Pila is an amphibian that can perform both branchial and pulmonary respiration. When in water, it breathes through gills called ctenidia located in the branchial chamber. On land, it breathes through a pulmonary sac located in the pulmonary chamber. The pulmonary sac allows for gas exchange between air and blood. Pila can also respire underwater using a respiratory tube formed by its nuchal lobe to bring air into the pulmonary sac. Its osphradium organ helps detect chemicals in the water.
Classification of phylum Cnidaria upto classmariamyounas2
1. The phylum Cnidaria includes over 9,000 species of mostly marine animals classified into four classes: Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Anthozoa, and Cubozoa.
2. They are commonly called "stingers" because their tentacles contain stinging cells called cnidocytes that are used for defense, feeding, and attachment.
3. The classes differ in whether they are marine or freshwater, whether the polyp or medusa form is more prominent, and details of their gastrovascular cavity, mesogloea, and gonad placement. Examples across the classes include Hydra, jellyfish, sea anemones, corals, and box jellyfish
PSILOTUM : structure, morphology, anatomy, reproduction , life cycle etc.Cherry
Psilotum is a genus of whisk ferns represented by two species, P. nudum and P. flaccidum. P. nudum is found throughout the tropics and subtropics, including regions like Florida, Hawaii, India, and New Zealand. It grows as an erect shrub up to 25cm tall. P. flaccidum is found in Mexico, Jamaica, and some Pacific islands and differs in having a flattened, pendulous stem that can grow up to 90cm long. Both species reproduce vegetatively through gemmae and sexually through homosporous synangia that contain spores.
- Marsilea is a heterosporous fern that produces two types of spores, microspores and megaspores, in separate microsporangia and megasporangia structures enclosed in bean-shaped sporocarps.
- It is commonly known as water fern and has about 53 cosmopolitan species, especially in tropical regions like Africa and Australia. Species can be fully aquatic, amphibious, or terrestrial.
- The plant body has an underground rhizome and differentiated leaves and roots. Reproduction is both vegetative through rhizome tubers and sexual through the production of microspores and megaspores in sporocarps.
Swim bladder general organization and circulation and functionramkumarlodhi3
The document summarizes the general organization, circulation, types, gas secreting complex, and functions of the swim bladder in fish. It notes that the swim bladder contains gas and develops from the gut wall. Blood supply comes directly from arteries or the coeliaco-mesenteric artery. Depending on connections to the esophagus, swim bladders are either physostomous or physoclistous types. The anterior part secretes gas while the posterior part absorbs gas. Main functions include respiration, sound production, hearing, pressure sensing, and providing buoyancy.
Pteridophytes are classified into four classes: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphenopsida, and Pteropsida. Psilopsida includes the oldest vascular plants with scale-like leaves and spores produced directly on the stem. Lycopsida have well-defined roots, stems, and microphyllous leaves. Spores are borne in strobili. Sphenopsida only contains the living genus Equisetum, with nodes, whorls of small leaves, and sporangiophores bearing spores. Pteropsida contains most ferns, with large megaphyllous fronds, rhizomes, and sori of sporangia
Pila is an amphibian that can perform both branchial and pulmonary respiration. When in water, it breathes through gills called ctenidia located in the branchial chamber. On land, it breathes through a pulmonary sac located in the pulmonary chamber. The pulmonary sac allows for gas exchange between air and blood. Pila can also respire underwater using a respiratory tube formed by its nuchal lobe to bring air into the pulmonary sac. Its osphradium organ helps detect chemicals in the water.
Classification of phylum Cnidaria upto classmariamyounas2
1. The phylum Cnidaria includes over 9,000 species of mostly marine animals classified into four classes: Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Anthozoa, and Cubozoa.
2. They are commonly called "stingers" because their tentacles contain stinging cells called cnidocytes that are used for defense, feeding, and attachment.
