This study investigated the toxic effects of polyethylene microplastic (PE-MP) on the testes of adult male rats and the potential protective effects of luteolin (LUT). The following results were found:
1) Exposure to PE-MP disrupted antioxidant defenses, increased oxidative stress, reduced sperm quality and count, and lowered testosterone and other hormone levels in rats.
2) PE-MP exposure also caused histological damage to testicular tissues.
3) Co-treatment with the antioxidant LUT reversed all of the toxic effects of PE-MP on the testes, restoring normal semen and hormonal parameters as well as antioxidant status.
4) LUT treatment alone did not significantly alter any
Developmental Anomalies and Oxidative Stress Responses in Zebrafish (Danio Re...Premier Publishers
The discharge of human pharmaceuticals via wastewater treatment plants represents a major threat to non-target aquatic organisms since they are continually exposed throughout their lifespan. The individual effects of the anaesthetic, lidocaine; the cytostatics, ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide; and the antimicrobials, sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin and erythromycin on 24 hpf (hours post fertilization) zebrafish (Danio rerio) following a 96-h exposure was investigated by evaluating embryonic development, catalase (CAT) enzyme activity, and the gene expressions of CAT, cytosolic superoxide dismutase (SOD1), and mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD2). Lidocaine, cyclophosphamide and sulfamethoxazole induced neurotoxicity (scoliosis, tail malformation) and cardiotoxicity (pericardial edema, bradycardia) in the zebrafish which correlate with their adverse effects in mammals. These observations were linked to oxidative stress as indicated by the significant alteration of CAT activity and amounts of transcripts of SOD1, SOD2, and CAT. The CAT activity and gene expressions of the antioxidants were significantly upregulated at sublethal and levels of ifosfamide, lidocaine, cyclophosphamide, and erythromycin non-toxic to embryonic development in this study which suggest that these antioxidants may play a role in the prevention of teratogenicity in the larvae. The multi-level effect approach adopted in this study provides a better understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity employed by lidocaine, cyclophosphamide and sulfamethoxazole towards zebrafish. This study shows the importance of evaluating stress biomarkers and emphasizes the need for chronic studies in assessing pharmaceutical effects on aquatic organisms.
Benzanthrone induced immunotoxicity via oxidative stressPrachi Tewari
The document summarizes a study on the immunotoxic effects of benzanthrone (BA) in mice. The key findings are:
1) BA exposed mice exhibited signs of systemic inflammation like enhanced delayed type hypersensitivity response and myeloperoxidase activity. Histopathological examination showed hyperplastic and dysplastic changes in spleen and lung tissues.
2) Exposure to BA led to oxidative stress, upregulation of inflammatory markers iNOS and COX-2, and DNA damage in spleen tissues.
3) Inflammatory and regulatory cytokine levels like IL-17, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1, IL-10 and IL-4 were significantly increased in serum and spleen tissues.
A Review on Reproductive and Neurobehavioral Effect of Pesticide lambda cyhal...ijtsrd
A synthetic pyrethroid used as an insecticide is called lambda cyhalothrin LCT . Investigation of LCTs effects on neurobehavioral and reproductive effects was the studys main objective. Therefore, the existing study was designed to investigate the effect of LCT on the reproductive and neurobehavioral effects. In this study found reproductive toxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and splenotoxicity and also showed reduced testosterone levels and ovarian alteration. Also found neurotransmitter levels and AChE and Na K ATPase activities are suppressed. Gaurav Kumar | Navodita Priyadarshani "A Review on Reproductive and Neurobehavioral Effect of Pesticide lambda-cyhalothrin" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd55107.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/biological-science/zoology/55107/a-review-on-reproductive-and-neurobehavioral-effect-of-pesticide-lambdacyhalothrin/gaurav-kumar
This study investigated the protective effects of Salacia oblanga and quercetin on cyclophosphamide-induced chromosome aberrations in rat bone marrow cells. Rats were treated with Salacia oblanga or quercetin for 15 days, then given cyclophosphamide on days 14 and 15. Cyclophosphamide is known to induce chromosome aberrations and oxidative stress. The study found that quercetin completely prevented cyclophosphamide-induced chromosome aberrations, while Salacia oblanga partially prevented them. Both treatments decreased oxidative stress caused by cyclophosphamide. The results suggest that Salacia oblanga and quercetin can protect against the genotoxic and oxidative effects of cyclophosph
E-screen assay validation: evaluation of estrogenic activity by MCF7 cell cul...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Natural and synthetic estrogens have been detected in rivers, lakes and estuaries in many parts of the world. Primary sources of these compounds are domestic and industrial effluents, which are not deleted after the water treatment. Estrogen has been the endocrine disruptor most researched to be very active biologically and be the etiologic agent of diverse types of cancer and other conditions such as endometriosis, precocious puberty, feminization, masculinization, sterility. In this context, we use water of 36 natural reservoirs or dams, in a bioassay to characterize their estrogenicity in culture of MCF7 cells and obtained high concentration of estrogen in samples taken in Ibiúna and Equestrian Santo Amaro / SP. However, certain concentration in our samples for most water samples from different regions was very close to the limit of quantification by bioassay and estrogen was in fmol. It has been shown that e-screen assay with MCF7 cells is a sensitive and stable tool for quantitative analysis of estrogenicity of water and can easily be developed and implemented for routine for estrogen quantification also in animal food and man, aqueous and plastics etc. Keywords— endocrine disrupters, estrogen, breast cancer cells, (MCF7) bioassay: E-screen assay
The study investigated the effects of methoxychlor (MXC), an organochlorine pesticide, on liver and kidney function in rats and the potential protective effects of propolis. Rats were exposed to MXC, propolis, or both for 6 or 12 months. MXC exposure significantly increased liver enzymes and oxidative stress markers in the liver and caused histological damage. It also increased kidney dysfunction biomarkers and caused tubular degeneration. Co-administration of propolis with MXC ameliorated many of the toxic effects of MXC on the liver and kidney, decreasing oxidative stress and normalizing biomarker levels. The study suggests that propolis has protective effects against MXC-induced toxicity in
Glyphosate research papers - Compiled by Dr.Alex Vasquez and Dr Eva Sirinaths...João Soares
Uma compilação de resumos de artigos científicos sobre os malefícios do glifosato sobre o ambiente, os animais e a saúde pública. Esta compilação foi efectuada pelo Dr. Alex Vasquez e a Dr. Eva Sirinathsinghji, do Instituto de Ciências na Sociedade e contém 245 páginas.
