This is a Report on Steam Turbine Working...
i hope u guys find this 1 helping ....coz i nvr found any nice 1 on slideshare...
so i decided to upload 1 of mine ;)....PEACE
This is a Report on Steam Turbine Working...
i hope u guys find this 1 helping ....coz i nvr found any nice 1 on slideshare...
so i decided to upload 1 of mine ;)....PEACE
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF STEAM TURBINE BLADE AND SHAFT ASSEMBLYIjripublishers Ijri
rotary motion. A system of angled and shaped blades arranged on a rotor through which steam is passed to generate
rotational energy. Moving fluid acts on the blades so that they move and impart rotational energy to the rotor.
The blades are designed in such a way to produce maximum rotational energy by directing the flow of the steam along
its surface. The blades are made at specific angles in order to incorporate the net flow of steam over it in its favour.
The blades may be of stationary or fixed and rotary or moving types, and shaft is designed to work in extreme conditions,
hear it has to bear the temperature which is coming from the steam and loads (weight and centrifugal force) of
the blades assembly and other assembly parts.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF STEAM TURBINE BLADE AND SHAFT ASSEMBLYIjripublishers Ijri
rotary motion. A system of angled and shaped blades arranged on a rotor through which steam is passed to generate
rotational energy. Moving fluid acts on the blades so that they move and impart rotational energy to the rotor.
The blades are designed in such a way to produce maximum rotational energy by directing the flow of the steam along
its surface. The blades are made at specific angles in order to incorporate the net flow of steam over it in its favour.
The blades may be of stationary or fixed and rotary or moving types, and shaft is designed to work in extreme conditions,
hear it has to bear the temperature which is coming from the steam and loads (weight and centrifugal force) of
the blades assembly and other assembly parts.
PPTs covers portion of Unit 2 of Power Plant Engineering of Subject code ME6701.
PPTs covers Diesel Power Generation Plants, components, working principles of various system, advantages and disadvantagesand Comparision of various factors w.r.to Steam power Palnt, Diesel Plant, Nuclear, Hydraulic Power Plants.
Gas turbines, its cycle, working principles.
Combined Cycle Power plants.
Discussion on Brayton cycle, improvisions factors affecting effiencies.
This report gives basic knowledge about overhauling of Turbine, erection, commissioning.
For more information visit@supratheek Turbo Engineering Services
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
2. 2GE-Confidential
INTRODUCTION
Material compiled in the subsequent pages is meant for
educational purpose. Some of the pictures and contents
taken and presented here are from the articles read from
net with the courtesy of the respective authors.
This PPT is only meant for the internal use within GEDC -
ST Engineering.
Fore-word
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SCOPE OF THE MODULE
1
Introduction to Steam Turbines
Working Principle - Change of State Across Stage
Classification based on Applications
Utility Size Operating principles
Explanation of thermal power plant
Boiler Turbine Condenser Condensate pumps
Steam turbine operating cycles
Simple Rankine Cycle - Modified cycles advantages
Reheat Cycles - Regenerative cycle
Combined cycles - Co-generative cycle
Compounding of steam turbines
Pressure - Velocity & Pressure Velocity Compounding
Cross compounding - Tandem Compounding
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INTRODUCTION
Steam Turbines are rotating equipments used to produce
Mechanical Power from Thermal Energy of steam
Steam turbines are mostly 'axial flow' types. (Steam flows
over the blades in a direction parallel to the axis of the
wheel.)
WHAT IS A STEAM TURBINE !!
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WORKING PRINCIPLE
The steam is expanded in nozzles, resulting in the formation of a
high velocity jet. This impinges on the moving blades, mounted on a
shaft.
Here it undergoes a change of direction of motion which gives rise
to a change in momentum
The shaft power in a turbine is obtained by the rate of change in
momentum of a high velocity jet of steam impinging on a curved
blade which is free to rotate.
HOW DOES IT WORK !!
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CLASSIFICATION
Application - Utility , Captive & Mechanical drives
Size - Small < 15 MW
- Medium > 15 MW
- Large > 300 MW
Type - Condensing & Back Pressure
Principle - Impulse & Reaction
VARIOUS TYPES !!!
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Impulse : Most of the
pressure drop for the
stage takes place in
nozzle
Reaction : Pressure drop
in a stage takes place
approximately 50% in
Nozzle and 50% in
Buckets
WORKING PRINCIPLE
contd.
Basically Steam
Turbines are 2 types
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ABOUT THE FLUID
Fluid - Superheated Steam
Inlet pressure* - 2400 – 4500 PSIG
Inlet Temp* - 1000 – 1100 Deg F
*Sub Critical >= 2400 Psig -1000F (165 bar / 538 C)
*Super Critical >= 3500 Psig -1050F (240 bar / 565 C)
Ultra Supercritical >= 4500 Psig -1112F (310 bar / 600 C)
Improvements in power plant performance are achieved by raising
inlet steam conditions to Supercritical and Ultra supercritical levels
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OPERATING PRINCIPLE
The high-temperature, high-pressure steam enters the inlet control
valves, which control the steam flow into the turbine.