3. The classes differ in whether they are marine or freshwater, whether the polyp or medusa form is more prominent, and details of their gastrovascular cavity, mesogloea, and gonad placement. Examples across the classes include Hydra, jellyfish, sea anemones, corals, and box jellyfish
PSILOTUM : structure, morphology, anatomy, reproduction , life cycle etc.Cherry
Psilotum is a genus of whisk ferns represented by two species, P. nudum and P. flaccidum. P. nudum is found throughout the tropics and subtropics, including regions like Florida, Hawaii, India, and New Zealand. It grows as an erect shrub up to 25cm tall. P. flaccidum is found in Mexico, Jamaica, and some Pacific islands and differs in having a flattened, pendulous stem that can grow up to 90cm long. Both species reproduce vegetatively through gemmae and sexually through homosporous synangia that contain spores.
- Marsilea is a heterosporous fern that produces two types of spores, microspores and megaspores, in separate microsporangia and megasporangia structures enclosed in bean-shaped sporocarps.
- It is commonly known as water fern and has about 53 cosmopolitan species, especially in tropical regions like Africa and Australia. Species can be fully aquatic, amphibious, or terrestrial.
- The plant body has an underground rhizome and differentiated leaves and roots. Reproduction is both vegetative through rhizome tubers and sexual through the production of microspores and megaspores in sporocarps.
Swim bladder general organization and circulation and functionramkumarlodhi3
The document summarizes the general organization, circulation, types, gas secreting complex, and functions of the swim bladder in fish. It notes that the swim bladder contains gas and develops from the gut wall. Blood supply comes directly from arteries or the coeliaco-mesenteric artery. Depending on connections to the esophagus, swim bladders are either physostomous or physoclistous types. The anterior part secretes gas while the posterior part absorbs gas. Main functions include respiration, sound production, hearing, pressure sensing, and providing buoyancy.
Pteridophytes are classified into four classes: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphenopsida, and Pteropsida. Psilopsida includes the oldest vascular plants with scale-like leaves and spores produced directly on the stem. Lycopsida have well-defined roots, stems, and microphyllous leaves. Spores are borne in strobili. Sphenopsida only contains the living genus Equisetum, with nodes, whorls of small leaves, and sporangiophores bearing spores. Pteropsida contains most ferns, with large megaphyllous fronds, rhizomes, and sori of sporangia
Psilotum reproduces both sexually and asexually. Asexually, it propagates vegetatively through rhizoid outgrowths called gemmae. Sexually, it produces spores in specialized structures called synangia located on the sporophyte. The spores germinate into homosporous gametophytes after 3-4 months. The monoecious gametophytes bear both antheridia and archegonia for sexual reproduction. Antheridia contain spermatocytes that develop into multiflagellate spermatozoids, while archegonia contain a venter cell and egg cell.
Oedogonium is a genus of filamentous green algae that reproduces both sexually and asexually. It has distinctive rings formed at cell divisions. Sexual reproduction involves the production of sperm by antheridia and eggs by oogonia, which can fuse to form zygotes. Zygotes and fragments of the algae can then develop into new filaments through asexual reproduction. Oedogonium is classified in the kingdom Protista, division Chlorophyta, class Chlorophyceae, and order Oedogonianles.
Petromyzon -External features and comparative hagfishSoniaBajaj10
Petromyzon (lampreys) have a nearly worldwide distribution in salt and fresh waters. Their elongated, cylindrical bodies can reach up to a meter in length. They lack scales and paired fins. A median dorsal fin runs along their back and divides near the tail, which has a caudal fin. Lampreys have well-developed eyes covered by transparent skin, a single mid-dorsal nostril, and seven gill openings behind each eye. Their mouth is located at the base of their distinctive buccal funnel, which is surrounded by papillae and sensory cirri and contains rows of teeth.
The digestive system of the apple snail (Pila) consists of a coiled alimentary canal and digestive glands. The alimentary canal contains a buccal cavity with a radula that rasps food, an esophagus, stomach, intestine, and rectum. Digestive glands include buccal, salivary, and hepatopancreatic glands. The radula cuts food which is then mixed with saliva and further digested in the stomach by digestive juices. Partly digested food particles enter cells of the hepatopancreas for intracellular digestion and absorption of nutrients mainly takes place in the digestive gland and intestine. Both extracellular and intracellular digestion occur with the stomach and
1. The reproductive systems of male and female Pila snails show sexual dimorphism.
2. In males, sperm develops in the testis and is stored in the vas deferens before being deposited in females during copulation.
3. In females, eggs develop in the ovary and are fertilized internally before being laid externally, where development occurs without parental care.
