This document discusses net neutrality and resource allocation efficiency from an economics perspective. It provides background on the net neutrality debate and definitions used in the US and Japan. It then analyzes issues around the "zero-price rule" which prohibits broadband providers from charging other parties to deliver content to consumers. The document analyzes several court cases and argues that in economic terms, the problem can be framed as one of restrictions on transactions imposed by internet service providers (ISPs) with market dominance. It also models the situation between Netflix and SK broadband as one of complementary goods and how pricing could impact the market equilibrium.
This presentation by Antoine Dore from the International Telecommunication Union was made during a roundtable discussion on Competition, Intellectual Property and Standard Setting held at the 122nd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 17 December 2014. Find out more at http://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/competition-intellectual-property-standard-setting.htm
Network neutrality has been at the center of intense political discussions about Internet regulation. Net neutrality is the principle that all content on the Internet should be equally available to users without discrimination by service providers. Establishing legal protections for net neutrality is a necessary component to providing equitable access to online educational materials and services.
This presentation by Antoine Dore from the International Telecommunication Union was made during a roundtable discussion on Competition, Intellectual Property and Standard Setting held at the 122nd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 17 December 2014. Find out more at http://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/competition-intellectual-property-standard-setting.htm
Network neutrality has been at the center of intense political discussions about Internet regulation. Net neutrality is the principle that all content on the Internet should be equally available to users without discrimination by service providers. Establishing legal protections for net neutrality is a necessary component to providing equitable access to online educational materials and services.
CASE STUDY -1 BA 633 Information Systems Inf.docxhallettfaustina
CASE STUDY -1
BA 633: Information Systems Infrastructure.
Prof: Fred Rose.
NET NEUTRALITY
Anvesh Veldandi
Student no: 558046.
1. This case focuses on the Net Neutrality debate in the United States. Do some Internet research on international
views of Net Neutrality and summarize how views of this issue differ within and across other countries.
Network neutrality has been a contentious issue in the United States for several years, but is increasingly debated
elsewhere, with the EU, several European countries, and the Japanese government all examining the issue.
Net neutrality does not have a single, unanimously accepted definition even within, let alone across, countries.
Nevertheless, proponents of net neutrality generally believe that a structure in which the Internet’s intelligence lies
primarily at the edges of the network, with the edges connected by relatively “dumb pipes” is responsible for the
Internet’s diversity and innovation. They fear that without some regulation broadband providers may discriminate in
favor of their own or sponsored applications, or might degrade traffic to sites that do not pay for better quality of
service tiers.
Net neutrality debates in the U.S. have focused primarily on regulations regarding how broadband providers could
price and manage traffic on their networks. The debate in Europe, has generally focused instead on the role
unbundling mandatory network sharing can play in keeping networks neutral. Unbundling
proponents argue that if the infrastructure provider does not offer retail services or is only one of many retailers
offering service over its infrastructure it will have less incentive to discriminate in favor of or against particular
content. Unbundling opponents typically do not discuss it in the context of net neutrality, but note that it can reduce
incentives to invest in the underlying infrastructure. This paper first examines the net neutrality debate in countries
other than United States. It explores net neutrality in the U.K., France, Denmark, the Netherlands,
Germany, Sweden, South Korea, and Japan. Because net neutrality is another type of mandatory network sharing
and because unbundling is a key component of the EU’s general response to net neutrality, the second part of the
paper uses a new dataset to test empirically the effects of unbundling on investment in fiber-to-the-home.
The net neutrality debate began in other countries much later than it began in the U.S. Most European countries
embrace the general idea of net neutrality. While they address the issue differently, most have so far stated that
unbundling combined with rules governing firms with significant market power, rather than specific n ...