«Glyphosate Research Compilation – Abstracts of studies: Glyphosate’s adverse effects on the environment & on animal & human health - by Dr. Alex Vasquez & Dr. Eva Sirinathsinghji, Institute of Science in Society (245 pages)»
Developmental Anomalies and Oxidative Stress Responses in Zebrafish (Danio Re...Premier Publishers
The discharge of human pharmaceuticals via wastewater treatment plants represents a major threat to non-target aquatic organisms since they are continually exposed throughout their lifespan. The individual effects of the anaesthetic, lidocaine; the cytostatics, ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide; and the antimicrobials, sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin and erythromycin on 24 hpf (hours post fertilization) zebrafish (Danio rerio) following a 96-h exposure was investigated by evaluating embryonic development, catalase (CAT) enzyme activity, and the gene expressions of CAT, cytosolic superoxide dismutase (SOD1), and mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD2). Lidocaine, cyclophosphamide and sulfamethoxazole induced neurotoxicity (scoliosis, tail malformation) and cardiotoxicity (pericardial edema, bradycardia) in the zebrafish which correlate with their adverse effects in mammals. These observations were linked to oxidative stress as indicated by the significant alteration of CAT activity and amounts of transcripts of SOD1, SOD2, and CAT. The CAT activity and gene expressions of the antioxidants were significantly upregulated at sublethal and levels of ifosfamide, lidocaine, cyclophosphamide, and erythromycin non-toxic to embryonic development in this study which suggest that these antioxidants may play a role in the prevention of teratogenicity in the larvae. The multi-level effect approach adopted in this study provides a better understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity employed by lidocaine, cyclophosphamide and sulfamethoxazole towards zebrafish. This study shows the importance of evaluating stress biomarkers and emphasizes the need for chronic studies in assessing pharmaceutical effects on aquatic organisms.
Benzanthrone induced immunotoxicity via oxidative stressPrachi Tewari
The document summarizes a study on the immunotoxic effects of benzanthrone (BA) in mice. The key findings are:
1) BA exposed mice exhibited signs of systemic inflammation like enhanced delayed type hypersensitivity response and myeloperoxidase activity. Histopathological examination showed hyperplastic and dysplastic changes in spleen and lung tissues.
2) Exposure to BA led to oxidative stress, upregulation of inflammatory markers iNOS and COX-2, and DNA damage in spleen tissues.
3) Inflammatory and regulatory cytokine levels like IL-17, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1, IL-10 and IL-4 were significantly increased in serum and spleen tissues.
A Review on Reproductive and Neurobehavioral Effect of Pesticide lambda cyhal...ijtsrd
A synthetic pyrethroid used as an insecticide is called lambda cyhalothrin LCT . Investigation of LCTs effects on neurobehavioral and reproductive effects was the studys main objective. Therefore, the existing study was designed to investigate the effect of LCT on the reproductive and neurobehavioral effects. In this study found reproductive toxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and splenotoxicity and also showed reduced testosterone levels and ovarian alteration. Also found neurotransmitter levels and AChE and Na K ATPase activities are suppressed. Gaurav Kumar | Navodita Priyadarshani "A Review on Reproductive and Neurobehavioral Effect of Pesticide lambda-cyhalothrin" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd55107.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/biological-science/zoology/55107/a-review-on-reproductive-and-neurobehavioral-effect-of-pesticide-lambdacyhalothrin/gaurav-kumar
This study investigated the protective effects of Salacia oblanga and quercetin on cyclophosphamide-induced chromosome aberrations in rat bone marrow cells. Rats were treated with Salacia oblanga or quercetin for 15 days, then given cyclophosphamide on days 14 and 15. Cyclophosphamide is known to induce chromosome aberrations and oxidative stress. The study found that quercetin completely prevented cyclophosphamide-induced chromosome aberrations, while Salacia oblanga partially prevented them. Both treatments decreased oxidative stress caused by cyclophosphamide. The results suggest that Salacia oblanga and quercetin can protect against the genotoxic and oxidative effects of cyclophosph
E-screen assay validation: evaluation of estrogenic activity by MCF7 cell cul...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Natural and synthetic estrogens have been detected in rivers, lakes and estuaries in many parts of the world. Primary sources of these compounds are domestic and industrial effluents, which are not deleted after the water treatment. Estrogen has been the endocrine disruptor most researched to be very active biologically and be the etiologic agent of diverse types of cancer and other conditions such as endometriosis, precocious puberty, feminization, masculinization, sterility. In this context, we use water of 36 natural reservoirs or dams, in a bioassay to characterize their estrogenicity in culture of MCF7 cells and obtained high concentration of estrogen in samples taken in Ibiúna and Equestrian Santo Amaro / SP. However, certain concentration in our samples for most water samples from different regions was very close to the limit of quantification by bioassay and estrogen was in fmol. It has been shown that e-screen assay with MCF7 cells is a sensitive and stable tool for quantitative analysis of estrogenicity of water and can easily be developed and implemented for routine for estrogen quantification also in animal food and man, aqueous and plastics etc. Keywords— endocrine disrupters, estrogen, breast cancer cells, (MCF7) bioassay: E-screen assay
The study investigated the effects of methoxychlor (MXC), an organochlorine pesticide, on liver and kidney function in rats and the potential protective effects of propolis. Rats were exposed to MXC, propolis, or both for 6 or 12 months. MXC exposure significantly increased liver enzymes and oxidative stress markers in the liver and caused histological damage. It also increased kidney dysfunction biomarkers and caused tubular degeneration. Co-administration of propolis with MXC ameliorated many of the toxic effects of MXC on the liver and kidney, decreasing oxidative stress and normalizing biomarker levels. The study suggests that propolis has protective effects against MXC-induced toxicity in
Glyphosate research papers - Compiled by Dr.Alex Vasquez and Dr Eva Sirinaths...João Soares
Uma compilação de resumos de artigos científicos sobre os malefícios do glifosato sobre o ambiente, os animais e a saúde pública. Esta compilação foi efectuada pelo Dr. Alex Vasquez e a Dr. Eva Sirinathsinghji, do Instituto de Ciências na Sociedade e contém 245 páginas.
«Glyphosate Research Compilation – Abstracts of studies: Glyphosate’s adverse effects on the environment & on animal & human health - by Dr. Alex Vasquez & Dr. Eva Sirinathsinghji, Institute of Science in Society (245 pages)»
EFFECT OF FLUORIDE EXPOSURE ON TRACE ELEMENT OF KIDNEY AND THIGH MUSCLES OF RATAM Publications,India
Drinking water containing fluoride is the major source of fluorosis due to geological crust contamination. Aim of the present study is to investigate the changes in the concentration of the trace element such as Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe in kidney and thigh muscles of rat. For the present experiment, healthy Albino rats were intoxicated to fluoride water at different concentration for 72 days. The data reveals that excess fluoride intake disturbs concentration of essential trace elements in the body these changes are related with elimination or accumulation of specific element in the tissue may implicate various disorder.
