Automotive fuels are made of hydrogen and carbon. During combustion, the burning gases reach temperatures as high as 6000°F, producing pressure in the engine. Perfect combustion results in water and carbon dioxide, while imperfect combustion produces carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and unburned hydrocarbons. Factors like temperature, humidity, air-fuel ratio, and spark timing affect the combustion process.
The document provides information on the basic fundamentals of automobiles. It defines an automobile as a vehicle driven by an internal combustion engine that is used for transporting passengers and goods on ground. Automobiles can be classified based on load, number of wheels, fuel used, body, and body style. The key systems of an automobile include the power train system, running system, and comfort system. The power train system includes the engine, fuel system, intake system, exhaust system, cooling system, drive line, clutch, gearbox and other components. The document then provides details on various engine parameters, components, and support systems like the fuel system.
This document discusses E85 fuel, which is a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline. E85 provides higher octane than gasoline and can be used in flexible fuel vehicles that are designed to run on gasoline, E85, or blends of both. While ethanol has some advantages like reducing emissions, it also has disadvantages like lower energy content requiring more fuel. The document outlines the history, production, characteristics, and applications of E85 fuel. Countries like Brazil and the US are leaders in ethanol production and use E85 in vehicles.
There are three main types of vehicle emissions: exhaust, evaporative, and crankcase. Exhaust emissions are produced during fuel combustion and include carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons. Evaporative emissions occur when gasoline vapors escape into the air through fuel evaporation processes like refueling, engine heating, and the hot soak period after the vehicle is turned off. Crankcase emissions leak from the gap between the cylinder and piston ring and contain blowby gases mixed with oil. Devices to control emissions include catalytic converters, which convert toxic gases into harmless gases, exhaust gas recirculation systems, which lower combustion temperatures to reduce nitrogen oxide formation, and positive crankcase ventilation systems.
Este documento trata sobre los sistemas auxiliares del motor para la reducción de la contaminación. Explica los combustibles, gases presentes en el escape y dispositivos para el control de emisiones, incluyendo la recirculación de gases de escape, inyección de aire en el escape, catalizadores y sondas lambda. El objetivo es reducir contaminantes como monóxido de carbono, hidrocarburos y óxidos de nitrógeno mediante el tratamiento de gases y modificaciones en el motor.
The document summarizes the key aspects of a Wankel rotary engine. It describes how a rotary engine works differently than a piston engine by having each step of the combustion process occur in a dedicated section of the oval-shaped housing as the rotor continuously rotates. It also notes that rotary engines have fewer moving parts, provide smoother power delivery, and have parts that move more slowly compared to piston engines. However, rotary engines can be more difficult to design to meet emissions regulations and typically have lower thermodynamic efficiency.
The document provides details about a seminar report on multi-point fuel injection systems. It discusses the main components of an MPFI system including the air intake system, fuel delivery system, and electronic control system. Sensors used in MPFI systems are described such as the manifold absolute pressure sensor, throttle position sensor, oxygen sensor, intake air temperature sensor, engine coolant temperature sensor, and vehicle speed sensor. Advantages of MPFI systems are more uniform air-fuel mixtures, improved fuel efficiency and emissions, and immediate acceleration response due to electronic control.
Electronic Fuel Injection in Internal Combustion EnginesHassan Raza
This presentation was prepared by Mechanical Engineers during their final year in their Internal Combustion Engine program offered at University of Engineering and Technology Lahore.
Automotive fuels are made of hydrogen and carbon. During combustion, the burning gases reach temperatures as high as 6000°F, producing pressure in the engine. Perfect combustion results in water and carbon dioxide, while imperfect combustion produces carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and unburned hydrocarbons. Factors like temperature, humidity, air-fuel ratio, and spark timing affect the combustion process.
The document provides information on the basic fundamentals of automobiles. It defines an automobile as a vehicle driven by an internal combustion engine that is used for transporting passengers and goods on ground. Automobiles can be classified based on load, number of wheels, fuel used, body, and body style. The key systems of an automobile include the power train system, running system, and comfort system. The power train system includes the engine, fuel system, intake system, exhaust system, cooling system, drive line, clutch, gearbox and other components. The document then provides details on various engine parameters, components, and support systems like the fuel system.
