocyte.
demonstrated that it is possible for a somatic
cell to again acquire pluripotency.
56. 56
Davis R.L. in 1987
showed that reprogramming cells is possible,
and it can even be used to transform cells from
one lineage to another
enforced expression of genes that were
originally found in myoblasts caused the
conversion of fibroblasts into myoblasts.
myogenic differentiation 1 (Myod1)
57. 57
Shinya Yamanaka and Kazutoshi Takahashi In
2006
discovered that it is possible to reprogram
multipotent adult stem cells to the pluripotent
state.
avoided endangering the foetus’ life in the
process.
58. 58
Four transcription factors (Oct-3/4, Sox2,
KLF4, and c-Myc).
Are mainly expressed in embryonic stem cells
could induce the fibroblasts to become pluripotent
This new form of stem cells was named
iPSCs.
One year later, the experiment also succeeded
with human cells.
59. Medical roles of Stem Cells
59
play a large role in developing restorative
medicine.
The difference between a stem cell and a
differentiated cell is reflected in the cells’ DNA.
60. Medical roles of Stem cells…
60
Many serious medical conditions, such as birth
defects or cancer, are caused by improper
differentiation or cell division.
Several stem cell therapies are possible,
among which are treatments for Heart failure,
retinal and macular degeneration, tendon
ruptures, and diabetes type 1
61. 61
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
the most popular stem cell therapy.
the most tissue-specific stem cells
experimentally studied for more than 50 years.
HSCs are responsible for the generation of all
functional haematopoietic lineages in blood.
62. 62
limitations
There is a limited number of transplantable
cells
an efficient way of gathering them has not yet
been found.
problem with finding a fitting antigen-matched
donor for transplantation.
Viral contamination or any immunoreactions
can cause a reduction in efficiency
63. 63
Stem cells as a target for pharmacological testing
Stem cells can be used in new drug tests.
Each experiment on living tissue can be
performed safely on specific differentiated cells fro
pluripotent cells
If any undesirable effect appears, drug formulas
can be changed until they reach a sufficient level
of effectiveness.
64. Figure: Use of iPS cells for drug discovery and for analysis and treatment of genetic disease.
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65. 65
Stem cells as an alternative for arthroplasty.
Rejuvenation by cell programming.
using cell reprogramming technology in elder
animals and humans to erase marks of ageing
without removing the epigenetic marks of cell
identity.
66. 66
Cells from aged individuals have
different transcriptional signatures,
high levels of oxidative stress,
dysfunctional mitochondria, and
shorter telomeres than in young cells
67. 67
There is a hypothesis that when human or
mouse adult somatic cells are reprogrammed
to iPSCs, their epigenetic age is virtually reset
to zero.
68. 68
Cell-based therapies
Stem cells can be induced to become a
specific cell type that is required to repair
damaged or destroyed tissues.
69. 69
It is possible to generate healthy heart muscle
cells and later transplant them to patients with
heart disease.
it can be possible to induce stem cells to
differentiate into insulin-producing cells
71. 71
Fertility diseases
Scientists showed that it is possible to form
sperm from iPSCs
Young adults at risk of losing their
spermatogonial stem cells (SSC), mostly
cancer patients can benefit from it
72. 72
Therapy for incurable neurodegenerative
diseases
Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease
(AD), and Huntington disease.
73. 73
Brain tissue from aborted fetuses was used on
patients with Parkinson’s disease
showed that therapies with pure stem cells are an
important and achievable therapy.
74. 74
Stem cell use in dentistry
There are stem cells in the periodontal
ligament
capable of differentiating into osteoblasts or
cementoblasts
their functions were also assessed in neural cells
Stem cells of the root apical areas are able to
recreate periodontal ligament.
75. Medical role…
75
Adult stem cells are currently used to treat
some conditions, for example:
Blood stem cells are used to provide a source of
healthy blood cells for people with some blood
conditions:
Thalassaemia
cancer patients who have lost their own blood stem
cells during treatment.
76. Medical roles…
76
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
a condition in which cells in the retina of the eye
called retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells stop
working.
stem cells could be used as a new form of
treatment in the future:
using iPSCs to produce new RPE cells in the lab
that can then be put into a patient’s eye to replace
the damaged cells.
