The document discusses the importance of effective data visualization by analyzing various flawed infographics and emphasizing the need for statistical literacy among designers. It highlights how poor design choices can mislead audiences and stresses the importance of data mindfulness—understanding the context and limitations of data before presenting it visually. Designers are urged to ask critical questions about data sources, collection methods, and broader implications to avoid misrepresentation and promote accurate information dissemination.

1. STA-O Discussion Question Four - Statistics.pdf
Discussion Question Four – Statistics
For this week’s discussion read “Imagine a Pie Chart Stomping
on an Infographic Forever” by Eronarn
(below).
• Discuss each of the visualizations/infographs.
• Talk about why each infograph (A-M) is ineffective, and what
changes could be made to better
represent the data visually.
• Go through the information learned in this article and how you
can apply it to your future in design.
Note: Images are linked for a clearer view, and certain portions
have been omitted for brevity’s sake.
Your submission is due by Friday at 11:59 p.m EST.
Reference the discussion-grading rubric to understand the
expectations for your posts. Use specific
examples, find other sources of information (cite any sources
you use), and tell a story. Be as detailed as
possible. All discussion posts are expected to be at least 250

2. words long.
Imagine A Pie Chart Stomping On An Infographic Forever
By Eronarn May 10th, 2010
http://www.smashingmagazine.com/2010/05/10/imagine-a-pie-
chart-stomping-on-an-infographic-forever/
A certain category of design gaffes can be boiled down to
violations of audience expectations. Websites
that don’t work in Internet Explorer are a heck of a nasty
surprise for users who, bless their souls, want the
same Internet experience as everyone else. Websites that
prevent copying, whether through careless text-
as-image conversions or those wretched copyright pop-ups from
the turn of the century, cripple a feature
that works nearly everywhere else on the Internet. Avoiding this
category of blunders is crucial to good
design, which is why I am upset that one particular pitfall has
been overlooked with extreme frequency.
According to statlit.org, statistical literacy is the ability to read
and interpret summary statistics in the
everyday media: in graphs, tables, statements, surveys and
studies. Statistical literacy is needed by data
consumers.
The importance of statistical literacy in the Internet age is clear,
but the concept is not exclusive to

3. designers. I’d like to focus on it because designers must
consider it in a way that most people do not have
to: statistical literacy is more than learning the laws of
statistics; it is about representations that the human
mind can understand and remember (source: Psychological
Science in the Public Interest).
(A) Can you notice what’s wrong with this infographics? You
will find a detailed answer below, in the
showcase of bad infographics.
As a designer, you get to choose those representations. Most of
the time this is a positive aspect. Visual
representations allow you to quickly summarize a data set or
make connections that might be difficult to
perceive otherwise. Unfortunately, designers too often forget
that data exists for more than entertainment
or aesthetics. If you design a visualization before correctly
understanding the data on which it is based, you
face the very real risk of summarizing incorrectly, producing
faulty insights, or otherwise mangling the
process of disseminating knowledge. If you do this to your
audience, then you have violated an expectation
of singular importance for any content creator: their expectation
that you actually know what you’re talking
about.
Anyone would be hard-pressed to find fault with the desire to
make life prettier, but every color-coded
geometric shape that you add to your awesome new “Lady Gaga
vs. Eyjafjallajökull” infographic brings us
all one step closer to something going horribly wrong. Most

4. designers would probably not edit a
politician’s party affiliation in a news article to make the text
wrap in a way that is more pleasing to the eye.
With data, though, careless designers all too readily sacrifice
truth for the sake of aesthetics. Lovecraft’s
eldritch horrors will rise only when the stars are right, but the
preconditions for bad visual representations
are already in place:
• Demand for graphs, charts, maps and infographics has
increased.
• Increased data availability and more powerful tools have made
it easier than ever to create them.
• But you probably don’t have a solid understanding of how to
interpret or process data.
• Nor likely do your readers.
• And there’s a good chance that neither of you know that.
The lesson is clear: provide the right story the first time. But
the staggering variety of awful visualizations
online makes it equally clear that designers haven’t learned that
lesson yet. Let’s see just how bad it can
get.
Showcase Of Bad Infographics
Large view (Source: The Nation)
(B) Yikes! Note how enormously misleading the red and blue
bars are. There is absolutely no reason for
their presence in this graph. Even if they were actually scaled to
the number of total new jobs, a two-axis
graph would still be difficult for most people to understand. The
figure also doesn’t take into account a host