This document discusses E85 fuel, which is a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline. E85 provides higher octane than gasoline and can be used in flexible fuel vehicles that are designed to run on gasoline, E85, or blends of both. While ethanol has some advantages like reducing emissions, it also has disadvantages like lower energy content requiring more fuel. The document outlines the history, production, characteristics, and applications of E85 fuel. Countries like Brazil and the US are leaders in ethanol production and use E85 in vehicles.
There are three main types of vehicle emissions: exhaust, evaporative, and crankcase. Exhaust emissions are produced during fuel combustion and include carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons. Evaporative emissions occur when gasoline vapors escape into the air through fuel evaporation processes like refueling, engine heating, and the hot soak period after the vehicle is turned off. Crankcase emissions leak from the gap between the cylinder and piston ring and contain blowby gases mixed with oil. Devices to control emissions include catalytic converters, which convert toxic gases into harmless gases, exhaust gas recirculation systems, which lower combustion temperatures to reduce nitrogen oxide formation, and positive crankcase ventilation systems.
Este documento trata sobre los sistemas auxiliares del motor para la reducción de la contaminación. Explica los combustibles, gases presentes en el escape y dispositivos para el control de emisiones, incluyendo la recirculación de gases de escape, inyección de aire en el escape, catalizadores y sondas lambda. El objetivo es reducir contaminantes como monóxido de carbono, hidrocarburos y óxidos de nitrógeno mediante el tratamiento de gases y modificaciones en el motor.
The document summarizes the key aspects of a Wankel rotary engine. It describes how a rotary engine works differently than a piston engine by having each step of the combustion process occur in a dedicated section of the oval-shaped housing as the rotor continuously rotates. It also notes that rotary engines have fewer moving parts, provide smoother power delivery, and have parts that move more slowly compared to piston engines. However, rotary engines can be more difficult to design to meet emissions regulations and typically have lower thermodynamic efficiency.
The document provides details about a seminar report on multi-point fuel injection systems. It discusses the main components of an MPFI system including the air intake system, fuel delivery system, and electronic control system. Sensors used in MPFI systems are described such as the manifold absolute pressure sensor, throttle position sensor, oxygen sensor, intake air temperature sensor, engine coolant temperature sensor, and vehicle speed sensor. Advantages of MPFI systems are more uniform air-fuel mixtures, improved fuel efficiency and emissions, and immediate acceleration response due to electronic control.
Electronic Fuel Injection in Internal Combustion EnginesHassan Raza
This presentation was prepared by Mechanical Engineers during their final year in their Internal Combustion Engine program offered at University of Engineering and Technology Lahore.
Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is a method to reduce NOx emissions from engines. It works by recirculating exhaust gases back into the engine cylinders, which reduces oxygen and lowers combustion temperatures. This prevents nitrogen and oxygen from combining to form harmful NOx. The basic parts of an EGR system are the EGR valve, EGR cooler, and EGR transfer pipe. EGR lowers NOx by up to 70% but introduces complexity that must be carefully controlled to avoid degradation and instability over many operating conditions. Further development aims to improve durability and integration with engine management systems.
Este documento resume los sistemas principales de un motor diésel, incluyendo el sistema de admisión y escape, sistema de combustible, sistema de enfriamiento, sistema de lubricación, sistema de arranque y carga eléctrica y sistema de control electrónico. También describe los componentes, funciones y especificaciones técnicas de estos sistemas y sus respectivos mantenimientos.
A fuel injector injects atomized fuel into the cylinder in the proper quantity. It is the main component of a fuel injection system and is a spray delivery device. There are mechanical and electronic fuel injectors. Mechanical injectors use a single piston to pump, mix, and inject fuel while electronic injectors are controlled by an ECU through electromagnetic coils. Fuel injectors have components like a nozzle, needle valve, spring, and body to atomize and distribute fuel uniformly in the cylinder.