This document summarizes the cephalic appendages of prawns. It notes that prawns have 19 pairs of appendages, including 5 pairs of cephalic appendages. The cephalic appendages include the antennules, antennae, mandibles, first maxillae, and second maxillae. The antennules and antennae are tactile structures, the mandibles are for cutting food, and the first and second maxillae serve as feeding jaws. Each appendage has a protopodite base and may have one or two branches called the exopodite and endopodite.
The nervous system of Pila globosa consists of paired and unpaired ganglia with their commissures and connectives.
The commissures are the nerves that establish connections between similar ganglia, while connectives are the nerves that connect two dissimilar or different ganglia.
There are several forms of fish locomotion. The most common is carangiform locomotion, where fish sweep their caudal fin from side to side to move forward. Angulliform locomotion is used by fish with eel-like bodies, who send waves along their body length to push against water and propel themselves. Some stiff-bodied fish use ostraciform locomotion, wiggling their fins slowly. A few fish use labriform locomotion, paddling with pectoral fins. Ballistiform locomotion involves sending waves along fins like the anal fin, allowing knifefish to swim backward by reversing wave direction.
The excretory system of pila consists of a single large kidney located on the left side of the body. The kidney contains two chambers - an anterior renal chamber and a larger posterior renal chamber. The anterior renal chamber communicates with the posterior chamber on one end and the branchial chamber through a nephridiopore on the other. The posterior renal chamber communicates with the anterior chamber and the pericardium through an opening called the nephrostome. Primary urine is formed from the filtration of blood in the pericardial cavity and passes through the nephrostome into the kidney where it is modified before being discharged through the nephridiopore and removed by outgoing water currents.
Nostoc is a genus of blue-green algae that forms ball-like colonies encased in a gelatinous sheath. The colonies contain many filaments made of cylindrical cells. Some cells called heterocysts are involved in nitrogen fixation. Nostoc can be found in soil, rocks, lakes and springs. It contains pigments and has the ability to fix nitrogen. Certain species of Nostoc are edible and have been used as a food supplement in Asia. Research is being conducted on cultivating edible Nostoc species for nutritional and pharmaceutical applications.
The document presents the classification of fish, beginning with general characteristics of the phylum Pisces. It describes the main classes of fish including Placodermi, Chondrichthyes, and Osteichthyes. Within these classes, the document outlines different orders of fish, providing examples and key distinguishing characteristics for each order.
This document provides details about the sensory organs, reproductive system, and development of the freshwater snail Pila. It describes the osphradium, statocyst, eyes, and tentacles as sensory organs. The reproductive systems of both male and female Pila are examined, including testes, vas deferens, penis, and ovaries. Fertilization occurs internally in the uterus, and eggs are laid in masses. Larval development involves a trochophore stage followed by a veliger larva.
This document summarizes several aquarium fish species, including their classification, key characteristics, and sexual dimorphism. It describes the guppy fish, molly fish, gold fish, angel fish, blue morph convict cichlid, rosy barb, and Indian hill trout. Each fish has distinguishing male and female physical traits and breeding behaviors.
Cnidaria is a phylum containing over 9,000 species found only in aquatic and mostly marine environments. All cnidarians have radial symmetrical. There are two major body forms among the Cnidaria - the polyp and the medusa. Sea anemones and corals have the polyp form, while jellyfish are typical medusae.
Parental care in amphibians provides benefits to offspring survival. There are various types of parental care exhibited by different amphibian species, including selecting protected nesting sites, defending eggs or territories, directly transporting tadpoles to water, gluing or carrying eggs attached to the body, and even viviparity in some species. Parental care improves offspring chances of survival by protecting eggs from predators and ensuring young amphibians safely reach water once hatched.
Osmoregulation is the process of maintaining salt and water balance (osmotic balance) across membranes within the body. The fluids inside and surrounding cells are composed of water, electrolytes, and nonelectrolytes. An electrolyte is a compound that dissociates into ions when dissolved in water.
Fasciola hepatica -External structure, Nervous System Execratory system, fla...SoniaBajaj10
Fasciola hepatica, commonly known as the liver fluke, is a cosmopolitan parasite that infects the livers of sheep and cattle. It has a leaf-like body that is pinkish in color. It uses its oral sucker and ventral sucker to feed on bile and tissue in the liver. It has an incomplete digestive system without an anus. It excretes waste through flame cells and a longitudinal excretory canal. Its nervous system includes a brain, ganglia, and nerve cords that innervate its organs.