The steam then travels through the first-stage nozzles, and strikes the
first row of buckets. At this point the pressure decreases as the steam
passes through the nozzles.
As the steam passes through each stage in a Turbine, the steam
conditions vary (i.e. Pressure and Temperatures reduce and specific
Volume and entropy increases.)
The expanding steam continues to flow through the rows of nozzles and
buckets, each time striking the next row of buckets with a high velocity
and causes the shaft to rotate to produce power.
Each row of nozzles and buckets designed for the conditions of steam
from previous stage.
By the time the steam is ready to leave the turbine, almost all of its
usable energy has been removed ..
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CONCEPT OF MULTI STAGING
Stage : It is a combination of stationary nozzles and row of buckets. A
multi-stage turbine is one that has many sets of these nozzles and
buckets in series.
Multi-stage turbine : After the steam leaves the first set of nozzles, it
enters subsequent stages. Steam discharged from the buckets of the
upstream high-pressure stage becomes inlet to next stage.
Therefore, each consecutive stage operates at a lower pressure and the
total energy conversion of steam from the highest to the lowest pressure
is broken up in a series of stages which allow for better efficiency.
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CONCEPT OF MULTI STAGING
The specific volume increases due to expansion of steam in nozzles.
The steam passages are gradually widened to accommodate the
increasing volumetric flow rate, i.e., blade heights and wheel
diameters are increased.
Due to expansion of steam, the temperature drops down at every
stage. Each stage contributes a proportionate share of power to the
turbine shaft.
What happens to the steam
When it passes from one stage to the other !!
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COMPOUNDING OF STEAM
TURBINE
Pressure Compounding
Velocity Compounding
Pressure Velocity Compounding
Cross Compounding if all of the machines
are parallel
Tandem Compounding if all the machines
are connected in series
What is compounding in steam turbines !!
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Steam Turbine Power Plants
Steam power plant cycles are characterized by the
pressure level they are operated
Sub-critical cycles use steam pressures below the
critical pressure
Super-critical cycles operate above the critical
pressure providing higher efficiency.
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Type of Steam Turbine is decided based on
Steam parameters and Process Needs like Extraction
Availability of cooling water for Condenser, Condensing
load and Back pressure
Other Techno-economic considerations by the client
Steam Turbine Power Plants
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Customers Choice results in type of Plant
Combined Cycle Power Plants Vs. Simple cycle
Power Plants
Cogeneration Plants
Regeneration and reheating for cycle efficiency
improvements
Steam Turbine Power Plants
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Steam turbine Models
Single / Multi casings , Tandem / Cross Compounded
Fossil Fuel Fired / Nuclear Steam turbines
Condensing Steam turbine
Back Pressure Steam turbine
Reheat and regeneration cycles
Cogeneration Steam turbine
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SIZING CRITEREA
Typical Ratios, # of stages for each size of turbines
Number of stages in a turbine are fixed from the Enthalpy
drop required in each stage and length of rotor from rotor-
dynamic stand point.
Stage diameter, Nozzle / Bucket heights are decided by
the volume flow rate
Machine configuration is dictated by the Enthalpy drop
and steam Flow Rate
i.e., HP , IP , LP ( 2stage or 3 Stage )
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GE - Steam Turbine Nomenclature
Section I, Reheat and Multi-Casing Non-Reheat Turbines includes
the more complex configurations in accordance with the traditional
practice of the Schenectady code system.