D E C E M B E R 2 0 0 8E D I T E D B Y D L A P I P E R.docxalanrgibson41217
D E C E M B E R 2 0 0 8
E D I T E D B Y D L A P I P E R
Sascha D. Meinrath and Victor
W. Pickard
T
he past few years have witnessed a once-obscure issue
known as “net neutrality” blow up into arguably
the most publicized policy debate in US telecom-
munications history. An untold story is how this
relatively technical debate spilled outside the rarefied
airs of Congressional Committees and the Federal
Communications Commission’s (FCC’s) eighth floor to
rage across the blogosphere, major newspapers, YouTube
clips, and episodes of The Daily Show to become, if not
a household phrase, a topic of popular debate involving
millions of Americans. One explanation is that, at its
root, the net neutrality debate is far more significant
than a squabble among technocrats. Rather, it is first
and foremost a normative debate, one that will deter-
mine the role of the Internet in a democratic society,
with profound implications for the daily welfare of mil-
lions of citizens who rely on the Internet as a critical
resource. Unfortunately, it is such normative concerns,
along with related political and historical contexts, that
have been least explored in much of the net neutrality
scholarship to date. This article aims to address these
gaps while expanding the parameters of the existing
debate.
“Network neutrality,” defined broadly, is non-
discriminatory interconnectedness among data commu-
nication networks that allows users to access the content
and to run the services, applications, and devices of their
choice. In essence, network neutrality forbids preferen-
tial treatment of specific content, services, applications,
and devices that can be integrated into the network
infrastructure. This principle has been the foundation
for rapid innovation and the Internet’s relative open-
ness. As Congress debates whether network neutrality
protections should be written into current legislation,
the battle lines have been drawn between large tele-
communications companies that own the pipes, on one
side, and Internet content companies and public interest
groups on the other. Although scholarship has begun to
catch up with the net neutrality debate, the majority
of this work has failed to connect this issue with larger
Sascha D. Meinrath is the Research Director for the New America
Foundation’s Wireless Future Program. Additionally, he coordinates
the Open Source Wireless Coalition, a global partnership of open
source wireless integrators, researchers, implementers, and companies
dedicated to the development of open source, interoperable, low-cost
wireless technologies. He can be reached at [email protected]
com and (202) 986-2700 x226. Victor W. Pickard recently finished his
PhD at the Institute of Communications Research at the University of
Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Currently, he works on telecommunications
policy as a Research Fellow for the New America Foundation.
Transcending Net Neutrality: Ten St.
THIS IS AN ARTICLE PLEASE GIVE ANSWERS FOR THE QUESTIONS (THE PROBLE.pdfinfo824691
THIS IS AN ARTICLE PLEASE GIVE ANSWERS FOR THE QUESTIONS (THE
PROBLEM)
Closing Case Network Neutrality Wars
The explosive growth of streaming video and mobile technologies is creating bandwidth
problems over the Internet. The Internet was designed to transmit content such as e-mails and
Web pages. However, media items being transmitted across the Internet today, such as high-
definition movies, are vastly larger in size. To compound this problem, there are (in early 2015)
over 180 million smartphone users in the United States, many of whom use the Internet to stream
video content to their phones. The Internet bandwidth issue is as much about economics as it is
about technology. Currently, consumers can send 1-kilobyte e-mails or watch the latest 30-
gigabyte movie on their large-screen televisions for the same monthly broadband fee. Unlike the
system used for power and water bills where higher usage results in higher fees, monthly
broadband fees are not tied to consumer usage. A study from Juniper Networks
(www.juniper.net) highlights this “revenue-per-bit” problem. The report predicts that Internet
revenue for carriers such as AT&T (www.att.com) and Comcast (www.comcast.com) will grow
by 5 percent per year through 2020. At the same time, Internet traffic will increase by 27 percent
annually, meaning that carriers will have to increase their bandwidth investment by 20 percent
per year just to keep up with demand. Under this model, the carrier’s business models will face
pressures, because their total necessary investment will exceed revenue growth. Few industry
analysts expect carriers to stop investing in new capacity. Nevertheless, analysts agree that a
financial crunch is coming. As Internet traffic soars, analysts expect revenue per megabit to
decrease. These figures translate into a far lower return on investment (ROI). Although carriers
can find ways to increase their capacity, it will be difficult for them to reap any revenue benefits
from doing so. The heart of the problem is that, even if the technology is equal to the task of
transmitting huge amounts of data, no one is sure how to pay for these technologies. One
proposed solution is to eliminate network neutrality. (A POSSIBLE SOLUTION)Network
neutrality is an operating model under which Internet service providers (ISPs) must allow
customers equal access to content and applications, regardless of the source or nature of the
content. That is, Internet backbone carriers must treat all Web traffic equally, not charging
different rates by user, content, site, platform, or application. Telecommunications and cable
companies want to replace network neutrality with an arrangement in which they can charge
differentiated prices based on the amount of bandwidth consumed by the content that is being
delivered over the Internet. These companies believe that differentiated pricing is the most
equitable method by which they can finance the necessary investments in their network
infrastructures. .
