米国時間 9月26日から28日にかけて「Mobile World Congress in Las Vegas 2023」が開催されました。
今回のイベントでは、5Gの将来の可能性について非常に多く語られていました。特にT-MobileやAT&Tといった米国通信事業者のトップランナーの取り組みや最新のスタートアップ情報は、日本の多くの企業にとって非常に参考になるかと思います。
現地の模様や発表されたトレンドを、皆さまに共有いたします。
What may economists be concerned about in terms of information health?Toshiya Jitsuzumi
Presentation at the side event of GPAI summit 2022
Informational health is an experimental concept proposed by Prof. Toriumi of the University of Tokyo and Prof. Yamamoto of Keio University. Although a detailed definition has not yet been reached, it implies a state of being free from the negative effects of echo chambers and filter bubbles and have access to diverse and "neutral" information.
5. ネット中⽴性をめぐるFCCの動き(1/2)
T. JITSUZUMI@NTTコミュニケーションズ勉強会 (2017/12/4) 5
Chairman Major Events at FCC and related incidents
Michael
Powell
March 14, 2002 CableModem Order
February 20, 2003 Triennial Review
February 8, 2004 Powell Speech at Silicon Flatiron Symposium “Preserving
Internet Freedom; Guiding Principles for the Industry”
Kevin J.
Martin
June 27, 2005 NCTA v. Brand X @ US Supreme Court
March 3, 2005 Settlement with Madison River Communications
August 5, 2005 WirelineBroadband Classification Order
August 5, 2005 Internet Policy Statement
November 17, 2005 Announcement of approval concerningSBC/AT&T and
Verizon/MCI mergers
November 3, 2006 Broadband over Power Line (BPL)-Enabled Broadband Order
March 26, 2007 Announcement of approval concerningAT&T/Bell merger
April 14,2007 NOI: In the matter of Broadband Industry Practices
April 14,2007 47 CFR 27.16 - Network access requirements for Block C in the
746-757 and 776-787 MHz bands
April 22,2007 Wireless Broadband InternetAccess Order
August 1, 2008 Comcast-BitTorrent Order
Chairman Major Events at FCC and related incidents
Michael J.
Copps (acting)
January 28, 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
Julius
Genachowski
July 1, 2009 NOFA (notice of funds availability) for ARRA programs (BIP and BTOP)
October 22, 2009 NPRM: In the Matter of Preservingthe Open Internet Broadband Industry Practices
March 16, 2010 Connecting America: The National Broadband Plan
April 6, 2010 Comcast v. FCC @ D.C. Circuit Court
May 6, 2010 A proposal of “The Third Way”
June 17, 2010 NOI: IN the Matter of Framework for Broadband Internet Access
August 9, 2010 A proposal fromVerizon and Google
December 21, 2010 The FCC 2010 Open Internet Order
January 28, 2011 Announcement of approval concerningComcast/NBC Universal merger
June 30, 2011 2011 Advisory Guidelinefor Transparency Ruleof the Open Internet Order
Tom Wheeler January 14, 2014 Verizon v. FCC @ D.C. Circuit Court
May 30, 2014 A public noticeto refresh the record in NOI (June 17, 2010)
May 15, 2014 NPRM: In the Matter of Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet
July 23, 2014 2014 2011 Advisory Guidelinefor Transparency Ruleof the Open Internet Order
November 10, 2014 Statement of PresidentObama
February 26, 2015 The FCC 2015 Open Internet Order (Title II Order)
June 3, 2015 Notice of Apparent Liability for Forfeiture and Order to AT&T Mobility for violating
transparency rule
June 14, 2016 United States Telecom Ass'n v. FCC@ D.C. Circuit Court
October 26, 2016 the 2016 Privacy Order
January 12, 2017 Wireless TelecomBureau issued a report that says zero-ratings of AT&T and
Verizon are not OK with the 2015 order.
ブッシュ政権下
オバマ政権下
Chairman Major Events at FCC and related incidents
WilliamE.
Kennard
April 10,1998 Stevens Report classified Internet access services as information,
rather than telecommunications,services.
クリントン政権下
6. ネット中⽴性をめぐるFCCの動き(2/2)
T. JITSUZUMI@NTTコミュニケーションズ勉強会 (2017/12/4) 6
Chairman Major Events at FCC and related incidents
AjitPai February 3, 2017 Wireless TelecomBureau closed investigation into zero-rating.