This document summarizes the larval forms of different classes of echinoderms. It describes the bipinnaria, branchiolaria, ophiopluteus, echinopluteus, auricularia, doliolaria larval forms found in classes like Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea, and Crinoidea respectively. It discusses how comparing the larval stages across classes can help reveal their evolutionary relationships. The document concludes that echinoderm larvae exhibit fundamental similarities like pre-oral and post-oral loops, and V-shaped ciliated bands, indicating they evolved from a common ancestor.
Platyhelminthes are triploblastic, acoelomate, bilaterally symmetrical organisms that are dorsoventrally flattened. They are classified into three classes - Turbellaria, Trematoda, and Cestoda - based on characteristics like habitat, body structure, and life cycle. Turbellaria are mostly free-living while Trematoda and Cestoda are parasitic. Trematoda have highly evolved suckers and a complex life cycle, while Cestoda are ribbon-like tapeworms that live internally and lack digestive systems.
Psilotum reproduces both sexually and asexually. Asexually, it propagates vegetatively through rhizoid outgrowths called gemmae. Sexually, it produces spores in specialized structures called synangia located on the sporophyte. The spores germinate into homosporous gametophytes after 3-4 months. The monoecious gametophytes bear both antheridia and archegonia for sexual reproduction. Antheridia contain spermatocytes that develop into multiflagellate spermatozoids, while archegonia contain a venter cell and egg cell.
Oedogonium is a genus of filamentous green algae that reproduces both sexually and asexually. It has distinctive rings formed at cell divisions. Sexual reproduction involves the production of sperm by antheridia and eggs by oogonia, which can fuse to form zygotes. Zygotes and fragments of the algae can then develop into new filaments through asexual reproduction. Oedogonium is classified in the kingdom Protista, division Chlorophyta, class Chlorophyceae, and order Oedogonianles.
Petromyzon -External features and comparative hagfishSoniaBajaj10
Petromyzon (lampreys) have a nearly worldwide distribution in salt and fresh waters. Their elongated, cylindrical bodies can reach up to a meter in length. They lack scales and paired fins. A median dorsal fin runs along their back and divides near the tail, which has a caudal fin. Lampreys have well-developed eyes covered by transparent skin, a single mid-dorsal nostril, and seven gill openings behind each eye. Their mouth is located at the base of their distinctive buccal funnel, which is surrounded by papillae and sensory cirri and contains rows of teeth.
The digestive system of the apple snail (Pila) consists of a coiled alimentary canal and digestive glands. The alimentary canal contains a buccal cavity with a radula that rasps food, an esophagus, stomach, intestine, and rectum. Digestive glands include buccal, salivary, and hepatopancreatic glands. The radula cuts food which is then mixed with saliva and further digested in the stomach by digestive juices. Partly digested food particles enter cells of the hepatopancreas for intracellular digestion and absorption of nutrients mainly takes place in the digestive gland and intestine. Both extracellular and intracellular digestion occur with the stomach and
1. The reproductive systems of male and female Pila snails show sexual dimorphism.
2. In males, sperm develops in the testis and is stored in the vas deferens before being deposited in females during copulation.
3. In females, eggs develop in the ovary and are fertilized internally before being laid externally, where development occurs without parental care.
This document summarizes the cephalic appendages of prawns. It notes that prawns have 19 pairs of appendages, including 5 pairs of cephalic appendages. The cephalic appendages include the antennules, antennae, mandibles, first maxillae, and second maxillae. The antennules and antennae are tactile structures, the mandibles are for cutting food, and the first and second maxillae serve as feeding jaws. Each appendage has a protopodite base and may have one or two branches called the exopodite and endopodite.
The nervous system of Pila globosa consists of paired and unpaired ganglia with their commissures and connectives.
The commissures are the nerves that establish connections between similar ganglia, while connectives are the nerves that connect two dissimilar or different ganglia.