5. of potentially confounding factors, including (but not limited
to) population growth, women entering the
workforce, shifts from part-time to full-time jobs, change in
wages and GDP change.
Large view (Source: Physicians Committee for Responsible
Medicine in Good Medicine Magazine)
(C) This graph circulated fairly widely for a while. The design
of the food pyramid changed recently, in part
because the visual characteristics of the old pyramid did not
correspond well to the numerical
recommendations. The new designer makes the same mistake
but disdains “misleading” in favor of “mind-
bogglingly dishonest.” The bottom tier of the left-hand pyramid
takes up far more than 73.80% of the
pyramid’s area, and the 3-D diagram enhances that distortion
even further. Want a fun party game? Hide
the numbers and ask your friends to guess what they are!
Large view (Source: The Economist)
(E) The flashy background and bright colors must have
distracted this graph’s creator from the fact that it’s

6. useless. Think the graph is describing crime rates? Think again.
It actually describes the percentage
change in violent crime rates. New York at 20% of its 1990
crime rate could still be more violent than
Philadelphia at over 100% of its 1990 crime rate. If you want to
know how dangerous these cities really
are, you’ll have to look elsewhere.
Large view (Source: New Scientist)
(F) There have been worse pie charts, but this one is bad in a
subtle way. The point of a pie chart is
presumably to facilitate a comparison of land use, but this pie
chart makes that very difficult. Given the
combination of the huge number of categories and the huge
change in their values, this would have been
better rendered as a table.
Large view (Source: Somethingawful Forums)
(G) This graph is a painful experience all around. Income is
described as “percentile” but is shown in
ranges. The category labels are placed randomly around the data
points, rather than at the bottom where
they belong. The data points are tremendous circular blobs that

7. are impossible to compare at a glance.
And that’s with only five data points!
Large view (Source: Somethingawful Forums)
(H) This is a line graph of binge drinking and suicide rates.
Wait, scratch that: it’s an abomination,
Alphabetically ordered lists of states belong in tables—maybe—
and that’s only if you wouldn’t prefer to
index them by some variable or another. Two-axis charts are as
bad as any idea, especially when it’s not
clear what the two variables actually are. But the worst part? It
isn’t population adjusted. The states with
the most deaths are the states with the most residents:
California, Texas, New York and Florida. Knowing
that someone made this and thought enough of it to post it on
the Internet makes me want to drink.
Large view (Source: Somethingawful Forums)
(J) Trick question: what’s wrong with this map? Answer: there
isn’t a map. The image may contain
something that resembles a map, but it’s actually a map-shaped
hole in effective data presentation. While

8. the data in the table is presented more effectively, it’s too
sparse to be of much use: how do those raw
figures compare to tax rates, GDP, individual wealth or the
many other factors that prevent easy
comparison of states?
Large view
(K) This isn’t so poor a choice of representation at first glance.
But several subtle flaws could mislead the
casual observer. To the lower right, we see three blocks labeled
“7%” that have wildly different heights,
presumably because of rounding in display. Dropping the
decimal points is sometimes acceptable, but you
can’t have it both ways: either those digits matter and should be
shown, or they don’t matter and shouldn’t
appear anywhere in the graph (in either the labels or bars).
The other major design failure here is the key, which
misleadingly states that the darkest color is for
someone in the “top fifth.” But which top fifth? We can see that
you have to have a graduate degree and
end up in the top fifth in income to be the darkest shade, but
that would put someone in the 94th percentile
(that is, the top twentieth). This is a case of an intuitive concept
(darker means either wealthier or more
educated) executed in a sub-standard way.
I leave it to the audience to decide whether it’s a mite useless,
or even misleading, to only consider
Americans with full-time employment.