The document discusses the Wankel rotary engine, describing its construction with a triangular rotor inside a stationary housing. It explains the four-stroke combustion cycle is accomplished differently than in a piston engine, with the rotor undergoing continuous unidirectional motion rather than stopping between strokes. Key advantages and challenges of the Wankel engine are outlined, including its higher power-to-weight ratio but also issues with sealing and emissions compared to piston engines.
difination and explaintion of 2 strike vs 4stroke enginees including defination, ragulation types of and examples explation for educations and projects
The connecting rod in a car acts as a bridge between the piston and the crankshaft. And if you find that there is any disturbance, then it might be due to a bent rod. This may lead to knocking sound from the engine. Avoid low engine oil and reduced oil pressure for maintaining a good connecting rod. See the slideshow to know the reason behind the connecting rod failure in your car.
El documento describe los sistemas de inyección de combustible para motores de gasolina. Explica las diferencias entre la carburación e inyección, las ventajas de la inyección como el consumo reducido, mayor potencia y gases de escape menos contaminantes. Luego clasifica los sistemas de inyección según cuatro características y describe en detalle el sistema de inyección mecánica K-Jetronic, incluyendo sus componentes y funcionamiento.
A seminar on automobiles with special reference to mechanical breaking systemRahul Dubey
The document is a presentation on automotive components with a special focus on mechanical braking systems. It discusses what an automobile is, provides an overview of the automobile industry and classifications of automobiles. It then describes the basic components of an automobile including the basic structure, power plant, transmission system, auxiliaries and controls. Finally, it focuses on the mechanical braking system, explaining drum brakes and disc brakes.
diesel index aniline point and pour point of lubricating oilAlina Waheed
This document discusses determining properties of lubricating oil including aniline point, pour point, and diesel index. The aniline point test involves mixing equal volumes of aniline and oil and heating until a single phase is reached. The pour point is the temperature at which oil stops flowing. The diesel index, similar to cetane number, indicates ignition delay and is calculated using aniline point and specific gravity. These properties help evaluate oil deterioration and suitability for different temperature ranges.
6.a combined pedal for brake and acceleratorSathis Kumar
This document describes the design of a combined brake and accelerator pedal for automobiles. Some car accidents are caused when the driver mistakenly presses the accelerator instead of the brake during emergencies. The design aims to reduce the time it takes to shift the foot between pedals by combining them into a single pedal. The single pedal is pivotally mounted and connected to both the brake and accelerator systems such that pressing the top activates acceleration and pressing the bottom engages the brakes. This allows braking and accelerating with one foot while preventing errors and interference between the two functions. The document outlines the working mechanism, advantages in reducing accidents, and aims to decrease the accident rate through this innovative pedal design.
The document discusses the Homogeneous Charged Compression Ignition (HCCI) engine. HCCI engines combine aspects of gasoline and diesel engines by using a premixed homogeneous fuel-air mixture that is compressed to autoignition. Key parameters that affect HCCI combustion include temperature, pressure, fuel composition/octane number, equivalence ratio, exhaust gas recirculation, and compression ratio. HCCI engines offer advantages like high efficiency and very low NOx emissions compared to gasoline and diesel engines. However, controlling ignition timing over different operating conditions is a major challenge to implementing HCCI engines.
El documento explica cómo funciona un carburador, el cual mezcla la gasolina con el aire de manera que se logre una buena combustión en el motor. El carburador utiliza el efecto venturi para aspirar la gasolina mediante la depresión creada por el paso del aire, logrando emulsionarla. Incluye dispositivos como el estrangulador y el estárter para facilitar el arranque en frío y mantener la proporción adecuada de la mezcla a diferentes regímenes y condiciones.
The document discusses fuel injection systems for internal combustion engines. It describes the key components and functions of fuel injection systems. The systems work to accurately meter and inject fuel into the combustion chamber at precise timings and rates to achieve proper mixing and combustion. Common components include the fuel tank, feed pump, injection pump, injector nozzle, and governor. The injection pump pressurizes and meters the fuel supply, while the nozzle atomizes the fuel into fine droplets for rapid mixing in the chamber.
The document discusses the working principles of internal combustion engines. It begins by explaining that all IC engines must go through four strokes in a specific order: intake, compression, expansion/power, and exhaust. It then provides detailed descriptions and diagrams of how four-stroke petrol and diesel engines work through each stroke of the cycle. Key aspects covered include the valve timing, combustion processes, and thermodynamic cycles involved. Comparisons are made between two-stroke and four-stroke engines as well.