There are several forms of fish locomotion. The most common is carangiform locomotion, where fish sweep their caudal fin from side to side to move forward. Angulliform locomotion is used by fish with eel-like bodies, who send waves along their body length to push against water and propel themselves. Some stiff-bodied fish use ostraciform locomotion, wiggling their fins slowly. A few fish use labriform locomotion, paddling with pectoral fins. Ballistiform locomotion involves sending waves along fins like the anal fin, allowing knifefish to swim backward by reversing wave direction.
The excretory system of pila consists of a single large kidney located on the left side of the body. The kidney contains two chambers - an anterior renal chamber and a larger posterior renal chamber. The anterior renal chamber communicates with the posterior chamber on one end and the branchial chamber through a nephridiopore on the other. The posterior renal chamber communicates with the anterior chamber and the pericardium through an opening called the nephrostome. Primary urine is formed from the filtration of blood in the pericardial cavity and passes through the nephrostome into the kidney where it is modified before being discharged through the nephridiopore and removed by outgoing water currents.
Nostoc is a genus of blue-green algae that forms ball-like colonies encased in a gelatinous sheath. The colonies contain many filaments made of cylindrical cells. Some cells called heterocysts are involved in nitrogen fixation. Nostoc can be found in soil, rocks, lakes and springs. It contains pigments and has the ability to fix nitrogen. Certain species of Nostoc are edible and have been used as a food supplement in Asia. Research is being conducted on cultivating edible Nostoc species for nutritional and pharmaceutical applications.
The document presents the classification of fish, beginning with general characteristics of the phylum Pisces. It describes the main classes of fish including Placodermi, Chondrichthyes, and Osteichthyes. Within these classes, the document outlines different orders of fish, providing examples and key distinguishing characteristics for each order.
This document provides details about the sensory organs, reproductive system, and development of the freshwater snail Pila. It describes the osphradium, statocyst, eyes, and tentacles as sensory organs. The reproductive systems of both male and female Pila are examined, including testes, vas deferens, penis, and ovaries. Fertilization occurs internally in the uterus, and eggs are laid in masses. Larval development involves a trochophore stage followed by a veliger larva.
This document summarizes several aquarium fish species, including their classification, key characteristics, and sexual dimorphism. It describes the guppy fish, molly fish, gold fish, angel fish, blue morph convict cichlid, rosy barb, and Indian hill trout. Each fish has distinguishing male and female physical traits and breeding behaviors.
Cnidaria is a phylum containing over 9,000 species found only in aquatic and mostly marine environments. All cnidarians have radial symmetrical. There are two major body forms among the Cnidaria - the polyp and the medusa. Sea anemones and corals have the polyp form, while jellyfish are typical medusae.
Parental care in amphibians provides benefits to offspring survival. There are various types of parental care exhibited by different amphibian species, including selecting protected nesting sites, defending eggs or territories, directly transporting tadpoles to water, gluing or carrying eggs attached to the body, and even viviparity in some species. Parental care improves offspring chances of survival by protecting eggs from predators and ensuring young amphibians safely reach water once hatched.
Osmoregulation is the process of maintaining salt and water balance (osmotic balance) across membranes within the body. The fluids inside and surrounding cells are composed of water, electrolytes, and nonelectrolytes. An electrolyte is a compound that dissociates into ions when dissolved in water.
Fasciola hepatica -External structure, Nervous System Execratory system, fla...SoniaBajaj10
Fasciola hepatica, commonly known as the liver fluke, is a cosmopolitan parasite that infects the livers of sheep and cattle. It has a leaf-like body that is pinkish in color. It uses its oral sucker and ventral sucker to feed on bile and tissue in the liver. It has an incomplete digestive system without an anus. It excretes waste through flame cells and a longitudinal excretory canal. Its nervous system includes a brain, ganglia, and nerve cords that innervate its organs.
This document summarizes the larval forms of different classes of echinoderms. It describes the bipinnaria, branchiolaria, ophiopluteus, echinopluteus, auricularia, doliolaria larval forms found in classes like Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea, and Crinoidea respectively. It discusses how comparing the larval stages across classes can help reveal their evolutionary relationships. The document concludes that echinoderm larvae exhibit fundamental similarities like pre-oral and post-oral loops, and V-shaped ciliated bands, indicating they evolved from a common ancestor.