9. Large view, source
(M) Maps are a common way to represent information, but
they’re also a common way to misrepresent
information. This map is a wonderful example of that very un-
wonderful fact. You can see a large version of
it at its source, but I can’t recommend it for the faint of heart:
the original is grossly oversized, its aesthetics
are just plain gross, and it’s served as a PDF with even more
awful JPG artifacts.
This map purports to show the number of murdered
transgendered people over a one-year period. But
there’s a big problem: there is no data for the vast majority of
the world (either by country or by
population!). The data that is there is likely quite suspect, too
(only one transgendered person was
murdered in a country the size of Russia?). Tracking hate
crimes is notoriously difficult for a variety of
reasons, most of which apply especially to the transgendered
community; but even compelling reasons for
a lack of accurate data don’t actually make up for that lack.
This map’s worst failing, though, is that its doesn’t show hate
crimes at all. I obviously don’t condone
murder, but within a large enough group, murders are a fact of
life. Half a million people are murdered
around the world each year, and if even one in ten-thousand
people is transgendered, we should expect to
see hundreds of transgendered murder victims, for the same
reason that we should expect to see tens of
thousands of left-handed murder victims or hundreds of
thousands of female murder victims.

10. Hate crimes against transgendered people are real; they can also
deadly, which makes accurate
information that much more critical. Perhaps presenting the
information in this very sparse table in the
context of a larger report would have been acceptable, but to
use a poorly designed map with no
disclaimers as a summary of findings is dishonest beyond
belief.
Want Better Graphs? Get Virtuous Designers
If you’ve survived the array of horrors described above, take
heart. Many design flaws can be remedied by
learning patterns, principles or lenses that make avoiding
dysfunction easier. Even someone with no
design background can read an article about why Comic Sans is
never the right choice and resolve never
to use it again. The curriculum is different, of course, but this is
as true for data as it is for design.
Unfortunately, curing statistical illiteracy isn’t as easy as
reading an article about it or even taking a
statistics course. While a solid understanding of statistics is
beneficial for a wide variety of purposes,
countering statistical illiteracy requires the cultivation of an
active interpretative technique that is separate
from knowledge of pure mathematics.
Statistical literacy is only the bare minimum, though. The
burden on designers is heavier because their
uses of data often require them to go beyond interpretation and
to perform some basic analysis,

11. summarization or transformation of data. However, a formal
education in research methods is probably too
extreme. I believe that most mistakes of data could have been
avoided had the designers focused on a
limited skill set that is to a media producer what statistical
literacy is to a media consumer. For now, let’s
call this data mindfulness.
Mindfulness means exhibiting care, caution, exactness,
prudence, regard and many other virtues. Data
mindfulness is similar to someone imploring another to “be
mindful” of something potentially dangerous. As
a designer, you can be careful about the sources of data you
choose and can be cautious of the claims you
make based on that data. Your exactness is reflected in the
effort you put into correctly transforming the
original data. Your prudence relates to whether you are honest
in your intent and methods. But regard
comes closest to the concept of data mindfulness: to be mindful
of your data—to avoid mistakes with it and
prevent the harm that would result from such mistakes—you
should regard it with respect.
Know Your Data: Mind, Body, And Soul
The mind-body-soul connection provides a convenient,
memorable context in which to learn about data.
With the mind already dealt with, where do the other two
members of the trifecta fit in?
Our data’s “body” is its form and function. Like the human
body, it consists of both overarching similarities
and individual differences. Here we can draw an analogy with
dislocation: just because your arm twists a
certain way does not mean that it is supposed to; on the other
hand, some people are indeed flexible
enough to move in just that way. When we exceed the

