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La missione CASSINI-HUYGENS esplorazione del sistema di Saturno INAF- Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale
 
Ritratto di Famiglia
 
Pioneer 11  View of Saturn’s Rings
Early  Voyager  Photograph
[object Object],[object Object]
Gian Domenico Cassini (1625 - 1712) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Christiaan Huygens (1629 – 1695) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
300kg 3700kg S/C Height 6.7m
Il Contributo italiano ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Una Crociera Movimentata I fly-bys con la Terra e Venere hanno fornito l’equivalente di 75 tonnellate di carburante (Al lancio i serbatoi di Cassini ne contenevano 3 tonnellate)
August 17, 1999
Jupiter Flyby Oct 2000 – Jan 2001
Jupiter & Io December 12 2000
Closest Approach December 29 2000
Jupiter & Io January 01 2001
From Jupiter to Saturn January 2001 – July 2004
[object Object],[object Object],Titan & Saturn October 21 2002
… . e finalmente dopo 6.5 anni ,[object Object],[object Object],Immagine ripresa da Hubble Immagine ripresa da Cassini
27 Marzo 2004: il pianeta ed il suo sistema di anelli riempiono il FOV della NAC camera
Primo Luglio 2004 Inserzione in Orbita
 
Saturn is less brightly banded than Jupiter:  Same 3 layers, but atmosphere is thicker,  so we don’t see different colored layers as well.  This is due to Saturn’s lower surface gravity
 
Due tempeste si fondono in una ,[object Object]
Le immagini mostrate in bianco e nero sono state riprese dalla fotocamera di Cassini mentre le due in blu e rosso sono dello strumento VIMS.  Il Polo stesso è proprio nell’occhio di questo immenso vortice polare delle dimensioni di circa 1500km. Il Polo Sud di Saturno 460nm 752nm 728nm 890nm 5000nm 2800nm CH 4 CH 4
Il Polo Sud di Saturno
Un Esagono al Polo Nord
Aurora sovrapposta all’Esagono polare ,[object Object],[object Object]
Gli Anelli
Behind Saturn
Origin & Stability of Rings ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Rings and the “Roche Limit” Inside the Roche limit, the tidal stresses on a body (which grow with its size and closeness) are stronger than its internal strength (basically gravity, in the case of moons). This is generally at 2.5 planetary radii or so.
Composition of Saturn’s Rings Rings are composed of ice particles moving at large velocities around Saturn, but small relative velocities (all moving in the same direction).  0
Saturn’s rings are composed of numerous icy fragments. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
[object Object],Artist’s impression of particles in Saturn’s rings showing the process of accretion and fragmentation (William Hartmann)
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
I freddi anelli di Saturno ,[object Object],[object Object]
Ripply Rings
Onde negli anelli ,[object Object]
Making Waves
The “Opposition Surge” on Saturn’s rings. This appears exactly opposite to the direction to the Sun, at phase angle 0°. The size of the surge is a measure of how rough the particles are.
A Selection of Cassini Images
The Discovery of Daphnis in the Keeler Gap: The wake is highly distorted
Prometheus produces a “wake” pattern just like Pan
The  aftermath of a ring impact?
“ Saucer” Moons
Epimeteo
Febe è il satellite più lontano e si trova su di una orbita retrograda ad una distanza di 13 milioni di km da Saturno;  La densità, l’aspetto e le dimensioni di Febe sono caratteristiche dei cosiddetti planetesimi, frammenti di materiale primordiale andato poi ad accumularsi a formare i pianeti. Simili residui del processo di accrescimento potrebbero essere sopravvissuti nelle zone più esterne del sistema solare, ma non nelle vicinanze di Saturno. Febe: un alieno alla corte di Saturno? 0.3 Km/px 2.1 Km/px
Encelado: la luna bianca
Chiaro come neve fresca ,[object Object],[object Object]
Un’occhiata da vicino ,[object Object],[object Object]
Enceladus ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
South Polar Terrain from ISS Tiger stripes region
 
Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer Results Average mass spectrum for altitudes below 500 km. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ISS plume observations Porco et al. 2006
Enceladus as the source of material for the E Ring
CIRS Observations of the South Pole region ,[object Object],[object Object],Spencer et al. 2006
… and VIMS Ratio of 1.2 µm continuum over 1.6 µm cristalline water ice band Cristalline ice is concentrated inside the tiger stripes Consistent with higher emission temperatures
Enceladus: a possible thermal hystory (1) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The sequence of events ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Schubert et al, 2007 t=1.6Myr t=3.2Myr Core 155km Mantle 90Km Crust 15km t=0 t=0.4Myr t=0.8Myr
Titan
Titan Facts Titan belongs to the triad of giant moons with bulk densities of 1.8 g/cm3, and radii ~ 2500 km, along with Ganymede and Callisto. Titan has the second-densest atmosphere of the solid bodies of the solar system Surface P,T=1.5bars, 95K. Methane 2-10% near-surface, 2% in stratosphere. Nitrogen-methane atmospheric composition implies organic chemistry.
Methane Cycle The photolysis of methane and nitrogen leads to the formation of complex hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), nitriles and polymers; The resulting compounds lead to the production of haze (Tholins), of hydrocarbons condensates and their precipitation on ground. Methane is also key to the maintenance of the thick nitrogen atmosphere.  The nitrogen atmosphere would gradually condense in the absence of warming resulting from the hydrocarbon haze Methane is lost in the atmosphere with a lifetime of 10-100 Myr Waite et al, 2007 700km
Surface Methane ,[object Object],[object Object],Niemann et al 2005
[object Object],[object Object],Titan seen by VIMS
Titan Radar Observations ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Titan Lakes
Titan longitudinal Dunes ,[object Object],[object Object],Upper Image Titan Lower Image Namibia Desert
Titan Topography ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Soderblom et al 2006
Iapetus ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Iapetus ,[object Object],The equatorial Ridge rise more  than 20 km above the surrounding plains
IAPETUS  - ORSHIRES001-V1568145604 Distance 45600 km - Phase 32° - VIMS  22.8 Km/pixel VIMS-IR @ R 2.42 um (CN); G 2.05 um (H2O), B 1.94 um (OH) ISS-WAC (raw data) VIMS-V  @ 970 nm
460nm 752nm 728nm 890nm 5000nm 2800nm CH 4 CH 4

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Stage astrofisica 2010- 3. Cassini e il sistema di Saturno - F.Tosi