Platyhelminthes are triploblastic, acoelomate, bilaterally symmetrical organisms that are dorsoventrally flattened. They are classified into three classes - Turbellaria, Trematoda, and Cestoda - based on characteristics like habitat, body structure, and life cycle. Turbellaria are mostly free-living while Trematoda and Cestoda are parasitic. Trematoda have highly evolved suckers and a complex life cycle, while Cestoda are ribbon-like tapeworms that live internally and lack digestive systems.
this book review was done as a requirement of foundation training at BIAM foundation, Dhaka. the book- 'jiboner golpo' is written in bangla. it was edited by soumitro chakrobarty. and is a collection of 16 articles on biology.
Snake -Bangladesh by Abdul Hai সাপ.pptxMd Abdul Hai
Snake, Poisonous & Non poisonous snake, Ati-venom, Mode of Action ,Snake details in Bangladesh.
Abdul Hai-01752003007 .
Mail: abdulhai.bau.bd@gmail.com
Money has its own importance in our life. The world considers money and wealth as one of the most important thing in life. People have more love for money because it is needed in everything they do. That is why there is fight all around the world to get more money, by ethical or unethical means. People have been bothered by the uneven distribution of money and wealth. In this dangerous era of Kaliyug, it is very difficult to remain ethical and honest in matters of money.
In the presented book on the world of money as seen by Param Pujya Dadashri the Gnani Purush (the enlightened one), Dadashri has shared his view on money, charity, use of money. According to him, money is the reward of one’s merit karmas from one’s past life. Wealth comes your way when you give help to others, not otherwise. Wealth comes to those who have the desire to share. Lack of understanding of the science of money has perpetuated greed for money which leads to worldly life after life (avatars).
12. জলাৈসয় পাচনর চনসিমাটিসতআবদ্ধ হসয়কয শৈবাল জন্মায় তাসদরসি
কবনচথ্ি শৈবাল বসল। Gr. Benthos = bottom of water bodies.
এসদরসি Seaweed ও বলা হয়।
কবনচথ্ি শৈবাল মূলত চতন গ্রুসপর-
a. Green algae(Chlorophyta)
b. Brown algaeবা বাদামী শৈবাল (Phaeophyta) যারা kelp নাসমও পচরচিত।
c. Red algae(Rhodophyta)
38. Blooms: Top Left:
A Noctiluca bloom
in the Sea of
Cortez, Mexico.
Top Right: A
Noctiluca bloom in
China. Bottom
Left: This massive
“red tide” of the
dinoflagellate
Noctiluca stretched
for more than 20
miles along the
southern California
coast. Non-toxic
blooms such as
these can cause
extensive
mortalities of plants
and animals in
shallow waters
when the bloom
biomass decays,
stripping oxygen
from the water.
Bottom Right: A
red tide
Chara horrida http://dbg-phykologie.de/en/article/more-images-of-the-alga-chara.html?back=461
Chara virgata http://www.carolscornwall.com/Plants%20Lichens%20and%20Fungi/algae.html
bundle of Chara on palm http://nathistoc.bio.uci.edu/Algae/Chara/
Chara zoomed image http://nathistoc.bio.uci.edu/Algae/Chara/
ulva এটি থ্যালাস দেহটি সবুজ, blade টি (গাছের পাতার মতো অংশটি) প্রস্থে মাত্র দুই কোষস্তর বিশিষ্ট। এটি খাওয়া যায়। Sea lettuce নামে পরিচিত। সর্বোচ্চ ১ ফুট লম্বা হতে পারে। কোন স্টাইপ (কান্ডের মতো অংশ) নেই। disc এর মতো গোলাকার ও ফ্ল্যাট হোল্ডফাস্ট হতে blade অংশটি জন্মায়। ইউরোপ, আমেরিকা, আফ্রিকা, অস্ট্রেলিয়া সহ পৃথিবীর অনেক অঞ্চলেই পাওয়া যায়। সাধারণত সমুদ্র উপকূলে পাথরের ওপর জন্মায়।
Alaska উপকূলে Ulva lactuca http://www.seaweedsofalaska.com/species.asp?SeaweedID=13
পানির নিচে Ulva lactuca http://www.irishseaweeds.com/sea-lettuce-ulva-lactuca/
চিত্রঃ Ulva lactuca http://seaweeds.uib.no/?art=503