February 23, 2017 Small Business Exemption Order
March 1, 2017 FCC Stays Data Security Regulation from Broadband Privacy Order
March 28, 2017 Revocation of the FCC’s broadband privacy ruleunder the
Congressional ReviewAct
April 26,2017 Chairman Pai Speech on the Future of Internet Regulation
May 18, 2017 Internet Freedom NPRM
December 14, 2017 Restoring Internet Freedom Order (?)
トランプ政権下
10. 判決後の展開
2014年5月15日、FCCは旧規則の規制をさらに縮小することを提案
◦ 「固定ブロードバンドプロバイダは、ビジネス上の観点から合理的だと判断できないような
⾏為を⾏ってはならない。」
T. JITSUZUMI@NTTコミュニケーションズ勉強会 (2017/12/4) 10
Proposed rules
§ 8.7 No Commercially Unreasonable Practices.
A person engaged in the provision of fixed broadband
Internet access service, insofar as such person is so
engaged, shall not engage in commercially
unreasonable practices. Reasonable network
management shall not constitute a commercially
unreasonable practice.
(NPRM [May 2014])
Fast Laneを容認するものとして世
論の大反対を引き起こす。
ウィーラー委員長は、2014年夏には方針を180度転換、
ルール強化の方向に動き出した。
13. 対象サービス︓ “Broadband Internet Access Service”
A mass-market retail service by wire or radio that provides the capability to transmit data to
and receive data from all or substantially all Internet endpoints, including any capabilities that
are incidental to and enable the operation of the communications service, but excluding dial-
up Internet access service. This term also encompasses any service that the Commission
finds to be providing a functional equivalent of the service described in the previous sentence,
or that is used to evade the protections set forth in this Part.
◦ “special access service”、法人向けサービス(VPN、CDN、ホスティング、データストレージ、
インターネットバックボーン)、Premises Operatorサービス、利⽤者設置のホットスポット
は対象外
◦ サービス顧客はエンドユーザーとコンテンツ・アプリ事業者の両者
◦ 「上流側」のISP間相互接続サービスも対象。ただし、CDNとの相互接続案件も含め当面は
市場観察
◦ “… we find that the best approach is to watch, learn, and act as required, but not intervene now,
especially not with prescriptive rules.” (para. 31)
T. JITSUZUMI@NTTコミュニケーションズ勉強会 (2017/12/4) 13
14. 現時点ではルールの直接適⽤を⾏わないサービス群
ISP間接続、CDNとの接続→201条、202条をベースとする申し⽴てにケースバイケースで対処
Non-BIAS Data Services→以下の特徴を有するサービスについては監視を継続
◦ インターネットの⼤部分に接続するためには利⽤されない
◦ 応用範囲の狭いアプリケーションレベルのサービス
◦ 他のサービスとは区分される通信容量を利⽤
T. JITSUZUMI@NTTコミュニケーションズ勉強会 (2017/12/4) 14
具体例
• Facility-based VoIP, Internet Protocol-video offering,
• connectivity bundled with e-readers, heart monitors, or energy consumption sensors
• limited-purpose devices such as automobile telematics, and services that provide
schools with curriculum-approved applications and content
Strong Net Neutralityを展望した規制展開
15. 既存の特別取扱いへの評価
◦ Sponsored data plan, or zero-rating
◦ On the one hand, evidence in the record suggests that
these business models may in some instances provide
benefits to consumers, with particular reference to their
use in the provision of mobile services.
◦ On the other hand, some commenters strongly
oppose sponsored data plans, arguing that “the power
to exempt selective services from data caps seriously
distorts competition, favors companies with the
deepest pockets, and prevents consumers from
exercising control over what they are able to access
on the Internet,” again with specific reference to mobile
services.
T. JITSUZUMI@NTTコミュニケーションズ勉強会 (2017/12/4) 15
◦ Data allowance, or data cap, and usage-based
pricing plan
◦ Usage allowances may benefit consumers by
offering them more choices over a greater range of
service options, and, for mobile broadband
networks, such plans are the industry norm today,
in part reflecting the different capacity issues on
mobile networks.
◦ Conversely, some commenters have expressed
concern that such practices can potentially be used
by broadband providers to disadvantage competing
over-the-top providers.