The document discusses a student project on the development of a diesel motorcycle. It provides details on the motorcycle's engine specifications, technical specifications, and parts. The engine is a 325cc 4-stroke air-cooled diesel engine that produces 6.5 bhp at 3600 rpm. The document also explains how diesel engines work through compression ignition and discusses advantages like fuel efficiency and reliability as well as emissions challenges.
The document discusses catalytic converters, which are emission control devices that convert toxic gases from vehicle exhaust into less toxic pollutants. It describes the functions of catalytic converters, their construction using a ceramic core with precious metal catalysts, and how they work to oxidize carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons while also reducing oxides of nitrogen through redox reactions. The document differentiates between two-way catalytic converters, which control carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons, and three-way catalytic converters, which also control oxides of nitrogen emissions. Three-way catalytic converters are highlighted as the most effective at reducing the three main pollutants from vehicle exhaust.
Description of the Exhaust system along with its components such as Exhaust manifold,catalytic converter ,muffler ,exhaust tubing and oxygen sensor.The working of some of these components is also explained.
The document discusses internal combustion engines. It defines them as engines where combustion occurs inside the engine cylinder. It then describes the basic parts of an I.C. engine like the cylinder, piston, crankshaft. It explains the differences between a 2-stroke and 4-stroke engine and how their cycles work. A 2-stroke engine completes one cycle per revolution while a 4-stroke takes two revolutions. It provides details on the workings and compares the advantages and disadvantages of 2-stroke and 4-stroke diesel engines.
Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is a method to reduce NOx emissions from engines. It works by recirculating exhaust gases back into the engine cylinders, which reduces oxygen and lowers combustion temperatures. This prevents nitrogen and oxygen from combining to form harmful NOx. The basic parts of an EGR system are the EGR valve, EGR cooler, and EGR transfer pipe. EGR lowers NOx by up to 70% but introduces complexity that must be carefully controlled to avoid degradation and instability over many operating conditions. Further development aims to improve durability and integration with engine management systems.
Este documento resume los sistemas principales de un motor diésel, incluyendo el sistema de admisión y escape, sistema de combustible, sistema de enfriamiento, sistema de lubricación, sistema de arranque y carga eléctrica y sistema de control electrónico. También describe los componentes, funciones y especificaciones técnicas de estos sistemas y sus respectivos mantenimientos.
A fuel injector injects atomized fuel into the cylinder in the proper quantity. It is the main component of a fuel injection system and is a spray delivery device. There are mechanical and electronic fuel injectors. Mechanical injectors use a single piston to pump, mix, and inject fuel while electronic injectors are controlled by an ECU through electromagnetic coils. Fuel injectors have components like a nozzle, needle valve, spring, and body to atomize and distribute fuel uniformly in the cylinder.
The document discusses the Wankel rotary engine, describing its construction with a triangular rotor inside a stationary housing. It explains the four-stroke combustion cycle is accomplished differently than in a piston engine, with the rotor undergoing continuous unidirectional motion rather than stopping between strokes. Key advantages and challenges of the Wankel engine are outlined, including its higher power-to-weight ratio but also issues with sealing and emissions compared to piston engines.
difination and explaintion of 2 strike vs 4stroke enginees including defination, ragulation types of and examples explation for educations and projects
The connecting rod in a car acts as a bridge between the piston and the crankshaft. And if you find that there is any disturbance, then it might be due to a bent rod. This may lead to knocking sound from the engine. Avoid low engine oil and reduced oil pressure for maintaining a good connecting rod. See the slideshow to know the reason behind the connecting rod failure in your car.
El documento describe los sistemas de inyección de combustible para motores de gasolina. Explica las diferencias entre la carburación e inyección, las ventajas de la inyección como el consumo reducido, mayor potencia y gases de escape menos contaminantes. Luego clasifica los sistemas de inyección según cuatro características y describe en detalle el sistema de inyección mecánica K-Jetronic, incluyendo sus componentes y funcionamiento.
