This document provides guidelines and information on standard precautions for healthcare workers, including definitions, recommendations for hand hygiene and use of personal protective equipment, sharps safety, and procedures for exposure to bloodborne pathogens and needlestick injuries. It discusses the risks of different bodily fluids, management of exposures, and post-exposure prophylaxis guidelines for hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV.
Gowning and gloving technique Presented By Mohammed Haroon Rashid At Florence...Haroon Rashid
This Topic presented by Mohammed Haroon Rashid From Basic B.Sc Nursing Final Year students in Florence College of nursing Limtara dhamtari. This topic presented on workshop on the date 13 sep 2019.
Gowning and gloving technique Presented By Mohammed Haroon Rashid At Florence...Haroon Rashid
This Topic presented by Mohammed Haroon Rashid From Basic B.Sc Nursing Final Year students in Florence College of nursing Limtara dhamtari. This topic presented on workshop on the date 13 sep 2019.
Fumigation is a process of gaseous sterilisation which is used for killing of micro-organisms and prevention of microbial growth in air, surface of wall or floor.
Are you injured by used needle ? You may be at risk of getting blood born pathogen like HIV, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C. Good news is that still you have chance of protect yourself from potential HIV and Hepatis B infection by using post exposure prophylaxis.
What type of procedure is suctioning?
Suctioning is 'the mechanical aspiration of pulmonary secretions from a patient with an artificial airway in place'. The procedure involves patient preparation, the suctioning event(s) and follow-up care.
The nursing technique by which a patient with an infectious disease is prevented from infecting other people is called barrier nursing.Hand hygiene is the simplest, most effective measure for infection control.Contact Precautions
Airborne Precautions
Droplet Precautions
Three more elements have been added to standard precautions. They are:
4.1 Respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette
4.2 Safe injection practices
4.3Use of masks for insertion of catheters or injection into spinal or epidural areas
Central-Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSI) pause a major health problem in hospitalized patients. This disease is associated with people with a central line/tube inserted through the skin into the large vein, which can be used to give medicines, fluids, nutrients, or blood products to patients in critical conditions. The disease occurs when microbes enter through the central line invading the bloodstream.
Surgical Hand Washing
By Josfeena Bashir
Lecturer, BGSBU, Jammu
Introduction
During the 19th century, surgical hand preparation consisted of washing the hands with antimicrobial soap and warm water, frequently with the use of a brush.
Definition
Hand washing is important in every setting, including hospital. It is an effective infection control measures, as it prevent spread of micro organisms. For routine client care, the CDC recommends a vigorous hand washing under a stream of water for at least 10 seconds using soap.
Purpose
To remove transient and resident bacteria from fingers, hand and forearms.
To prevent the risk of transmission of infection to patients.
To reduce the risk of transmission of infection organisms to oneself.
To prevent cross infection among clients.
Equipments/ Articles Used For Hand Washing
Soap in a soap dish
Bacteriocidal or antimicrobial soap.
Surgical scrub brush
Running water
Towel/ sterile towels
Surgical hand washing Steps of procedure
Done mask, hair cover and booties, if required
Perform 5 to 10 minute surgical scrub using counted brush stroke method.
Remove rings, chipped nail polish and watch.
Contd….
Wet hands and arm from elbows to fingerprints under flowing water (use sink with side or foot pedal).
Place soap, preferably antimicrobial/ bacteriostatic, on hands and rub vigorously for 15 to 30 seconds; use scrub brush gently
Contd….
Using circular motion, scrub all skin areas, joints, fingernails, between finger and so forth (on all sides and 2 inches above elbows); slide ring, if present, up and down while rubbing fingers.
Continue scrub for 5 to 10 min or per agency policy.
Contd…
Rinse hands from fingers to elbow under flow of water.
Repeat soaping, rubbing and rinsing until hands and arms are clean.
Pat hands dry with sterile towel, moving from fingers to wrist.
Medical students with the potential for workplace exposure to bloodborne pathogens (BBP), human blood, or bodily fluids should review this training prior to their preceptorship.
Fumigation is a process of gaseous sterilisation which is used for killing of micro-organisms and prevention of microbial growth in air, surface of wall or floor.
