This document discusses states of matter and properties of matter. It begins by outlining the unit outcomes, which are to understand basics of chemical and physical phenomena for drug molecules and use physicochemical properties of drugs in formulation development. It then lists the content covered, including states of matter, changes between states, latent heat, vapor pressure, sublimation, critical point, eutectic mixtures, and liquefaction of gases. Diagrams are included to illustrate the gas, liquid, and solid states of water and the processes of freezing, melting, vaporization, and condensation. Factors that affect vapor pressure like temperature and intermolecular forces are also discussed. The document concludes by covering sublimation, liquefaction of gases

1. Savitribai Phule Pune University
B.PHARM
Semester-III
By
Ms. Chaitali C. Dongaonkar
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Pharmaceutics
States of Matter
and
Properties of Matter

2. UNIT OUTCOMES
• Understand the basics of chemical and physical
phenomena for
Drug molecule.
• Use of physicochemical properties of drugs in the
formulation development and evaluation of dosage
forms
2
2

3. CONTENT
1. States of matter
2. Changes in states of matter
3. Latent heat
4. Vapor pressure
5. Sublimation
6. Critical point
7. Eutectic mixture
8. Liquefaction of gases
3
3

4. GAS
(VAPOURS)
SOLID
(ICE)
LIQUID
(WATER)
4

5. GAS
(VAPOURS)
SOLID
(ICE)
LIQUID
(WATER)
5

6. GAS
(VAPOURS)
SOLID
(ICE)
LIQUID
(WATER)
6

7. GAS
(VAPOURS)
SOLID
(ICE)
LIQUID
(WATER)
FREEZING
MELTING
7

8. Heat Supplied
Temperature
Latent Heat of Vaporization
(Temperature remains constant
as Solid turns to Liquid)
Latent Heat of Fusion
(Temperature remains constant
as solid turns to Liquid)
8

9. Rate of Evaporation = Rate of Condensation
Liquid
Equilibrium between Liquid-Vapor
Pressure Exerted by Vapor on
Liquid Surface at given
Temperature
Vapor
9

10. 10
Factors affecting:
1.Nature of the Liquid.
2.Temperature.
Liquid
Temperature increases, Increase in
VP
Weaker Intermolecular
forces, Higher VP
Vapor

11. Pressure exerted by individual
gases
(Here Gas A and Gas B)
Liquid A and B
11

12. Two Volatile Liquids A and B
Both component will evaporate and eventually
equilibrium establish between Vapor phase
and Liquid phase
12

13. Pure solvent = High VP
Liquid and Non-Volatile Solute (Solution)
Solution = Less than Pure Solvent
Solvent
Solution
13

14. 14

15. 15

16. 16

17. 17

18. 18

19. Sublimation of Dry Ice
Sublimation of Iodine
19

20. 20

21. 21

22. GAS LIQUID
22

23. LIQUIFACTION OF GAS
LOW TEMPERATUIRE
CHANGES GAS INTO LIQUID STATE
HIGH PRESSURE
23

24. TEMP PRESSURE
KE
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25. CONDITIONS FOR LIQUIFACTION OF GAS
CRITICAL TEMPERATURE Tc
CRITICAL PRESSURE Pc
CRITICAL VOLUME Vc
25

26. PRINCIPLE FOR LIQUIFACTION OF GAS
JOULE – THOMSON’S EFFECT
HIGH
PRESSURE
LOW
PRESSURE
P
O
R
U
S
COMPRESSION EXPANSION

27. 1.FARADAY’S METHOD
27

28. 2.LINDE’S METHOD
28

29. 3.CLAUD’S METHOD
29

30. APPLICATIONS:
REFRIGERATOR
LPG GAS
LIQUID OXYGEN
LNG GAS
AQUALUNG
DEVICE
ROCKET ENGINE
SELF COOLING POP CAN
30

31. RELATIVE HUMIDITY
31
31
31

32. MEASUREMENT OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY
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