77. 77
An illustration showing how stem cells can be used to produce retinal pigment epithelium
(RPE) cells that can
be used to treat patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
Image credit: Genome Research Limited
78. Medical roles
78
Stem cells could be used to generate new organs
for use in transplants:
damaged organs can be replaced by obtaining
healthy organs from a donor
donated organs may be 'rejected' by the body as
the immune system sees it as something that is
foreign.
79. Summary
79
A stem cell is a relatively unspecialized cell
that can reproduce itself indefinitely and act
as internal repair systems of the body.
The three types of Stem cells are ESCs,
Adult stem cells and iPSC
Stem cells can be isolated and be cultured
under appropriate conditions.
Stem cells may be one way of generating
new cells that can then be transplanted into
the body to replace those that are damaged
or lost.
80. 80
Differentiated stem cells can be reprogrammed
to give undifferentiated cells capable of
differentiation into different lineage.
Stem cells when specialized gives the genesis
of different classes of terminally differentiated
cell.
Stem cells have immense medical role including
the cure for neurodegenerative diseases.
81. References
81
Takahashi, K. and Yamanaka, S. (2006) ‘Induction of Pluripotent
Stem Cells from Mouse Embryonic and Adult Fibroblast Cultures by
Defined Factors’, Cell, 126(4), pp. 663–676. doi:
10.1016/j.cell.2006.07.024.
Albert, B., Johnson, A. and Lewis, J., 2015. Molecular Biology of
The Cell. New York: Garland Science.
Khan, F. A. et al. (2018) ‘Isolation, Culture, and Functional
Characterization of Human Embryonic Stem Cells: Current Trends
and Challenges’, Stem Cells International. Edited by V. Sorrenti,
2018, p. 1429351. doi: 10.1155/2018/1429351.
Campbell’s molecular biology of the cell eleventh edition.
Rahman, M. et al. (2016) ‘STEM CELL AND CANCER STEM CELL:
A Tale of Two Cells’, Progress in Stem Cell, 3(02), p. 97. doi:
10.15419/psc.v3i02.124.
Li, Y., Xu, C. and Ma, T. (2014) ‘In vitro organogenesis from
pluripotent stem cells’, Organogenesis, 10(2), pp. 159–163. doi:
10.4161/org.28918.
Editor's Notes
Y Chromosome Alu polymorphism
Transcription Adaptor Putative Zink finger
cells taken from bone marrow are sorted (using a kuorescence-activated cell sorter) according to the surface antigens that they display,and the dinerent fractions are transfused back into irradiated mice. If a fractionrescues an irradiated host mouse, it must contain hematopoietic stem cells. In thisway, it has been possible to show that the hematopoietic stem cells are characterized by a specipc combination of cell-surface proteins, and by appropriate sortingwe can obtain virtually pure stem-cell preparations.
bind to calcium
Chelator : a substance that binds particular ions removing them from solutions
EDTA is a chelator of divalent catioms
in experiment on mice in 2011
Trinucleotide repeat disordr
THE GENE FOR the cytoplasmic protein huntingtin is located in the short arm of chromosome number 4
Containing three DNA base pairs CAG CAG CAG normal repeat is less than 26
CAG I the three letter genetic code for the amino acid glutamine so a series of them produces chain of glutamine ,polyglutamine tract poly Q tract or the repeated part of the gene polyQ region
Generally people have fewer than 36 repeated CAG(glutamine) in the poly Q region which results in the production of the cytoplasmic protein huntingtin
However a sequence of 36 or more glutamine results in the production a protein which has different characteristics . The altered form , Mutant huntingtin(mHTT) increases the decay rate of certain types of neurons.
ESC pluripotency in vitro and in vivo may be confirmed through various approaches.
Injection of ESCs into tissues of adult immune-deficient mice to confirm the ability of ESCs to differentiate and form teratomas.
Spontaneous or directed differentiation of mouse ESCs in vitro to monitor the formation of embryoid bodies (EBs).Histological analysis (e.g., Immunohistochemical or Immunocytochemical) of teratomas and EBs serves to confirm differentiation of ESCs into a variety of cell types from endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm origin.
Injection of ESCs into blastocysts for the generation of "chimera mice" confirms germline capacity.