On the Modulation of Biocompatibility of Hydrogels with Collagen and Guar Gum...IIJSRJournal
In this work, we report the synthesis of molybdenum metal-organic frameworks (Mo-MOFs) using 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid and the amino acids L-phenylalanine, L- tryptophan, and L-histidine as ligands. They were incorporated in hydrogel matrixes comprised of collagen and guar gum to obtain composite hydrogels. The effect of chemical structure of Mo-MOFs on the structure, physicochemical properties and in vitro biocompatibility of hydrogels was studied. These biomaterials showed a super absorbent performance (higher than 2000 ± 169%) and a high degree of reticulation (higher than 75 ± 6%). The microstructure of the composites showed a granular morphology with some porosity. These composites were degraded entirely by hydrolysis at pH 5 and pH 7 at room temperature in time lapses shorter than 15 days. Also, they were biocompatible with porcine dermis fibroblasts not showing cytotoxic effects up to 48 h of incubation allowing its proliferation, and it was observed that the MOF containing L-tryptophan improved notably the biocompatibility of the collagen/guar gum matrix. Finally, the matrixes were tested as vehicles for cell encapsulation and release. The slow-release rates show that fibroblasts tend to remain inside the hydrogel matrixes. Thus, these materials are more suitable for cell scaffolds and tissue engineering applications such as wound healing dressings.
The developmental and physiological interactions between free radicals and an...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article that explores the relationship between reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidants, and environmental pollutants during development. It discusses how ROS and antioxidants work together in a balanced state but how environmental pollutants can disrupt this balance and cause oxidative stress. Oxidative stress during development can negatively impact reproductive functions, embryonic and fetal development, and health later in life. Maintaining the proper balance of antioxidants and ROS during pregnancy and development is important for normal growth and a healthy life.
S. abachi outline of proposed research citationsUniversité Laval
This document discusses food waste globally and focuses on bioactive peptides from fishery by-products like mackerel. It notes that 32% of global food production is lost or wasted in 2009. The proposed research will fractionate and characterize bioactive peptide fractions from mackerel by-products that may modulate glucose uptake and have anti-inflammatory effects in macrophages in vitro. Fractions between 0.2-10 kDa will be isolated using membrane technology and electrodialysis with ultrafiltration membranes to successively fractionate the peptides.
Abstract— After the II Word War, the chemical based industrial revolution generated a wide and global contamination due to the release in the environment of thousand of compounds without an adequate knowledge of their environmental biotransformation and their toxic effect on the living matter. Recently, it has been found that several of these compounds and/or their relative by-products are persistent environmental contaminants associated with undesirable long-term effects. At present many questions have to be clarified with particular reference to lipophilic polyhalogenated compounds, such as polychloro-dibenzo-dioxins (PCDD), polychloro-dibenzo-furans (PCDF) and polychloro-biphenyls (PCB). These compounds accumulate up the food chain and humans can reach relative high concentration in their body with a consequent risk for health. In this paper we discuss the some basic features of both biological and toxicological aspects related to the dioxins exposure.
Human health risks impact of pesticide applicationAlexander Decker
This document discusses pesticide use and associated health risks in Gaza Strip, Palestine. It finds that large quantities of pesticides are used annually in Gaza's agriculture, especially for controlling pests on vegetables and fruits. Exposure to some of these pesticides has led to increasing numbers of acute toxic cases and congenital malformations reported in health records. Classification of the pesticides identifies some as extremely or highly toxic. The document examines the need to implement pesticide restriction measures and conduct food residue analysis to address health risks.
Influence of Ethanolic Extractives of Leaves of Mulberry, Morus Alba (L) On 7...iosrjce
The study deals with investigation of thechemopreventive potential and antilipidperoxidative effects
of ethanolic leaf extract of mulberry, Morus alba (L) (TpEt) on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-
induced buccal pouch carcinoma in Syrian hamster, Mesocricetusauratus (L). Oral squamous cell carcinoma
was developed in the buccal pouch of Syrian golden hamsters, by painting with 0.5% DMBA in liquid paraffin,
thrice a week, for 14 weeks. The tumor incidence, volume and burden were determined. Oral administration
ofTpEt at a dose of 300 mg/kg, body weight, to DMBA (on alternate days for 14 weeks)- painted animals
significantly prevented the incidence, volume and burden of the tumor. TpEt showed potent antilipidperoxidative
effect, as well as enhanced the antioxidant status in DMBA- painted animals. TpEt has potent chemopreventive
efficacy and significant antilipidperoxidative effect, in DMBA-induced oral carcinogenesis. The active principle
of mulberry leaf may have the abilities of induction of apoptosis, which involve disruption of mitochondrial
membrane potential, release of cytochrome C and activation of caspase. With it’s bioactive compounds,
mulberry, Morus alba (L) may open a new avenue in the cancer prevention and treatment.
Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus amendment on the yield of a Chlorella sp. s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A strain of microalgae was isolated from phytoplankton samples collected from the sea coast of Amsheet, North Lebanon. Molecular diagnosis based on ribosomal RNA genes showed it to be most closely related to Chlorella sp. (GenBank accession KC188335.1) with over 90 % nucleotide identity. It was then evaluated whether N and P amendments of seawater fertilized with Guillard’s f/2 medium would improve algal growth and production. Addition of nitrogen (30 ppm) and/or phosphorus (2 ppm) to microalgae grown under laboratory conditions in 3L bioreactors resulted in improved biomass yield (mg dry matter/ L) by approximately 48%, and increased protein yield by approximately 56%, from 19.5% to 30.6% of DM content. Total protein yield/L of culture medium was therefore increased by approximately 83%. Total lipid content and carotenoid levels of the microalgal culture were not affected by the N+P amendement, whereas chlorophyll content was almost doubled. When lower levels of N+P supplementations, 10 and 20 ppm N, were tried, the biomass yield was also improved. The experiment was repeated in 20 L bioreactors in a plastic greenhouse, under normal environmental conditions, with an average temperature of 28°C and a maximum temperature of 36°C. At these relatively high temperatures, the growth rate was slowed down, but N supplementations at 10 and 20 ppm resulted in improved dry matter yield by 25 and 45% respectively, and protein content by 17 and 35%, respectively. Knowledge of the optimal culturing conditions of this local Chlorella strain is essential for its efficient production and is expected to serve future environmental and biotechnological purposes.
Food packaging and Bisphenol A (BPA) - phthalate exposurericguer
This study evaluated the contribution of food packaging to exposure of bisphenol A (BPA) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) through a dietary intervention. 20 participants from 5 families were selected based on their usual consumption of canned and packaged foods. Participants provided urine samples before, during, and after a 3-day fresh foods diet that limited packaging. Urinary levels of BPA and DEHP metabolites significantly decreased during the fresh foods intervention, with BPA reduced by 66% and DEHP metabolites reduced by 53-56%. The findings suggest food packaging substantially contributes to exposure of BPA and DEHP.