C5-1 CASE STUDY 5NET NEUTRALITYFew issues related to.docxRAHUL126667
C5-1
CASE STUDY 5
NET NEUTRALITY
Few issues related to business use of the Internet have spurred as much
heated debate as Net Neutrality. At the heart of the Net Neutrality debate is
the idea that Internet access providers should not discriminate with regard
to what applications an individual can use or interact with over the Internet.
Advocates of Net Neutrality contend that individual freedom to use of the
Internet extends to the content uploads or downloads. They also believe that
individuals acquiring services from Internet access providers should be able
to use the applications and devices of their choice, and be allowed to interact
with the content of their choice anywhere on the Internet.
The concept of Net Neutrality is grounded in traditional “common
carriage” concepts. Because carriers of goods, people, and information can
be considered common carriers, common carriage concepts have been
applied to trains, planes, buses, and telephone companies. Common carriage
principles embody the ideal that the efficient movement of goods and
information is essential to our economy, nation, and culture, and therefore
carriers must not discriminate against or favor particular individuals or
content.
If common carriers are truly public goods, it can be argued that these
modes of conveyance should not discriminate with regard to what they carry
or where they carry it. This also means that the carrier should not be held
liable for carrying things that may be harmful. For example, if a terrorist
C5-2
uses a subway to travel to the site of a terrorist act, the subway cannot be
sued for being complicit in terrorism.
Telecommunication carriers have been classified as common carriers for
more than 100 years, dating back to the early days of the telegraph. Nearly
half a century has passed since the Federal Communications Commission
(FCC) determined that the telephone network should be an open platform
over which computer networks can be created. As a result of the
Carterphone case, the FCC resolved that individuals had the right to attach
devices of their choosing to the telephone network [BOSW12]. This opened
the door for data communication devices such as fax machines and modems
to be attached to telephone lines, thereby making it possible to create
computer networks over the telephone network. In essence, court and
regulatory rulings in the U.S. created an environment that fostered the idea
that computer networks could be constructed to go anywhere the telephone
network could take them using devices that could carry just about any type
of content. The decisions made by courts and regulatory agencies that
opened the door for telephone networks to carry data generated by
computers were largely consistent with traditional common carriage
concepts. However, the emergence of the World Wide Web and the
increased popularity of broadband access that it generated added a ...