Are you injured by used needle ? You may be at risk of getting blood born pathogen like HIV, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C. Good news is that still you have chance of protect yourself from potential HIV and Hepatis B infection by using post exposure prophylaxis.
What type of procedure is suctioning?
Suctioning is 'the mechanical aspiration of pulmonary secretions from a patient with an artificial airway in place'. The procedure involves patient preparation, the suctioning event(s) and follow-up care.
The nursing technique by which a patient with an infectious disease is prevented from infecting other people is called barrier nursing.Hand hygiene is the simplest, most effective measure for infection control.Contact Precautions
Airborne Precautions
Droplet Precautions
Three more elements have been added to standard precautions. They are:
4.1 Respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette
4.2 Safe injection practices
4.3Use of masks for insertion of catheters or injection into spinal or epidural areas
Central-Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSI) pause a major health problem in hospitalized patients. This disease is associated with people with a central line/tube inserted through the skin into the large vein, which can be used to give medicines, fluids, nutrients, or blood products to patients in critical conditions. The disease occurs when microbes enter through the central line invading the bloodstream.
Surgical Hand Washing
By Josfeena Bashir
Lecturer, BGSBU, Jammu
Introduction
During the 19th century, surgical hand preparation consisted of washing the hands with antimicrobial soap and warm water, frequently with the use of a brush.
Definition
Hand washing is important in every setting, including hospital. It is an effective infection control measures, as it prevent spread of micro organisms. For routine client care, the CDC recommends a vigorous hand washing under a stream of water for at least 10 seconds using soap.
Purpose
To remove transient and resident bacteria from fingers, hand and forearms.
To prevent the risk of transmission of infection to patients.
To reduce the risk of transmission of infection organisms to oneself.
To prevent cross infection among clients.
Equipments/ Articles Used For Hand Washing
Soap in a soap dish
Bacteriocidal or antimicrobial soap.
Surgical scrub brush
Running water
Towel/ sterile towels
Surgical hand washing Steps of procedure
Done mask, hair cover and booties, if required
Perform 5 to 10 minute surgical scrub using counted brush stroke method.
Remove rings, chipped nail polish and watch.
Contd….
Wet hands and arm from elbows to fingerprints under flowing water (use sink with side or foot pedal).
Place soap, preferably antimicrobial/ bacteriostatic, on hands and rub vigorously for 15 to 30 seconds; use scrub brush gently
Contd….
Using circular motion, scrub all skin areas, joints, fingernails, between finger and so forth (on all sides and 2 inches above elbows); slide ring, if present, up and down while rubbing fingers.
Continue scrub for 5 to 10 min or per agency policy.
Contd…
Rinse hands from fingers to elbow under flow of water.
Repeat soaping, rubbing and rinsing until hands and arms are clean.
Pat hands dry with sterile towel, moving from fingers to wrist.
Medical students with the potential for workplace exposure to bloodborne pathogens (BBP), human blood, or bodily fluids should review this training prior to their preceptorship.
ANY WASTE GENERATED DURING THE DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT OR IMMUNIZATION OF HUMA...ssuser3155141
BIOMEDICAL WASTE
IS DEFINED AS
“ANY WASTE GENERATED DURING
THE DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT
OR IMMUNIZATION OF HUMANS
OR ANIMALS OR IN RESEARCH
ACTIVITIES PERTAINING THERTO
OR IN THE
PRODUCTION OR
TESTING OF BIOLOGI
Wet your hands with clean, running water (warm or cold), turn off the tap, and apply soap. Lather your hands by rubbing them together with the soap. Lather the backs of your hands, between your fingers, and under your nails. Scrub your hands for at least 20 seconds.
Vibrio cholera with other vibrio species are described in thispresentation along with their biochemical properties and laboratory diagnosis, A short slide on halophilic vibrios is also added
Bacteriophages and their general characteriticsRagya Bharadwaj
bacteriophage is a type of virus that infects bacteria. In fact, the word "bacteriophage" literally means "bacteria eater," because bacteriophages destroy their host cells. All bacteriophages are composed of a nucleic acid molecule that is surrounded by a protein structure
The above power point presentation describes the bacteria Hemophilus influezae causing meningitis in children
It is described under Morphology , Cultural characteristics, Anitgenic structure , Diseases , Laboratory diagnosis.