Studying the expression of proteins in Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus muscle, is essential to understand the biological, physiological and ecological aspects that may be of advantage in ecotoxicology as a tool for biomonitoring the effects of environmental pollution, as well as food safety. This study was aimed to accomplish a systematic characterization of the muscle proteome as well as to identify a putative set of protein biomarkers in C. nigrodigitatus to environmental pollution in Ologe and Badagry lagoons. Fifteen fi sh samples were used
as representative of the population for proteomics analysis. 116 proteins was expressed with 70 up-regulated, 25 down-regulated from Ologe Lagoon and 30 up-regulated, 17 down-regulated proteins from Badagry Lagoon expressed in the muscle of C. nigrodigitatus in response to environmental stressors using iTRAQ, while 8 protein spots from 2-D gels, representing 8 proteins with 2 up-regulated and 6 down-regulated, have been identifi ed using MALDI TOF/TOF MS. Pearson correlation revealed signifi cant correlation (p < 0.05) betwee environmental variables and protein markers. The investigation revealed that the expressed proteins in the muscle of C. nigrodigitatus served as a prognostic tool to assess the fi sh health and pollution status, which was observed that the fi sh were physiologically perturbed by environmental stressors in Ologe and Badagry lagoons.
The biology of Aging in Insects From Drosphila to other insects and back.pptxArchana Ramanji
This particular presentation describes aging in insects and explains the mechanisms underlying it, particularly in Drosophila including eusocial insects.
Effects of organic and mineral fertilizers on total antioxidant, polyphenolic...Alexander Decker
This study examined the effects of organic and mineral fertilizers on antioxidant, polyphenol, and carotenoid content in orange-fleshed sweet potato tubers. Organic fertilizer significantly increased all three phytochemicals, with annual applications having the highest levels. Mineral fertilizers also significantly affected levels, with combinations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium influencing different compounds. The combination of minimal mineral doses with annual or biennial organic fertilizer produced the highest antioxidant, polyphenol, and carotenoid concentrations in the tubers.
This document provides a summary of research on Brucellosis, a bacterial infection. It discusses the epidemiology and transmission of Brucellosis, highlighting that it is one of the most common zoonotic diseases worldwide, with 500,000 cases annually. It then examines the pathogenic strategies that allow Brucella bacteria to evade the immune system, including modifications to its lipopolysaccharide that inhibit immune responses. Finally, it reviews the immunological response to Brucella, noting the importance of innate immune cells and Th1-type cytokines in both the initial response and long-term control of infection.
Science 2013-schuenemann-179-83 leprosy önemliHazal Sav
This study obtained near-complete genome sequences of Mycobacterium leprae from skeletal remains dating from the 11th to 14th centuries in Europe, as well as from recent patient biopsies. Genome comparisons revealed remarkable genomic conservation of M. leprae over the past 1000 years. The ancient genomes suggest a European origin for leprosy in the Americas and the presence of a genotype in medieval Europe now commonly associated with the Middle East. Exceptional DNA and mycolic acid preservation in the ancient skeletal remains provides insights into pathogen evolution and the disappearance of leprosy in Europe.
This document reports on a study that tested the effects of isoxazole 9 (Isx-9), a small synthetic molecule, on adult hippocampal neurogenesis in rats. The study found that administering Isx-9 for 14 days potentiated cell proliferation and increased the number of immature neurons in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Isx-9 treatment also completely reversed the reduction in cell proliferation and neuronal commitment observed in vehicle-treated animals that were subjected to repeated handling and injections. These findings demonstrate that Isx-9 has promising pro-neurogenic properties and could help mitigate stress-induced deficits in adult hippocampal neurogenesis.
In vitro experiments of prokaryotic and eukaryotic antimicrobial peptide cyto...AI Publications
These proteinaceous molecules, called antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), are a varied collection of antimicrobial peptides. The ability of AMPs to combat gut infections necessitates further study of the AMP-GI tract interaction. These peptides need to be tested in vitro for cytotoxicity before they may be considered for use in clinical infections. Using the MTT conversion assay, neutral red dye absorption assay, and a comparison to vancomycin, researchers examined the cytotoxicity of gallidermin, nisin A, natural magainin peptides, and melittin in two gastrointestinal cell types (HT29 and Caco-2). Sheep erythrocyte hemolytic activity was also studied, and the influence of AMPs on paracellular permeability was assessed using transepithelial resistance (TEER) and TEM. Gallidermin, nisin A, magainin I, magainin II, and melittin were the least cytotoxic AMPs. To our knowledge, only Melittin and NIS caused considerable hemolysis. There are two distinct ways that melittin and nisin differ in their ability to kill bacteria. It was the only AMP that had an effect on the permeability of the paracellular space. Intestinal tight junctions and cell–cell adhesion were destroyed by long-term melittin therapy, as were microvilli, cell debris, and cell–cell adhesion. Antimicrobial activity and low cytotoxicity make Gallidermin a promising therapeutic drug. The antibacterial properties of Melittin are limited, but its ability to transport poorly bioavailable medicines may be useful.
2010 engineering tocopherol biosynthetic pathway in arabidopsis leavesAgrin Life
This study genetically engineered the tocopherol biosynthetic pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana by overexpressing five genes (HPPD, VTE2, VTE3, VTE1, and VTE4) involved in tocopherol production, both individually and in combinations. The results showed that elevated expression of these biosynthetic genes affected total tocopherol content and composition. Additionally, engineering the tocopherol pathway also impacted endogenous ascorbate and glutathione pools in the leaves. Further analysis found that genes in the Halliwell-Asada antioxidant cycle were upregulated. These findings provide insight into the relationship between lipid-soluble vitamin E and water-soluble antioxidants vitamin C and
Alteration in Protein Metabolic Profiles in Liver Tissue of Rats during Dimet...iosrjce
The document summarizes a study on the effects of the organophosphate pesticide dimethoate on protein metabolic profiles in the liver tissue of rats. Rats were treated with 1/10th of the lethal dose of dimethoate for 10, 20, or 30 days. Liver tissues were then analyzed for levels of the enzymes AST and ALT, which are involved in amino acid metabolism. Results showed significant increases in AST and ALT levels in the liver tissues of dimethoate-treated rats compared to controls, indicating disruption of protein metabolism. The increases were also dose- and time-dependent, with higher doses and longer exposure times causing greater changes. This demonstrates that chronic exposure to sub-lethal doses of
EFFECT OF FLUORIDE EXPOSURE ON TRACE ELEMENT OF KIDNEY AND THIGH MUSCLES OF RATAM Publications,India
Drinking water containing fluoride is the major source of fluorosis due to geological crust contamination. Aim of the present study is to investigate the changes in the concentration of the trace element such as Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe in kidney and thigh muscles of rat. For the present experiment, healthy Albino rats were intoxicated to fluoride water at different concentration for 72 days. The data reveals that excess fluoride intake disturbs concentration of essential trace elements in the body these changes are related with elimination or accumulation of specific element in the tissue may implicate various disorder.