The Dynamics of the Ubiquitous Internet of Things (IoT) and Trailblazing Data...ijwmn
The research study intends to understand the thematic dynamics of the internet of things (IoT), thereby aiming to address the general objective i.e. “To explore and streamline the IoT thematic dynamics with a focus on cross-cutting data mining, and IoT apps evidence-based publication trends”. To meet this objective, secondary research has been compiled as part of the analytic process. It was found from the research that IoT continues to evolve with significant degrees of proliferation. Complementary and
trailblazing data mining (DM) with more access to cloud computing platforms has catalyzed accelerating the achievement of planned technological innovations. The outcome has been myriads of apps currently used in different thematic landscapes. Based on available data on app searches by users, and between 2016 and 2019, themes like sports, supply chain, and agriculture maintained positive trends over the four years. The emerging Internet of Nano-Things was found to be beneficial in many sectors
THE DYNAMICS OF THE UBIQUITOUS INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) AND TRAILBLAZING DATA...ijwmn
The research study intends to understand the thematic dynamics of the internet of things (IoT), thereby
aiming to address the general objective i.e. “To explore and streamline the IoT thematic dynamics with a
focus on cross-cutting data mining, and IoT apps evidence-based publication trends”. To meet this
objective, secondary research has been compiled as part of the analytic process. It was found from the
research that IoT continues to evolve with significant degrees of proliferation. Complementary and
trailblazing data mining (DM) with more access to cloud computing platforms has catalyzed accelerating
the achievement of planned technological innovations. The outcome has been myriads of apps currently
used in different thematic landscapes. Based on available data on app searches by users, and between
2016 and 2019, themes like sports, supply chain, and agriculture maintained positive trends over the four
years. The emerging Internet of Nano-Things was found to be beneficial in many sectors. Wireless Sensor
Networks (WSNs) were also found to be emerging with more accurate and effective results in gathering
information along with processing data and communication technologies.
lecture on the politics of net neutrality, to be delivered in Noriko Hara's graduate seminar at Indiana University, School of Library and Information Science, on November 12, 2013
What may economists be concerned about in terms of information health?Toshiya Jitsuzumi
Presentation at the side event of GPAI summit 2022
Informational health is an experimental concept proposed by Prof. Toriumi of the University of Tokyo and Prof. Yamamoto of Keio University. Although a detailed definition has not yet been reached, it implies a state of being free from the negative effects of echo chambers and filter bubbles and have access to diverse and "neutral" information.
This presentation by Morris Kleiner (University of Minnesota), was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at oe.cd/crps.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Acorn Recovery: Restore IT infra within minutesIP ServerOne
Introducing Acorn Recovery as a Service, a simple, fast, and secure managed disaster recovery (DRaaS) by IP ServerOne. A DR solution that helps restore your IT infra within minutes.
0x01 - Newton's Third Law: Static vs. Dynamic AbusersOWASP Beja
f you offer a service on the web, odds are that someone will abuse it. Be it an API, a SaaS, a PaaS, or even a static website, someone somewhere will try to figure out a way to use it to their own needs. In this talk we'll compare measures that are effective against static attackers and how to battle a dynamic attacker who adapts to your counter-measures.
About the Speaker
===============
Diogo Sousa, Engineering Manager @ Canonical
An opinionated individual with an interest in cryptography and its intersection with secure software development.
Have you ever wondered how search works while visiting an e-commerce site, internal website, or searching through other types of online resources? Look no further than this informative session on the ways that taxonomies help end-users navigate the internet! Hear from taxonomists and other information professionals who have first-hand experience creating and working with taxonomies that aid in navigation, search, and discovery across a range of disciplines.
Sharpen existing tools or get a new toolbox? Contemporary cluster initiatives...Orkestra
UIIN Conference, Madrid, 27-29 May 2024
James Wilson, Orkestra and Deusto Business School
Emily Wise, Lund University
Madeline Smith, The Glasgow School of Art
5. Netflixによるeyeball-ISPの選別
Time Warner, net neutrality foes cry foul over Netflix Super HD demands (2013/1/18
)
◦ Netflix recently said it will offer what it calls Super HD and 3D content—but only to customers
whose Internet service providers agree to use Netflix's "Open Connect" content delivery network.