(para. 151) (para. 153)
• コンテンツ・アプリ事業者側が通信費用
を賄うsponsored data planは、特にモバ
イルBBの利用者にとってメリットがある
場合がある。
• ただし、財政的に豊かなコンテンツ・ア
プリ事業者にとって有利なシステムであ
るので競争をゆがめたり、あるいは、消
費者による自由なインターネット体験を
妨げたりする可能性がある。
• 月間の利用量制限(Data cap)は、利用
者に様々なサービス選択を可能にする
というメリットがあり、モバイルBBでは
すでに業界標準として受け入れられて
いる。
• しかし、同制度はOTTサービス事業者
の展開に対する阻害要因となりうる。
16. Wireline Telecommunications Bureau Report(Jan. 11, 2017)
While reiterating that zero-rating per se does not raise concerns, it
finds that two of the programs reviewed, AT&T's "Sponsored Data"
program and Verizon's "FreeBee Data 360" program, present
significant risks to consumers and competition.
◦ While observing that AT&T provided incomplete responses to staff
inquires, the report states that the limited information available
supports a conclusion that AT&T offers Sponsored Data to third party
content providers at terms and conditions that are effectively less
favorable than those it offers to its affiliate, DIRECTV.
◦ Unlike T-Mobile, which charges all edge providers the same zero rate
for participating in BingeOn, AT&T imposes hefty per-gigabyte
charges on third parties for use of Sponsored Data. All indications are
that AT&T's charges far exceed the costs AT&T incurs in providing the
sponsored data service.
◦ The structure of Verizon's FreeBee Data 360 program raises similar
concerns.
T. JITSUZUMI@NTTコミュニケーションズ勉強会 (2017/12/4) 16
17. Statement from the FCC chairman
WASHINGTON, February 3, 2017 – Federal Communications Commission Chairman Ajit Pai
issued the following statement today on the end of the investigation into wireless carriers' free-
data offerings: “Today, the Wireless Telecommunications Bureau is closing its investigation
into wireless carriers' free-data offerings. These free-data plans have proven to be popular
among consumers, particularly low-income Americans, and have enhanced competition in the
wireless marketplace. Going forward, the Federal Communications Commission will not focus
on denying Americans free data. Instead, we will concentrate on expanding broadband
deployment and encouraging innovative service offerings.”
T. JITSUZUMI@NTTコミュニケーションズ勉強会 (2017/12/4) 17
19. Pai委員⻑のフォーカスはデジタルディバイド解消
T. JITSUZUMI@NTTコミュニケーションズ勉強会 (2017/12/4) 19
Source: http://www.multichannel.com/news/fcc/fccs-pai-
private-investment-key-closing-digital-divide/415117
Statement at MWCA2017
デジタルディバイド解消のためのモバイル投資促進
◦ “Bottom line: the mobile marketplace is healthy, but we’ve
got work to do to close the digital divide and boost network
investment, which go hand in hand. And we need to tackle
these issues with an eye toward revving the virtuous cycle
of faster, better networks that unleash new innovations that
drive additional consumer demand. The FCC has
embraced these goals. Here’s what we’re doing, starting
with the digital divide.”
投資促進のための中⽴性ルール改⾰
◦ In our Restoring Internet Freedom proceeding, the FCC is
currently examining whether we should change our
Internet regulations in order to encourage greater
deployment and investment and bring digital opportunity to
more Americans. … it’s important not to look at that
proceeding in isolation. Instead, it is just one part of a
comprehensive review of how to encourage the
construction and expansion of next-generation networks.
25. 中⽴性概念の拡張
T. JITSUZUMI@NTTコミュニケーションズ勉強会 (2017/12/4) 25
Name of neutralities Definition Related players
Search neutrality Prevent search ranking
algorithm from reflecting
managerial and other
preferences.
The search service (e.g., Google,
Facebook, Amazon) is the
gatekeeper. Consumers search for
content or products of interest.
Operating system neutrality Prevent discrimination of
functionality based on CP or
app provider, consumer
device, or NP.
The device manufacturer or OS is
the gatekeeper. Consumers get
content or services through the use
of device or OS.
App store neutrality Prevent app prioritization or
blocking based on the
developer, the app or app
type, or the consumer.
The app store is the gatekeeper
(usually associated with the OS),
app developers and consumers are
the other two parties.
Ad block neutrality Prevent ad blocking based on
the ad publisher, network,
type, content; or on the
advertiser or consumer.
Ad block provider is the gatekeeper.
Consumers may use ad block
software to block ads from
publishers/advertisers.
Table 1 Additional “neutralities” for OTT platformers
Source:Created on the basis of Easley et al. (forthcoming,Table 2)