On the Modulation of Biocompatibility of Hydrogels with Collagen and Guar Gum...IIJSRJournal
In this work, we report the synthesis of molybdenum metal-organic frameworks (Mo-MOFs) using 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid and the amino acids L-phenylalanine, L- tryptophan, and L-histidine as ligands. They were incorporated in hydrogel matrixes comprised of collagen and guar gum to obtain composite hydrogels. The effect of chemical structure of Mo-MOFs on the structure, physicochemical properties and in vitro biocompatibility of hydrogels was studied. These biomaterials showed a super absorbent performance (higher than 2000 ± 169%) and a high degree of reticulation (higher than 75 ± 6%). The microstructure of the composites showed a granular morphology with some porosity. These composites were degraded entirely by hydrolysis at pH 5 and pH 7 at room temperature in time lapses shorter than 15 days. Also, they were biocompatible with porcine dermis fibroblasts not showing cytotoxic effects up to 48 h of incubation allowing its proliferation, and it was observed that the MOF containing L-tryptophan improved notably the biocompatibility of the collagen/guar gum matrix. Finally, the matrixes were tested as vehicles for cell encapsulation and release. The slow-release rates show that fibroblasts tend to remain inside the hydrogel matrixes. Thus, these materials are more suitable for cell scaffolds and tissue engineering applications such as wound healing dressings.
The developmental and physiological interactions between free radicals and an...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article that explores the relationship between reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidants, and environmental pollutants during development. It discusses how ROS and antioxidants work together in a balanced state but how environmental pollutants can disrupt this balance and cause oxidative stress. Oxidative stress during development can negatively impact reproductive functions, embryonic and fetal development, and health later in life. Maintaining the proper balance of antioxidants and ROS during pregnancy and development is important for normal growth and a healthy life.
S. abachi outline of proposed research citationsUniversité Laval
This document discusses food waste globally and focuses on bioactive peptides from fishery by-products like mackerel. It notes that 32% of global food production is lost or wasted in 2009. The proposed research will fractionate and characterize bioactive peptide fractions from mackerel by-products that may modulate glucose uptake and have anti-inflammatory effects in macrophages in vitro. Fractions between 0.2-10 kDa will be isolated using membrane technology and electrodialysis with ultrafiltration membranes to successively fractionate the peptides.
Abstract— After the II Word War, the chemical based industrial revolution generated a wide and global contamination due to the release in the environment of thousand of compounds without an adequate knowledge of their environmental biotransformation and their toxic effect on the living matter. Recently, it has been found that several of these compounds and/or their relative by-products are persistent environmental contaminants associated with undesirable long-term effects. At present many questions have to be clarified with particular reference to lipophilic polyhalogenated compounds, such as polychloro-dibenzo-dioxins (PCDD), polychloro-dibenzo-furans (PCDF) and polychloro-biphenyls (PCB). These compounds accumulate up the food chain and humans can reach relative high concentration in their body with a consequent risk for health. In this paper we discuss the some basic features of both biological and toxicological aspects related to the dioxins exposure.
Human health risks impact of pesticide applicationAlexander Decker
This document discusses pesticide use and associated health risks in Gaza Strip, Palestine. It finds that large quantities of pesticides are used annually in Gaza's agriculture, especially for controlling pests on vegetables and fruits. Exposure to some of these pesticides has led to increasing numbers of acute toxic cases and congenital malformations reported in health records. Classification of the pesticides identifies some as extremely or highly toxic. The document examines the need to implement pesticide restriction measures and conduct food residue analysis to address health risks.
Influence of Ethanolic Extractives of Leaves of Mulberry, Morus Alba (L) On 7...iosrjce
The study deals with investigation of thechemopreventive potential and antilipidperoxidative effects
of ethanolic leaf extract of mulberry, Morus alba (L) (TpEt) on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-
induced buccal pouch carcinoma in Syrian hamster, Mesocricetusauratus (L). Oral squamous cell carcinoma
was developed in the buccal pouch of Syrian golden hamsters, by painting with 0.5% DMBA in liquid paraffin,
thrice a week, for 14 weeks. The tumor incidence, volume and burden were determined. Oral administration
ofTpEt at a dose of 300 mg/kg, body weight, to DMBA (on alternate days for 14 weeks)- painted animals
significantly prevented the incidence, volume and burden of the tumor. TpEt showed potent antilipidperoxidative
effect, as well as enhanced the antioxidant status in DMBA- painted animals. TpEt has potent chemopreventive
efficacy and significant antilipidperoxidative effect, in DMBA-induced oral carcinogenesis. The active principle
of mulberry leaf may have the abilities of induction of apoptosis, which involve disruption of mitochondrial
membrane potential, release of cytochrome C and activation of caspase. With it’s bioactive compounds,
mulberry, Morus alba (L) may open a new avenue in the cancer prevention and treatment.
Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus amendment on the yield of a Chlorella sp. s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
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Studying the expression of proteins in Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus muscle, is essential to understand the biological, physiological and ecological aspects that may be of advantage in ecotoxicology as a tool for biomonitoring the effects of environmental pollution, as well as food safety. This study was aimed to accomplish a systematic characterization of the muscle proteome as well as to identify a putative set of protein biomarkers in C. nigrodigitatus to environmental pollution in Ologe and Badagry lagoons. Fifteen fi sh samples were used
as representative of the population for proteomics analysis. 116 proteins was expressed with 70 up-regulated, 25 down-regulated from Ologe Lagoon and 30 up-regulated, 17 down-regulated proteins from Badagry Lagoon expressed in the muscle of C. nigrodigitatus in response to environmental stressors using iTRAQ, while 8 protein spots from 2-D gels, representing 8 proteins with 2 up-regulated and 6 down-regulated, have been identifi ed using MALDI TOF/TOF MS. Pearson correlation revealed signifi cant correlation (p < 0.05) betwee environmental variables and protein markers. The investigation revealed that the expressed proteins in the muscle of C. nigrodigitatus served as a prognostic tool to assess the fi sh health and pollution status, which was observed that the fi sh were physiologically perturbed by environmental stressors in Ologe and Badagry lagoons.
The biology of Aging in Insects From Drosphila to other insects and back.pptxArchana Ramanji
This particular presentation describes aging in insects and explains the mechanisms underlying it, particularly in Drosophila including eusocial insects.