Section II, Single-Casing, Non-Reheat Turbines, relatively simple
design
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SECTION I
REHEAT AND MULTIPLE-CASING, NON-REHEAT STEAM TURBINES
FULL-SPEED, REHEAT, SINGLE-FLOW CONDENSING TURBINES A
FULL-SPEED, NON-REHEAT, DOUBLE-FLOW CONDENSING TURBINES
C
FULL-SPEED, REHEAT, DOUBLE-FLOW CONDENSING TURBINES D
FULL-SPEED, TANDEM-COMPOUND, DOUBLE-FLOW, PRIMARY (DP) AND
DP /DS
SECONDARY (DS) CONDENSING ELEMENTS FOR CROSS-COMPOUND,FOUR-
FLOW, REHEAT TURBINES
FULL-SPEED, REHEAT, TRIPLE-FLOW CONDENSING TURBINES F
FULL-SPEED, TANDEM-COMPOUND, TRIPLE-FLOW, PRIMARY (FP) AND
FP/FS
SECONDARY (FS) CONDENSING ELEMENTS FOR CROSS-COMPOUND, SIX –
FLOW REHEAT TURBINES
FULL-SPEED, REHEAT, FOUR-FLOW CONDENSING TURBINES
G
FULL-SPEED, NON-CONDENSING ELEMENTS OF CROSS-COMPOUND TURBINES
H
HALF-SPEED, SINGLE-FLOW CONDENSING TURBINES J
HALF-SPEED, DOUBLE-FLOW CONDENSING TURBINES K
HALF-SPEED, TANDEM-COMPOUND DOUBLE-FLOW CONDENSING TURBINES
L
HALF-SPEED, TANDEM-COMPOUND FOUR-FLOW CONDENSING TURBINES
M
HALF-SPEED, TANDEM-COMPOUND SIX-FLOW CONDENSING TURBINES N
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SECTION II
SECTION II
SINGLE-CASING, NON-REHEAT STEAM TURBINES
CONDENSING TURBINES WITH NO CONTROLLED EXTRACTIONS OR ADMISSIONS
SC
NON-CONDENSING TURBINES WITH NO CONTROLLED EXTRACTIONS OR ADMISSIONS
SNC
CONDENSING TURBINES WITH A SINGLE CONTROLLED EXTRACTION OR ADMISSION
SAC
NON-CONDENSING TURBINES WITH A SINGLE CONTROLLED EXTRACTION OR
ADMISSION SANC
CONDENSINGTURBINES WITH TWO CONTROLLED EXTRACTIONS OR ADMISSIONS
DAC
NON-CONDENSING TURBINES WITH TWO CONTROLLED EXTRACTIONS OR ADMISSIONS
DANC
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Summary : Machines commonly used
Type Current
m/c
Description
A A14-A15 FULL-SPEED, REHEAT, SINGLE-FLOW CONDENSING
D D10–D11 FULL-SPEED, REHEAT, DOUBLE-FLOW
CONDENSING
G G1–G12 FULL-SPEED, REHEAT, FOUR-FLOW CONDENSING
Dense packs are used for the retrofits of these
machines
N N1 – N2 HALF-SPEED, TANDEM-COMPOUND SIX-FLOW
CONDENSING (only for Nuclear Application)
SC SC4-SC5 CONDENSING TURBINES
WITH NO CONTROLLED EXTRACTIONS OR
ADMISSIONS
REHEAT AND MULTIPLE-CASING, NON-REHEAT STEAM TURBINES A to N
SC Single casing Non reheat Steam Turbines
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Nuclear Vs Fossil Steam Turbines
Parameter Nuclear Fossil
Steam
parameters
Low pressure and saturated steam used
(60 -70 bar 250 to 280 Deg C)
HP Superheated with or
without reheat
(160 bar -540 Deg C)
Moisture
capture
provisions
1 or 2 stg. Moisture Separators and
re-heaters provided after HP casings
No Moisture separators are
employed due to superheated
steam
LP rotors Specially designed Mono-block LP
rotors ( This eliminates susceptibility to
fretting and loosening of shrunk-on
components )
-
Number of
HP/LP casings
One HP casing
Before LP stages ( 3 parallel stages)
HP + Reheat / IP stg
Before LP Stages
Bucket Design Aerodynamic Bucket design
To eliminate flow separation and reduce
losses and very long last stage buckets
Nuclear Vs Fossil Steam Turbines
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A : FULL SPEED, REHEAT, SINGLE
FLOW CONDENSING TURBINES
A14 Off-Shell Control Valves(s), Double-Shell High
Pressure Section With Reaction Staging, Generator on
High Pressure End, Sliding Support of Shell on Front
Standard.
39. 39GE-Confidential
A : FULL SPEED, REHEAT, SINGLE
FLOW CONDENSING TURBINES
A15 Off-Shell Control Valves(s), Double-Shell High Pressure
Section With Reaction Staging, Generator on High Pressure End,
Sliding Support of Shell on Front Standard. Fixed Support of Shell
on Fixed Mid Standard, Sliding Low Pressure Exhaust Hood. For
Single-Shaft and Multi-Shaft Combined Cycle.
40. 40GE-Confidential
D : FULL SPEED, REHEAT,
DOUBLE
FLOW CONDENSING TURBINESKW OUTPUT 293,597
FLOW (LB/HR) 1,922,040
PSIA 2414.4
°F 1000/1000
% MU 0.0
1 717 16 1 6
41. 41GE-Confidential
D : FULL SPEED, REHEAT,
DOUBLE
FLOW CONDENSING TURBINESKW OUTPUT 293,597
FLOW (LB/HR) 1,922,040
PSIA 2414.4
°F 1000/1000
% MU 0.0
1 717 16 1 6