A seminar on automobiles with special reference to mechanical breaking systemRahul Dubey
The document is a presentation on automotive components with a special focus on mechanical braking systems. It discusses what an automobile is, provides an overview of the automobile industry and classifications of automobiles. It then describes the basic components of an automobile including the basic structure, power plant, transmission system, auxiliaries and controls. Finally, it focuses on the mechanical braking system, explaining drum brakes and disc brakes.
diesel index aniline point and pour point of lubricating oilAlina Waheed
This document discusses determining properties of lubricating oil including aniline point, pour point, and diesel index. The aniline point test involves mixing equal volumes of aniline and oil and heating until a single phase is reached. The pour point is the temperature at which oil stops flowing. The diesel index, similar to cetane number, indicates ignition delay and is calculated using aniline point and specific gravity. These properties help evaluate oil deterioration and suitability for different temperature ranges.
6.a combined pedal for brake and acceleratorSathis Kumar
This document describes the design of a combined brake and accelerator pedal for automobiles. Some car accidents are caused when the driver mistakenly presses the accelerator instead of the brake during emergencies. The design aims to reduce the time it takes to shift the foot between pedals by combining them into a single pedal. The single pedal is pivotally mounted and connected to both the brake and accelerator systems such that pressing the top activates acceleration and pressing the bottom engages the brakes. This allows braking and accelerating with one foot while preventing errors and interference between the two functions. The document outlines the working mechanism, advantages in reducing accidents, and aims to decrease the accident rate through this innovative pedal design.
The document discusses the Homogeneous Charged Compression Ignition (HCCI) engine. HCCI engines combine aspects of gasoline and diesel engines by using a premixed homogeneous fuel-air mixture that is compressed to autoignition. Key parameters that affect HCCI combustion include temperature, pressure, fuel composition/octane number, equivalence ratio, exhaust gas recirculation, and compression ratio. HCCI engines offer advantages like high efficiency and very low NOx emissions compared to gasoline and diesel engines. However, controlling ignition timing over different operating conditions is a major challenge to implementing HCCI engines.
El documento explica cómo funciona un carburador, el cual mezcla la gasolina con el aire de manera que se logre una buena combustión en el motor. El carburador utiliza el efecto venturi para aspirar la gasolina mediante la depresión creada por el paso del aire, logrando emulsionarla. Incluye dispositivos como el estrangulador y el estárter para facilitar el arranque en frío y mantener la proporción adecuada de la mezcla a diferentes regímenes y condiciones.
The document discusses fuel injection systems for internal combustion engines. It describes the key components and functions of fuel injection systems. The systems work to accurately meter and inject fuel into the combustion chamber at precise timings and rates to achieve proper mixing and combustion. Common components include the fuel tank, feed pump, injection pump, injector nozzle, and governor. The injection pump pressurizes and meters the fuel supply, while the nozzle atomizes the fuel into fine droplets for rapid mixing in the chamber.
The document discusses the working principles of internal combustion engines. It begins by explaining that all IC engines must go through four strokes in a specific order: intake, compression, expansion/power, and exhaust. It then provides detailed descriptions and diagrams of how four-stroke petrol and diesel engines work through each stroke of the cycle. Key aspects covered include the valve timing, combustion processes, and thermodynamic cycles involved. Comparisons are made between two-stroke and four-stroke engines as well.
The document discusses a student project on the development of a diesel motorcycle. It provides details on the motorcycle's engine specifications, technical specifications, and parts. The engine is a 325cc 4-stroke air-cooled diesel engine that produces 6.5 bhp at 3600 rpm. The document also explains how diesel engines work through compression ignition and discusses advantages like fuel efficiency and reliability as well as emissions challenges.
The document discusses catalytic converters, which are emission control devices that convert toxic gases from vehicle exhaust into less toxic pollutants. It describes the functions of catalytic converters, their construction using a ceramic core with precious metal catalysts, and how they work to oxidize carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons while also reducing oxides of nitrogen through redox reactions. The document differentiates between two-way catalytic converters, which control carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons, and three-way catalytic converters, which also control oxides of nitrogen emissions. Three-way catalytic converters are highlighted as the most effective at reducing the three main pollutants from vehicle exhaust.
Description of the Exhaust system along with its components such as Exhaust manifold,catalytic converter ,muffler ,exhaust tubing and oxygen sensor.The working of some of these components is also explained.