12. limitations of our body, we hear the body’s
complaints loudly. But your data won’t let you know when you
twist it out of shape (though you may hear
some poor statistics professor screaming on its behalf). When
we consider our data’s “body,” we’re
considering the performance it can achieve and the stresses it
can tolerate. That process often begins with
these simple questions:
• How was it collected?
• What are its limitations?
• Which mathematical transformations are appropriate?
• Which methods of display are appropriate?
Our data’s “soul” is its context and broader meaning. One
popular understanding of a soul is that it is some
part of an individual that glorifies their uniqueness even while
making them a part of a profound
commonality. In a mystical context (whether you believe in it or
not), we can easily understand this
apparent contradiction. In a mundane context, many people
would find the dissonance hard to swallow.
This is unfortunate, because data must be understood in just this
way: it is both an individual entity and a
unit of a larger whole. Reconciling these is a notoriously tricky
task, but some of the worst mistakes are
avoided by collecting a few crucial bits of information:
• Who collected it?
• Why was it collected?
• What is its context in a broader subject?
• What is its context in the field of research that created it?
These eight questions should take under five minutes to run
through, but they would prevent the vast

13. majority of mistakes that designers make. Let’s assume for a
moment, then, that you’re a responsible
designer, and you try your best to come up with answers to
these questions for the data you want to use.
What if you can’t?
If your data’s “body” fails to stand up to scrutiny, then this is
not necessarily a problem, depending on how
serious is the task that you intend to put it to. Restricting
yourself to a scientific level of evidence will earn
you an A+ for effort, but it is not necessary for most design
purposes. You will be limited in the claims you
can make, but you can usually still make use of the data in some
form without sacrificing honesty. Even
scientists love preliminary data (or “napkin math,”) as long as
they know that that’s what they’re looking at!
If your data’s “soul” is tainted, though, it could go to hell in a
figurative sense, of course: it would be
banished somewhere where people wouldn’t draw the wrong
conclusions from it. Getting some use out of
potentially biased data is not impossible, but it’s not easy, and
there are often other sources to draw upon
anyway. If you smell smoke or, heaven forbid, a whiff of
brimstone, don’t assume it’s because your
infographic is so hot. Even people who do this for a day job get
burned by misleading or downright falsified
data more often than you might expect. For most any
controversial issue, figuring out whose numbers to
trust is difficult.
Learn It, Live It. You Can Love It Later.
I suspect that some designers are beyond their comfort zone by
this point, so I’ll use a more familiar topic
as an example of how to fit data mindfulness into your design.

14. Many of you probably have experience with
color theory or typography or have even taken courses on them.
Or perhaps neither is your thing but you
can still explain to someone why an image printed out looks
different than on a monitor, or why Papyrus is
a poor font choice. More importantly, you likely know where to
find detailed information on particular topics
in those fields when you need it.
Simply studying and practicing these fields to become
proficient in them is possible, but few people can
afford to master every skill they use in design. And yet most of
us could afford a little more time to round
out our skill sets. Just as with color theory and typography,
even a novice understanding of the concepts
involved in analyzing and representing data tunes a designer
into the fact that it truly is a separate skill.
This awareness allows you to stop yourself and say, “I don’t
know how to do this yet.” Consciously
recognizing that there is a “this” at all is an absolute
prerequisite to being mindful.
Conclusion
Perhaps this all sounds a little extreme to you. But remember
the stakes: while a poor font choice can ruin
a meeting, a poor interpretation of statistics or data can kill you
(or someone else, for that matter). Proper
use of data is a viciously complicated topic, and I am no expert.
But I feel confident enough to make this
claim: if it would lead to the wrong conclusions, not presenting
the data at all would be better.
Here is a simple rule for designers: your project isn’t ready to
be released into the wild if you’ve spent more
time choosing a font than choosing your data.