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
Health Education on prevention of hypertensionRadhika kulvi
Hypertension is a chronic condition of concern due to its role in the causation of coronary heart diseases. Hypertension is a worldwide epidemic and important risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke and renal diseases. Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels and is sufficient to maintain tissue perfusion during activity and rest. Hypertension is sustained elevation of BP. In adults, HTN exists when systolic blood pressure is equal to or greater than 140mmHg or diastolic BP is equal to or greater than 90mmHg. The
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
4. DEFINITION
• Standard Precautions are the minimum
infection prevention practices that apply to all
patient care, regardless of suspected or
confirmed infection status of the patient, in any
setting where health care is delivered.
5. Standard Precautions include
• Hand hygiene.
• Use of personal protective equipment (e.g.,
gloves, masks, eyewear).
• Respiratory hygiene / cough etiquette.
• Sharps safety (engineering and work practice
controls).
• Safe injection practices (i.e., aseptic technique for
parenteral medications).
• Sterile instruments and devices.
• Clean and disinfected environmental surfaces.
6.
7. HAND HYGIENE
• Hand Hygiene means cleaning your hands by
using either handwashing (washing hands with
soap and water), antiseptic hand wash,
antiseptic hand rub (i.e. alcohol-based hand
sanitizer including foam or gel), or surgical
hand antisepsis
8. WHY CLEAN
Cleaning your hands reduces:
• The spread of potentially deadly germs to
patients
• The risk of healthcare provider colonization or
infection caused by germs acquired from the
patient
9. • Alcohol-based hand sanitizers are the most
effective products for reducing the number of
germs on hands
• Alcohol-based hand sanitizers are the preferred
method for cleaning your hands in most clinical
situations.
• Wash your hands with soap and water whenever
they are visibly dirty, before eating, and after
using the restroom.
10. Use an Alcohol-Based Hand
Sanitizer
• Immediately before touching a patient
• Before performing an aseptic task (e.g., placing an indwelling
device) or handling invasive medical devices
• Before moving from work on a soiled body site to a clean
body site on the same patient
• After touching a patient or the patient’s immediate
environment
• After contact with blood, body fluids or contaminated surfaces
11. When using alcohol-based hand sanitizer:
• Put product on hands and rub hands together
• Cover all surfaces until hands feel dry
• This should take around 20 seconds
12. Wash with Soap and Water
• When hands are visibly soiled
• After caring for a person with known or
suspected infectious diarrhea
• After known or suspected exposure to spores
(e.g. B. anthracis, C difficile outbreaks)
13. – When cleaning your hands with soap and water, wet
your hands first with water,
– apply the amount of product recommended by the
manufacturer to your hands
– and rub your hands together vigorously for at least 15
seconds, covering all surfaces of the hands and fingers.
– Rinse your hands with water and use disposable towels
to dry. Use towel to turn off the faucet.
– Avoid using hot water, to prevent drying of skin.
14. • These areas are most often missed by
healthcare providers when using alcohol-based
hand sanitizer:
• Thumbs
• Fingertips
• Between fingers
25. HCW/HCP EXPOSURE – NSI
An exposure that might place HCP at risk for HBV,
HCV, or HIV infection is defined as
A per-cutaneous injury (e.g., a needle-stick or
cut with a sharp object) or
Contact of mucous membrane or non-intact
skin with blood, tissue, or other body fluids that
are potentially infectious .