The document discusses internal combustion engines. It defines them as engines where combustion occurs inside the engine cylinder. It then describes the basic parts of an I.C. engine like the cylinder, piston, crankshaft. It explains the differences between a 2-stroke and 4-stroke engine and how their cycles work. A 2-stroke engine completes one cycle per revolution while a 4-stroke takes two revolutions. It provides details on the workings and compares the advantages and disadvantages of 2-stroke and 4-stroke diesel engines.
Доклад Вадима Карастелева «Вопрошание как условие рефлексивного мышления (специфика работы с вопросами в Московском методологическом кружке)», соавтором доклада является Вера Леонидовна Данилова при участии сообщества Questioning в Facebook. Доклад сделан 23.02.18 на Чтениях памяти Г.П.Щедровицкого в г.Москве
Видео https://youtu.be/Mme5muhJmx0
2. Разнообразие определений сущности
педагогических технологий
Технология – это совокупность приемов, применяемых в
каком-либо деле, в искусстве (Толковый словарь русского
языка).
Педагогическая технология - это продуманная во всех
деталях модель совместной педагогической деятельности
по проектированию, организации и проведению учебного
процесса с безусловным обеспечением комфортных условий
для учащихся и учителя (В. Монахов).
Педагогическая технология – это содержательная
техника реализации учебного процесса (В.П. Беспалько).
Педагогическая технология - это системный метод
создания, применения и определения всего процесса
преподавания и усвоения знаний с учетом технических и
человеческих ресурсов и их взаимодействия, ставящий
своей задачей оптимизацию форм образования (ЮНЕСКО).
3. Педагогические технологии
это реформированные и
интерпретированные, и известные и новые
программы, планирование, учебники,
учебно-методические комплексы, новые
методы, приёмы и формы обучения,
направленные на достижение эффективных
результатов учебно-воспитательного
процесса.
5. Интеллект-карта
«Mind Maps» или «Интеллект-карты» были созданы Тони
Бьюзеном в 1970 г. Впервые она была представлена миру
весной 1974 г. после публикации книги «Работай головой». Все
мы в детстве любили книжки с картинками, а многие
любят и сейчас. И это правильно, потому что полезно для
развития интеллекта, как утверждают психологи. И на
этом предпочтении - лучше один раз увидеть — основана
техника интеллект-карт. Интеллект-карта - это метод
графического изображения, обработки и запоминания
информации, творческих задач, инструмент развития памяти и
мышления.
Интеллект-карта имеет свойства: наглядность;
привлекательность; запоминаемость;
творческий подход; возможность пересмотра.
6.
7.
8. Метод ТРИЗ -
теория решения
изобретательных задач
Метод ТРИЗ разработан
Генрихом Сауловичем
Алтьшуллером. Цель ТРИЗ –
не просто развить фантазию
обучающихся, а научить
мыслить системно,
с пониманием происходящих
процессов.
9. Метод ТРИЗ (теория решения
изобретательных задач)
На этапе изобретательства
основная задача - научить искать и
находить своё решение.
Изобретательство обучающихся
выражается в творческой фантазии,
в соображении, в придумывании
чего-то нового. Ситуации могут
быть разные, из любой области
человеческой деятельности.
10. КРУГИ ПО ВОДЕ
Ключевое слово или понятие записывается по
вертикали, а затем подбираются на каждую букву
слова-характеристики. Данный прием развивает
способность видеть в общем частное, а в частном -
общее. Н-р, прочитав вступление к разделу «Мифы
народов мира», ответьте на вопрос: о чем
рассказывалось в мифах?
М - модель сотворения мира.
И - исторические предания.
Ф - фактическое отображение мира.
11. SWOT - анализ
Метод SWOT-анализ был впервые использован в
1963 году в Гарварде на конференции по проблемам
бизнес-политики профессором Кеннетом Эндрюсом
( Kenneth Andrews).
SWOT-анализ – метод стратегического
планирования, заключающийся в выявлении
факторов внутренней и внешней среды объекта
(предмета, организации и т.д.) и разделении их на
четыре категории:
1. Strengths (сильные стороны). 2.Weaknesses
(слабые стороны).