Effects of organic and mineral fertilizers on total antioxidant, polyphenolic...Alexander Decker
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This document provides a summary of research on Brucellosis, a bacterial infection. It discusses the epidemiology and transmission of Brucellosis, highlighting that it is one of the most common zoonotic diseases worldwide, with 500,000 cases annually. It then examines the pathogenic strategies that allow Brucella bacteria to evade the immune system, including modifications to its lipopolysaccharide that inhibit immune responses. Finally, it reviews the immunological response to Brucella, noting the importance of innate immune cells and Th1-type cytokines in both the initial response and long-term control of infection.
Science 2013-schuenemann-179-83 leprosy önemliHazal Sav
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This document reports on a study that tested the effects of isoxazole 9 (Isx-9), a small synthetic molecule, on adult hippocampal neurogenesis in rats. The study found that administering Isx-9 for 14 days potentiated cell proliferation and increased the number of immature neurons in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Isx-9 treatment also completely reversed the reduction in cell proliferation and neuronal commitment observed in vehicle-treated animals that were subjected to repeated handling and injections. These findings demonstrate that Isx-9 has promising pro-neurogenic properties and could help mitigate stress-induced deficits in adult hippocampal neurogenesis.
In vitro experiments of prokaryotic and eukaryotic antimicrobial peptide cyto...AI Publications
These proteinaceous molecules, called antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), are a varied collection of antimicrobial peptides. The ability of AMPs to combat gut infections necessitates further study of the AMP-GI tract interaction. These peptides need to be tested in vitro for cytotoxicity before they may be considered for use in clinical infections. Using the MTT conversion assay, neutral red dye absorption assay, and a comparison to vancomycin, researchers examined the cytotoxicity of gallidermin, nisin A, natural magainin peptides, and melittin in two gastrointestinal cell types (HT29 and Caco-2). Sheep erythrocyte hemolytic activity was also studied, and the influence of AMPs on paracellular permeability was assessed using transepithelial resistance (TEER) and TEM. Gallidermin, nisin A, magainin I, magainin II, and melittin were the least cytotoxic AMPs. To our knowledge, only Melittin and NIS caused considerable hemolysis. There are two distinct ways that melittin and nisin differ in their ability to kill bacteria. It was the only AMP that had an effect on the permeability of the paracellular space. Intestinal tight junctions and cell–cell adhesion were destroyed by long-term melittin therapy, as were microvilli, cell debris, and cell–cell adhesion. Antimicrobial activity and low cytotoxicity make Gallidermin a promising therapeutic drug. The antibacterial properties of Melittin are limited, but its ability to transport poorly bioavailable medicines may be useful.
2010 engineering tocopherol biosynthetic pathway in arabidopsis leavesAgrin Life
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
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Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
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Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
2. Muhammad Umar Ijaz, F. Ayaz, S. Mustafa et al. Journal of King Saud University – Science 34 (2022) 102064
2
per L), and sugar (32 ± 7 items per kg) (Bouwmeester et al. 2015).
MPs entering the human body through ingestion or inhalation can
be transported through the circulatory system into different organs
and affect human health via damaging cells or provoking immune
and inflammatory reactions (Vethaak and Legler, 2021).
MPs particles mainly include polyethylene (PE), polystyrene
(PE), polypropylene (PP), and polyester (Lu et al. 2018). Polyethy-
lene (PE) is the most commonly identified MPs polymer in aquatic
and terrestrial environments (Mde S. Machado et al., 2018). Due to
its low cost, multiple uses, durability, and unique physical proper-
ties, PE has profound applications in different sectors, such as pack-
aging, agricultural mulches, and composite materials (Beg et al.,
2016). Moreover, based on a survey directed by Cosmetics Europe
in 2012, PE estimated that 93 % of the MPs are used in skin cleaning
products (Duis and Coors, 2016). In zebrafish, PE exposure led to
neurotoxicity, disrupted oogenesis process, and aryl hydrocarbon
receptor (AHR) pathway (Mak et al. 2019). Furthermore, PE-MPs
exposure to Diptera larvae induced oxidative stress (OS) with
potentially adverse effects on cellular metabolism and redox status
(Silva et al., 2021). Thus, considering the PE-derived MP as a white
pollutant and their harmful impacts on living organisms, research
on remedies against PE-instigated toxicities is required.
Luteolin (30
,40
,5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone, LUT) is a natural dietary
flavonoid that is commonly present in many edible plants such as
flowers of Sophora viciifolia (Tai et al. 2011), Paeonia moutan, and
Rumex nervosus (Desta et al. 2015), with reported antioxidant
(Casierra-Posada and Jarma-Orozco, 2016), anti-inflammatory
(Wang et al. 2020), antiangiogenic (Raffa et al. 2017), antidiabetic
(Sherbet, 2017), immunomodulatory (Rangarajan et al. 2016),
cytoprotective (Kempuraj et al., 2021), and anti-apoptotic activities
(Xu et al. 2019). Furthermore, LUT can cross the blood–brain bar-
rier and act as a neuroprotective agent (Theoharides et al., 2016).
Moreover, Kempuraj et al. (2021) stated that LUT suppresses sys-
temic and neuroinflammatory responses in coronavirus disease
2019 (COVID-19).
Limited literature is available on the effects of MPs on the male
reproduction of mice. Therefore, the consequences of MPs and their
potential toxicity mechanisms in the testicles of mammalian spe-
cies require detailed research. Consequently, we conducted a thor-
ough investigation to explore the potentially toxic effects of PE-MP
on testicles, and promising curative potentials of LUT to ameliorate
testicular toxicity instigated by PE-MP were also determined in
adult male Sprague-Dawley rats.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Chemicals
PE-MP and LUT were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Germany.
All other chemicals used in this study were of analytical grade.
2.2. Animals
Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (180 ± 20 g) were kept in steel
cages at standard temperature (22–25 °C), humidity (45 ± 5%), and
12 h light/dark cycle in the animal house of the University. Tap
water and food were given ad libitum to experimental animals.
The European Union of animal care and experimentation approved
study protocols (CEE Council 86/609).
2.3. Experimental design
Rats (n = 48) were randomly classified into four groups
(n = 12/group). They were exposed to the following doses: Con-
trol group; PE-MP treated group (1.5 mg/kg. b. wt. of PE-MP
orally); PE-MP + LUT treated group (1.5 mg/kg. b.wt. of PE-MP
and 50 mg/kg. b.wt. of LUT), and LUT treated group (50 mg/kg.
b.wt. of LUT orally). After the 56 days of the experimental trial,
rats were slaughtered by decapitation, and testes were excised
and stored at —80 °C till further analysis.