28. RISKS FROM
BODY FLUIDS
Known
Infectious
Blood
Body Fluids
(Blood
Contaminated)
Semen
Vaginal
Secretions
Breast milk
Concentrated
Virus
(Used In Labs)
Potentially
Infectious
CSF
Pleural Fluid
Pericardial
Fluids
Peritoneal
Fluids
Amniotic
Fluids
Synovial
Fluids
Tissue
Samples
Non Infectious
If not Visibly
Bloody
Tears
Saliva
Urine
Feces
Sweat
Emesis
29. Needlestick Injuries
Most frequently during & after an injection
– Recapping, carrying needles and syringes
– Patient movement (children)
– Inappropriate disposal
30. Prevent Needlesticks
• Organizing the physical layout of the Injection
work area
• Minimize handling of injection equipment
» Do not carry, Do not Recap or bend
• Cleaning the Injection environment – Before and
after injections
• Safe disposal to Prevent injuries to public
31. Immediate Management of NSI
• IMMEDIATELY clean Exposure site –
The most important part of PEP
• Skin wounds should be washed with soap and running water
• No evidence that antiseptics are useful and caustic agents
(bleach) may do more harm than good
• Mucous membranes flushed thoroughly with water(no soap)
• Eyes irrigated with a liter of saline
32. Post Exposure Prophylaxis
Guidelines
• Immediate first aid
• Report incident
• Risk assessment
• Counselling
• Decision regarding use
of PEP
• Follow-up
33. NSI :Hepatitis B - Risk of Disease
depends on the HBeAg status
Both +ve
37-62%
Only HbsAg +ve
23-37%
Seroconversion
HBV Remains active in dried blood at Room Temperature for at
least 1 Week
34. Hepatitis B Vaccination in HCP
GOOD NEWS
• Those HCP’s who have been vaccinated; the vaccine offers virtually
complete protection to responders.
• Hence all HCP should be HB vaccinated
BAD NEWS
• Most HCP’s are NOT vaccinated
• 6-10% of vaccinees do NOT develop antibody
• Repeat vaccine series – 30-50% respond
• Really bad news: CDC estimates that 50-75 HCW
• die from Hep B each year
35. Blood Test immediately and at 6 mths
LFT and Anti HCV at 4 – 6 Mths
Interferon not recommended for prophylaxis
No Active Prophylaxis-Immunoglobulins not
effective
Determine status of Source (Anti-HCV)
HEPATITIS C –
POST EXPOSURE MANAGEMENT
37. Rationale for HIV PEP
• HIV infects dendritic cells (DC) then regional lymph nodes
before becoming systemic
• AZT blocks infectivity of HIV infected DC
• Goal of PEP : halt viral replication before systemic infection
is established
• Peri-natal prophylaxis has been effective
38. FOR HIV-VIRUS Time is ESSENCE
• Animal studies show that PEP should be given
within 2-8 hours of exposure for maximal effect
• PEP may have some benefit up to 36 hrs but
seems to be ineffective if given later
39. Exposure code
(EC)
Exposure
EC 1 Mucous Membrane / skin integrity
compromised , Small Vol, Few drops Short
Duration
EC 2 1. Mucous Membrane / skin integrity, large
volume,long duration (several minutes or
more )
2. Percutaneous Exposure ,Less severe (solid
needle/Superficial scratch)
EC 3 Percutaneous, more severe
Hollow needle, major wound , bloody device
PEP-HIV Classification of Exposure - NACO
40. Source Code
(SC)
HIV status of Source
SC 1 HIV +ve , Low Titer Exposure, asymptomatic
with High CD4 Counts
SC 2 HIV +ve, High Titer Exposure ( Advanced
AIDS, Primary HIV infection/High Viral load
or Low CD4 Counts)
UnKnown Status or Source is Unknown
PEP-HIV Classification of Source -NACO
41. Exposure
code (EC)
Source Code
(SC)
Treatment
EC 1 SC 1 PEP may be warranted*
EC 1 SC 2 Consider Basic Regime
EC 2 SC 1 Recommend Basic Regime
( most exposures in this category)
EC 2 SC 2 Recommend Expanded Regime
EC 3 SC 1or2 Recommend Expanded Regime
2/3 Unknown Consider basic regime
PEP-HIV Treatment – NACO
42. ANTIRETROVIRALS FOR PEP
Reverse transcriptase inhibitors RTI
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTI) -
Ziduvidine, Lamuvidine
Non nucleoside (NNRTI) - Nevirapine (not recommended)
Protease inhibitors (PI)-Nelfinavir,Indinavir
Single drug v/s multiple drugs for PEP - no direct
supportive evidence
Theoretical advantage of adding an agent at a different
level
43. Conclusion
• Ensure reporting setup
• Update oneself on all aspects of PEP
• Ensure supply of (Start up packs) PEP medications
in your setup.
• The psychological impact of an exposure can be
enormous
• Your patience and understanding may be the best
PEP of all
44. Be Needle Smart
–Do NOT recap
–Do NOT bend
–Do NOT remove
–Do NOT transport
–Do NOT re-use
