This document discusses the basic tools used for engineering drawings. It describes pencils ranging from 9H to 7B grades used for drawing, as well as a T-square for horizontal and vertical lines. Additional tools include a ruler, compass to draw circles, dividers to divide lines equally, and set squares for accurate angles. A drawing board or paper holds the paper securely in place while working.
This presentation was made to supplement learning in teaching drafting tools and materials. It is not the sole intention of the author to harm any organization, institution and individual. The author just wanted to inform.
This presentation was made to supplement learning in teaching drafting tools and materials. It is not the sole intention of the author to harm any organization, institution and individual. The author just wanted to inform.
INTRODUCTION OF ENGINEERING DRAWING
Application of Drawing in Industries - Importance of graphics in engineering applications - Use of drafting instruments - Specifications - Size, layout and folding of drawing sheets - Lettering and dimensioning.
PLANE CURVES AND FREE HAND SKETCHING
Curves used in engineering practices, Visualization concepts and Free Hand sketching - Layout of views.
QUADRANTS AND PROJECTION OF SOLIDS
Various types of Quadrants with their Projections and applications, Projection of simple solids like prisms, pyramids, cylinder, cone
INTRODUCTION OF ENGINEERING DRAWING
Application of Drawing in Industries - Importance of graphics in engineering applications - Use of drafting instruments - Specifications - Size, layout and folding of drawing sheets - Lettering and dimensioning.
PLANE CURVES AND FREE HAND SKETCHING
Curves used in engineering practices, Visualization concepts and Free Hand sketching - Layout of views.
QUADRANTS AND PROJECTION OF SOLIDS
Various types of Quadrants with their Projections and applications, Projection of simple solids like prisms, pyramids, cylinder, cone
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
2. Basic Tools
A draftsperson needs some basic tools to draw. These should include the
following:
● A range of pencils ● Drawing board
● Ruler ● Clips or tape
● Set squares
● Rubber
● Compasses
● Dividers
● T-square
3. Drawing Board
A drawing board is a flat, smooth board on which to attach paper for
making drawings or designs. Traditionally, they are made of timber
however, modern day boards are constructed out of plastic. The board
can be purchased in A4 size although they are more commonly found in
schools as an A3 size format.
4. Drawing Paper
Drawing paper is the paper on which drawing is done on. Engineering
drawings are made on sheets of paper of strictly defined sizes, which are
set forth in respective standards. The paper should be smooth, uniform
in thickness and fibers should not be disintegrated when an eraser is
used on it.
5. Ruler
A ruler is one of the most important pieces of drawing equipment. An opaque-
type ruler should only be used to measure distances with lines being drawn
with T-Squares and Set Squares. But it must be remembered that the edge of a
ruler is not guaranteed to have a perfectly straight edge unlike a good T-
Square or Set Square.
6. Pencils
• Pencil is used to draw on the paper.
• Pencils number ranges from 9H to 7B. These alphabets represets to the hardness of
the pencil lead.
• The H stands for hard and the B stands for blackness. H pencils are harder and
produce lighter lines because they contain more filler and less graphite. Pencils that
fall into the B grade, on the other hand, make a darker mark because they're softer
and don't contain as much filler.
8. Grades and hardness of pencils.
Grade of pencil Hardness of pencil
9H Hardest
6H, 5H, 4H Extremely Hard
3H Very hard
2H Hard
H Moderately hard
HB Medium hard
B Moderately soft
2B Soft
3B, 4B, 5B, 6B Very soft
7B Softest
9. T-square
• T square is used to draw horizontal and vertical lines on drawing sheet.
• It made of wood or plastic and in T shape.
• The vertical part of T is called blade and horizontal part of T is called head.
• The edge of head is uniform level and attached to the edge of the board.
• The working edge is used to draw lines anywhere on the sheet by moving the
instrument top to bottom.
10. Clips/ Tapes
Clips/tapes are used to hold the drawing paper in position when drawing board
is not available. They are designed to clip on to the edge of a table or portable
timber board and hold the paper down firmly against the flat surface (Drawing
board or table).
11. Protractor
A protractor is used to measure angles. A typical protractor is a semi-circular piece of
plastic with 180 degrees printed around its curve
Also available for graphics is a full circle protractor which can be used to accurately
measure angles greater than 180 degrees.
12. Compass
• A compass, also known as a pair of compasses, is a technical drawing
instrument that can be used for inscribing circles or arcs.
• The distance between the legs can be adjusted to allow the changing of the
radius of the circle drawn.
13. Divider
The divider looks like a compass, but the difference is the two legs of divider
are provided with needles. This is used to divide a line or curve into equal parts.
It is also used to check the measurements.
14. Set Squares
Set Squares are used to draw accurate angles. The most common set squares are 45
degrees and 60/30 degrees. When using set squares they should always be used along
with a T-Square. The Set-square rest on the straight edge of the T-Square and this
ensures that the angle is drawn straight and with accuracy.
15. French curve
• A French curve is a template which is generally made out of
plastic and is composed of many different curves. They are
used in manual drawing to draw smooth curves of varying
radii. The curve is placed on the drawing material, and a
pencil is traced around its curves to produce the desired
result.
16. Rubber/ Eraser
Eraser is used to remove the lines or spots which drawn by mistake or with wrong measurements.
The eraser used should be of good quality and soft. It should not damage the paper while erasing