2.4. Antioxidant/Oxidant assay
The activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD),
glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GSR)
were estimated by adopting methods of various researchers
(Chance and Maehly, 1955; Kakkar et al. 1984; Lawrence and
Burk, 1976; Carlberg and Mannervik, 1975). The concentration of
reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as malondialdehyde (MDA)
level, was estimated, according to the protocols of Hayashi et al.
(2007) and Placer et al. (1966), respectively. BR Biochem UV-
5300 spectrophotometer was used to take the readings.
2.5. Semen analysis
Caudal piece of epididymis was isolated to take the semen sam-
ples studied by following the method described for motility
(Kenjale et al. 2008), viability, epididymal count (Yokoi et al.,
2003), and morphological anomalies (Cao et al., 2017). The integ-
rity of the sperm plasma membrane was estimated by the hypo-
osmotic swelling (HOS) test (Correa and Zavos’s, 1994). Nikon,
187842 microscopes were used for observation.
2.6. Hormonal assay
The levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) (BioCheck Inc., USA Cat-
alog No. BC-1031), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (BioCheck
Inc., USA Catalog No. BC-1029), and plasma testosterone (BioCheck
Inc., USA Catalog No. BC-115) were measured by enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits, according to the manufacturer’s
instructions. ELISA reader Apollo LB 913 was used to take the
readings.
2.7. Histopathology
For the evaluation of histopathology, firstly, testicles were fixed
for about 48 h in a 10% formaldehyde solution, later dehydrated in
rising grades of alcohol, and encased in paraffin wax. Later these
paraffin-inserted blocks (5 lm) were cut and stained with
hematoxylin-eosin (H & E) and examined microscopically (Nikon,
187842, Japan). ImageJ2x software was used to analyze the images
of the specimen.
2.8. Statistical analysis
The results were shown as Mean ± Standard error (SE). Tukey’s
multiple comparison test was applied to interpret the entire data
after using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Graph-
Pad Prism 5.0. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
3. Results
3.1. Effect of PE-MP and LUT on oxidant/antioxidant parameters
PE-MP exposure substantially (p < 0.05) reduced the activities
of CAT, SOD, GPx, or GSR and augmented the concentration of
ROS and MDA levels in contrast to the control group. Nevertheless,
LUT supplementation in the PE-MP + LUT group provoked substan-
tial (p < 0.05) altitude in CAT, SOD, GPx, and GSR activities and
reduced ROS and MDA levels compared to the PE-induced group.
3. Muhammad Umar Ijaz, F. Ayaz, S. Mustafa et al. Journal of King Saud University – Science 34 (2022) 102064
3
Moreover, LUT alone administration showed a non-significant
change in the antioxidant/oxidant parameters compared to the
control group (Fig. 1).
3.2. Effect of PE-MP and LUT on sperm analysis
PE-MP exposure significantly (p < 0.05) lessened the sperm
motility, viability, epididymal sperm count, and the number of
HOS coil-tailed sperm, while morphological sperm abnormalities
(head, mid-piece, and tail) were augmented in contrast to the con-
trol group. Nevertheless, LUT-treatment significantly (p < 0.05)
inverted all these sperm indices to a normal state in the co-
treated group compared to the PE-exposed group. Nonetheless,
LUT alone administered group showed a regular semen profile
and HOS coil-tailed sperm as in the control group (Table 1).
3.3. Effect of PE-MP and LUT on hormonal assay
PE-MP exposure substantially (p < 0.05) decreased the level of
LH, FSH, and plasma testosterone in PE-intoxicated rats compared
to the control rats. Nonetheless, the LUT therapy significantly
(p < 0.05) recovered the levels of all three above-stated hormones
in the cotreated group, which are comparable to the PE-induced
Fig. 1. Antioxidant enzymes: (a) CAT, (b) SOD, (c) GPx (d) GSR activity, (e) concentration of ROS and (f) TBARS in the testicular tissues of control, PE-MP-treated, co-treated
(PE-MP+LUT), and LUT groups. Based on Mean+SEM values, bar graphs are displayed. Various superscripts on the bar graphs show significant differences at p < 0.05.
4. Muhammad Umar Ijaz, F. Ayaz, S. Mustafa et al. Journal of King Saud University – Science 34 (2022) 102064
4
Table 1
Mean ± SEM of semen analysis in control, PE-MP treated, cotreated, and LUT groups.
Parameters Groups
Control PE-MP PE-MP + LUT LUT
Motility (%) 84.80 ± 1.82a 39.17 ± 1.38b 65.57 ± 1.79c 85.26 ± 2.50a
Dead Sperms (%) 12.83 ± 0.78a 81.37 ± 1.68b 29.05 ± 1.38c 12.75 ± 0.46a
Head Abnormality (U/mg protein) 4.97 ± 0.09a 16.01 ± 1.00b 7.44 ± 0.29c 4.82 ± 0.14a
Mid Sperm Abnormality (%) 0.84 ± 0.05a 8.49 ± 0.66b 2.36 ± 0.47c 0.75 ± 0.05a
Tail Abnormality (%) 1.60 ± 0.06a 12.10 ± 0.96b 3.11 ± 0.25c 1.53 ± 0.08a
Epididymal Sperm Count (million/mL) 26.19 ± 1.32a 14.27 ± 0.84b 21.34 ± 0.84c 27.34 ± 1.2 a
Hypo- osmotic swelled sperm count (HOS) (%) 81.21 ± 3.19a 28.57 ± 1.62b 58.39 ± 2.10c 82.62 ± 3.30a
Values having various superscripts are substantially variant from other groups.
group. Additionally, LUT alone treatment showed normal levels of
these hormonal markers as in the control group (Table 2).
3.4. Effect of PE-MP and LUT on histopathology
The study results revealed that PE-MP exposure significantly
(p < 0.05) lessened the diameter and the epithelial height of sem-
iniferous tubules, besides the thickness of tunica propria. More-
over, it scaled up the luminal diameter of tubules. PE-treatment
also reduced spermatogonia, primary and secondary spermato-
cytes, and spermatids compared to the control group. Nevertheless,
LUT-supplementation in the cotreated group significantly
(p < 0.05) recovered all these structural damages, and germ cell
count in testicles compared with the PE exposed group. Besides,
LUT alone treatment displayed a regular histopathological profile
as matched with the control group (Table 3 and Fig. 2).
4. Discussion
In the current investigation, PE-MP exposure decreased the
activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as CAT, SOD, GPx, and
GSR, while increasing the concentration of ROS and MDA levels.