T. JITSUZUMI@ICT-ISAC (2021/9/13)
勉強会
出典:https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2013/01/timewarner-net-neutrality-foes-cry-foul-netflix-requirements-for-super-hd/
Netflixは先日、スーパーHDや3Dと呼ば
れるコンテンツを提供すると発表しまし
たが、これはNetflixのコンテンツ配信
ネットワーク「オープン・コネクト」の
利用に同意したインターネットサービス
プロバイダーの顧客に限られます
7. eyeball-ISP側の主張が通ったケース
The Case Against ISP Tolls (NETFLIX, 2014/4/24)
Paid Peeringを強いられたケース
◦ Netflixは、コムキャストのネットワーク上での会員の映像
体験が許容できないほど低下していることを解消するため、
コムキャストに直接相互接続の対価を支払うことに合意
◦ Netflix agreed to pay Comcast for direct interconnection to
reverse an unacceptable decline in our members’ video
experience on the Comcast network. These members were
experiencing poor streaming quality because Comcast allowed
its links to Internet transit providers likeLevel3, XO, Cogent and
Tata to clog up, slowing delivery of movies and TV shows to
Netflix users.
T. JITSUZUMI@ICT-ISAC (2021/9/13)
勉強会
Source: http://blog.netflix.com/2014/04/the-case-against-isp-tolls.html
8. eyeball-ISP側の主張が通ったケース、但し相手もISP
France Telecom vs. Cogent (2012/9/20)
米国Cogent社の主張
◦ France Telecomが、Orange加入者へのアクセスの
ために追加の技術的能力を開放する際に支払いを
要求することで、トランジット事業者が使用する
ピアリングの枠組みを侵害
フランス競争当局の決定
◦ 交換トラフィックの非対称性を考慮すると、この
ような支払い要求はそれ自体が反競争的行為を構
成するものではない。
◦ 問題を引き起こしていた要因の一つはCogentの
顧客であったMegaUpload
T. JITSUZUMI@ICT-ISAC (2021/9/13)
勉強会
Photo by Hagen Hopkins
“Open Transit”
フランステレコムが提供して
いたIXサービスのブランド名
9. ISP側の主張が通ったケース?
SK broadband vs. Netflix(2021/6/25)
ソウル中央地裁の判決
◦ SK Broadband社が要求するネット利用料に関して交渉を行う義務が存在しないという点を否定
◦ 支払い義務自体について言及なし
T. JITSUZUMI@ICT-ISAC (2021/9/13)
勉強会
eyeball-ISP
クラウド
実際は無数のISPの集
合体
課金可能
課金交渉は可能
15. 参考文献
Chettiar, I.M. and Holladay, J.S. (2010) “Free to Invest: The Economic Benefits of Preserving Net Neutrality,” Report No.4,
Institute for Policy Integrity, New York University School of Law.
Chettiar, I.M., Holladay, J.S., and Rosenberg, J. (2010) “The Value of Open: An Update on Net Neutrality,” Policy Brief No.9,
Institute for Policy Integrity, New York University School of Law.
Choi, J.P. and Kim, B.C., (2010) “Net neutrality and investment incentives,”RAND Journal of Economics, 41(3), 446-471.
claffy, K.C., Clark, D.D., Bauer, S., and Dhamdhere, A. (2020) "Policy Challenges in Mapping Internet Interdomain
Congestion," Journal of Information Policy, 10, 1-44
Economides, N. and Hermalin, B. (2012) "The Economics of Network Neutrality," RAND Journal of Economics, 43(4), 602–
629.
Farrell, J. and Weiser, P
.J. (2003) "Modularity, Vertical Integration, and Open Access Policies: Towards a Convergence of
Antitrust and Regulation in the Internet Age," Harvard Journal of Law & Technology, 17(1), 85–134.
Greenstein, S., Peitz, M., and Valletti, T. (2016) "Net Neutrality: A Fast Lane to Understanding the Trade-offs," The Journal
of Economic Perspectives, 30(2), 127-149.
Hemphill, C.S. (2008) "Network Neutrality and the False Promise of Zero-Price Regulation," Yale Journal on Regulation,
25(2), 135–179.
Nuechterlein, J.E. and Weiser. P
.J. (2007) Digital Crossroads-American Telecommunications Policy in the Internet Age.
Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 2007.
T. JITSUZUMI@ICT-ISAC (2021/9/13)
勉強会