  • 1. La missione CASSINI-HUYGENS esplorazione del sistema di Saturno INAF- Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale
  • 2.  
  • 4.  
  • 5. Pioneer 11 View of Saturn’s Rings
  • 6. Early Voyager Photograph
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10. 300kg 3700kg S/C Height 6.7m
  • 11.
  • 12.  
  • 13. Una Crociera Movimentata I fly-bys con la Terra e Venere hanno fornito l’equivalente di 75 tonnellate di carburante (Al lancio i serbatoi di Cassini ne contenevano 3 tonnellate)
  • 15. Jupiter Flyby Oct 2000 – Jan 2001
  • 16. Jupiter & Io December 12 2000
  • 18. Jupiter & Io January 01 2001
  • 19. From Jupiter to Saturn January 2001 – July 2004
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 22. 27 Marzo 2004: il pianeta ed il suo sistema di anelli riempiono il FOV della NAC camera
  • 23. Primo Luglio 2004 Inserzione in Orbita
  • 24.  
  • 25. Saturn is less brightly banded than Jupiter: Same 3 layers, but atmosphere is thicker, so we don’t see different colored layers as well. This is due to Saturn’s lower surface gravity
  • 26.  
  • 27.
  • 28. Le immagini mostrate in bianco e nero sono state riprese dalla fotocamera di Cassini mentre le due in blu e rosso sono dello strumento VIMS. Il Polo stesso è proprio nell’occhio di questo immenso vortice polare delle dimensioni di circa 1500km. Il Polo Sud di Saturno 460nm 752nm 728nm 890nm 5000nm 2800nm CH 4 CH 4
  • 29. Il Polo Sud di Saturno
  • 30. Un Esagono al Polo Nord
  • 31.
  • 34.
  • 35. Rings and the “Roche Limit” Inside the Roche limit, the tidal stresses on a body (which grow with its size and closeness) are stronger than its internal strength (basically gravity, in the case of moons). This is generally at 2.5 planetary radii or so.
  • 36. Composition of Saturn’s Rings Rings are composed of ice particles moving at large velocities around Saturn, but small relative velocities (all moving in the same direction). 0
  • 37.
  • 38.  
  • 39.
  • 40.
  • 41.
  • 43.
  • 45. The “Opposition Surge” on Saturn’s rings. This appears exactly opposite to the direction to the Sun, at phase angle 0°. The size of the surge is a measure of how rough the particles are.
  • 46. A Selection of Cassini Images
  • 47. The Discovery of Daphnis in the Keeler Gap: The wake is highly distorted
  • 48. Prometheus produces a “wake” pattern just like Pan
  • 49. The aftermath of a ring impact?
  • 52. Febe è il satellite più lontano e si trova su di una orbita retrograda ad una distanza di 13 milioni di km da Saturno; La densità, l’aspetto e le dimensioni di Febe sono caratteristiche dei cosiddetti planetesimi, frammenti di materiale primordiale andato poi ad accumularsi a formare i pianeti. Simili residui del processo di accrescimento potrebbero essere sopravvissuti nelle zone più esterne del sistema solare, ma non nelle vicinanze di Saturno. Febe: un alieno alla corte di Saturno? 0.3 Km/px 2.1 Km/px
  • 54.
  • 55.
  • 56.
  • 57. South Polar Terrain from ISS Tiger stripes region
  • 58.  
  • 59.
  • 60. ISS plume observations Porco et al. 2006
  • 61. Enceladus as the source of material for the E Ring
  • 62.
  • 63. … and VIMS Ratio of 1.2 µm continuum over 1.6 µm cristalline water ice band Cristalline ice is concentrated inside the tiger stripes Consistent with higher emission temperatures
  • 64.
  • 65.
  • 66. Titan
  • 67. Titan Facts Titan belongs to the triad of giant moons with bulk densities of 1.8 g/cm3, and radii ~ 2500 km, along with Ganymede and Callisto. Titan has the second-densest atmosphere of the solid bodies of the solar system Surface P,T=1.5bars, 95K. Methane 2-10% near-surface, 2% in stratosphere. Nitrogen-methane atmospheric composition implies organic chemistry.
  • 68. Methane Cycle The photolysis of methane and nitrogen leads to the formation of complex hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), nitriles and polymers; The resulting compounds lead to the production of haze (Tholins), of hydrocarbons condensates and their precipitation on ground. Methane is also key to the maintenance of the thick nitrogen atmosphere. The nitrogen atmosphere would gradually condense in the absence of warming resulting from the hydrocarbon haze Methane is lost in the atmosphere with a lifetime of 10-100 Myr Waite et al, 2007 700km
  • 69.
  • 70.
  • 71.
  • 72.
  • 73.
  • 75.
  • 76.
  • 77.
  • 78.
  • 79.
  • 80. IAPETUS - ORSHIRES001-V1568145604 Distance 45600 km - Phase 32° - VIMS 22.8 Km/pixel VIMS-IR @ R 2.42 um (CN); G 2.05 um (H2O), B 1.94 um (OH) ISS-WAC (raw data) VIMS-V @ 970 nm
  • 81. 460nm 752nm 728nm 890nm 5000nm 2800nm CH 4 CH 4