The endogenous-antioxidant-enzymes such as CAT, SOD, GPx,
and GSR are considered the first defense lines that protect
biomolecules (proteins, lipids, and DNA) from OS by decreasing
ROS generation. Nitric oxide (NO), hydroxyl radical (OH), superox-
ide anion (O-2), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are the central reac-
tive oxygen and nitrogen species (Mijatovic´ et al., 2020). Thus, a
reduction in the activities of antioxidant enzymes elevates the con-
centration of ROS, which attacks the polyunsaturated fatty acids
(PUFA) in the sperm plasma membrane and triggers a cascade of
chemical reactions, which is known as LP (Fois et al., 2018). In this
study, MDA as a marker of LP increased the membrane permeabil-
ity. However, this reduced activity of antioxidant enzymes in rat
testicles was enhanced by the co-treatment of rats with LUT. LUT
significantly elevated the activities of CAT, SOD, GPx, and GSR
while lowering the ROS and MDA levels, probably due to its antiox-
idant property.
Secondly, PE-MP exposure led to a considerable reduction in
epididymal sperm count, viability, and motility, a reduction in
the number of HOS coiled-tail sperm, and a higher level of abnor-
mality in the head mid-piece, and tail of sperm. OS performs a piv-
otal role in testicular impairments (Ijaz et al., 2021). The
disproportion of the oxidants/antioxidants and ROS-prompts
membrane damage due to the high level of PUFAs in sperm might
be the reason behind the distorted integrity of sperm, as confirmed
by the HOS test in the present study. However, LUT administration
successfully resettled all the spermatogenic damages due to its
potent ROS scavenging activity.
Similarly, PE-MP administration considerably reduced the LH,
FSH, and plasma testosterone levels that play an essential role in
Table 2
Mean ± SEM of the hormonal assay in control, PE-MP treated, cotreated, and LUT groups.
Parameters Groups
Control PE-MP PE-MP + LUT LUT
LH (ng/ml)
FSH (ng/ml)
Plasma testosterone (ng/ml)
2.54 ± 0.12a
3.90 ± 0.13a
4.54 ± 0.09a
0.83 ± 0.12b
1.53 ± 0.08b
2.07 ± 0.16b
2.11 ± 0.08a
2.78 ± 0.09a
3.48 ± 0.15a
2.61 ± 0.19a
3.97 ± 0.21a
4.63 ± 0.13a
Values having different superscripts are significantly different from other groups.
Table 3
Mean ± SEM of histopathology in control, PE-MP treated, cotreated, and LUT groups.
Parameters units Groups
Control PE-MP PE-MP + LUT LUT
Interstitial Spaces (lm) 10.07 ± 0.92a 33.47 ± 1.34b 16.27 ± 1.56c 9.47 ± 0.69a
Tunica Propria (lm) 57.62 ± 2.22a 16.76 ± 0.60b 37.86 ± 3.42c 59.84 ± 2.64a
Seminiferous Tubules (lm) 323.29 ± 12.63a 122.09 ± 8.22b 275.47 ± 6.86c 369.02 ± 8.43a
Seminiferous Tubule Epithelial Height (lm) 85.70 ± 4.29a 33.79 ± 2.68b 68.78 ± 2.18c 89.56 ± 3.01a
Tubular Lumen (lm) 36.17 ± 1.58a 88.16 ± 3.76b 55.61 ± 2.53c 34.27 ± 1.87a
Spermatogonia (n) 61.66 ± 2.30a 22.10 ± 1.33b 46.14 ± 1.40c 61.90 ± 3.23a
Spermatids (n) 56.87 ± 1.02a 27.13 ± 0.83b 46. 01 ± 1.05c 58.11 ± 1.46a
Primary Spermatocytes (n) 46.45 ± 1.15a 19.86 ± 0.72b 33.5 ± 1.71c 46.55 ± 1.66a
Secondary Spermatocytes (n) 34.59 ± 1.35 a 12.82 ± 0.56b 27.18 ± 0.91c 34.92 ± 1.23 a
Values having various superscripts are substantially variant from other groups.
5. Muhammad Umar Ijaz, F. Ayaz, S. Mustafa et al. Journal of King Saud University – Science 34 (2022) 102064
5
—
Fig. 2. (A) Control group demonstrating thick germinal epithelium including different stages of germ cells and the slender luminal area carrying spermatozoa; (B) PE-MP
group displaying sloughing of the epithelial layer, vacant lumen, and degeneration of IS; (C) PE-MP+ LUT group reduced sloughing of germinal epithelium, TL filled with ST
and retrieved the degenerated IS; (D) LUT group representing compact ST with less IS. IS Interstitial spaces; TL: Tubular lumen; SHE: Seminiferous Epithelial height; ST:
Seminiferous tubules; TP: Tunica propria; SG: Spermatogonia; ST: Spermatids; PS: Primary spermatocytes; SS: Secondary spermatocytes.
spermatogenesis. FSH sustains the proliferation of immature Ser-
toli cells (SCs) and spermatogonia, whereas, on the other hand,
LH accounts for the stimulation of Leydig cells (LCs) to produce
testosterone (Ramaswamy and Weinbauer, 2014). Moreover, in
combination with FSH, testosterone stimulates the growth of sper-
matids and the release of sperm (Oduwole et al., 2018). PE-MP
exposure reduced the gonadotropins (LH and FSH) and androgen
(testosterone) levels, possibly due to disturbing the
hypothalamus-pituitary–gonadal axis (HPGA). Conversely, LUT
treatment stabilizes the functions of the HPG axis that enhances
the levels of gonadotropins and androgen, which eventually
restores spermatogenic damages.
Lastly, PE-MP exposure caused severe histopathological alter-
ations in the testes of the rats. We considered the vital role of hor-
mones, dominantly gonadotropins and androgen, in sustaining
spermatogenesis (Oduwole et al., 2018). The decline in the levels
of these hormones in the PE-MP group might have caused spermato-
genesis impairments such as germ cells apoptosis, the lessened sem-
iniferous epithelial height, seminiferous tubular diameter, and
tunica propria thickness. At the same time, interstitial space and
tubular lumen diameter were escalated to support our hypothesized
spermatogenesis damages. However, LUT treatment significantly
alleviated the histopathological changes provoked by PE-MP. These
histopathological improvements might be due to the antioxidant,
androgenic, and anti-apoptotic nature of LUT.
5. Conclusion
PE-MP exposure prompted damages in rats’ spermatogenic,
hormonal, and structural profiles. Additionally, the activities of
antioxidant enzymes, the concentration of ROS, and the MDA level
exhibited a state of imbalance, thereby damaging the performance
of the entire male reproductive system. However, LUT treatment
alleviated PE-MP-induced damages in all the above-stated param-
eters due to its antioxidant androgenic potential.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements
The authors express their sincere appreciation to the Research-
ers Supporting Project Number (RSP2022R436) King Saud Univer-
sity, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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