3. Opportunities (возможности). 4. Threats (угрозы).
13. SWOT-анализа школы
S - опытные учителя с большим
стажем преподавания; выгодное
расположение школы: в данном
районе проживает большое
количество детей школьного возраста;
хорошая и заслуженная репутация
школы: школьники данной школы
часто занимают первые места на
олимпиадах и поступают в вузы;
- в школе имеется достаточное
количество компьютеров, проведен
Интернет.
W - перегруженность учителей,
многие учителя работают на полторы-
две ставки, такая загруженность
выматывает учителей;
- переполненность классов, в каждом
классе порядка 35-40 учеников, что
способствует понижению качества
обучения.
O - в данном районе работают также
другие общеобразовательные школы,
однако благодаря высокому уровню
обучения в данной школе можно
рассчитывать на то, что родители
предпочтут отдать детей именно в
данную школу.
T - отсутствие дополнительного
стимулирования учителей (премии и
стимулирующие надбавки), иначе из-
за наличия рядом в близлежащей
местности других школ существует
вероятность того, что другие школы
переманят опытных учителей.
14. ПОПС-формула
Приём «ПОПС – формула» создан профессором
права Дэвидом Маккойд Мэйсоном из ЮАР.
В переводе с английского PRES-formula -
Position-Reason-Explanation or Example-
Summary обозначает «ПОПС – позиция,
обоснование, пример, следствие».
Ценность этого приёма заключается в том, что
позволяет обуча-ющимся кратко выразить
собственную позицию по изученной теме. Может
применяться при написании эссе, при организации
дебатов, дискуссий.
Краткое выступление в соответствии с ПОПС -
формулой состоит из четырёх элементов.
15. ПОПС-ФОРМУЛА
П – позиция (в чем заключается
ваша точка зрения)
… я считаю, что …,
полагаю…, на мой
взгляд…
О – обоснование (на чём вы
обосновываетесь, довод в поддержку
вашей позиции)
… потому, что …, так
как …, поскольку…
П – пример (факты,
иллюстрирующие ваш довод)
… например …, к
примеру…
С – следствие (вывод, что надо
сделать, призыв к принятию вашей
позиции)
… поэтому …, таким
образом…, итак….
16.
П На мой взгляд, Шариков не может считаться
полноценной личностью.
О Так как, нельзя измениться, если сам сопротивляешься
этим переменам.
П Например, он — результат лабораторного опыта, это во-
первых, во-вторых, нарушает принцип существования
личности в обществе — принцип уважения к окружающим,
в-третьих, он всячески сопротивляется интеллектуальному
развитию.
С Вывод, личность формируется на основе мирного
сосуществования в коллективе и саморазвития.
Что составляет личность?
(М.Булгаков «Собачье сердце»)
17.
P I think we should learn how to become good
parents.
R Because, the more we learn, the more we
realize.
E For example: we behave like our mothers
and fathers, we need to see role models.
Psychology is very important.
S Thus, parenthood is the most difficult task in
life.
«Parenthood — responsibility or natural
issue?»
18. «Fishbone» в переводе с
английского языка значит
«рыбная кость» или «скелет
рыбы».
Схемы «Fishbone»
были придуманы японским
профессором Каору Исикава (Ишикава),
поэтому часто называются
диаграммы Исикава (Ишикава).
Fishbone
21. Двухчастный дневник – педагогический прием,
развивающий письменную речь. Дает возможность
исследовать текст, письменно выразить свое понимание
прочитанного. Предлагаем студентам текст для
прочтения. После ознакомления с текстом, просим
разделить тетрадный лист вертикальной чертой на две
части. В левой части дневника студенты записывают
те моменты из текста, которые произвели на них
наибольшее впечатление, вызвали какие-то
воспоминания, ассоциации с эпизодами из их
собственной жизни, озадачили их, вызвали протест
или, наоборот, восторг, удивление. Справа они
должны дать комментарий: что заставило записать
именно эту цитату.
22. На стадии рефлексии студенты возвращаются к работе с
двойными дневниками, с их помощью текст последовательно
разбирается, студенты делятся замечаниями, которые они
сделали к каждой странице. Преподаватель знакомит
студентов с собственными комментариями, если хочет
привлечь их внимание к тем эпизодам в тексте, которые не
прозвучали в ходе обсуждения. Например, роман Дианы
Сеттерфилд «Тринадцатая сказка»:
ЦИТАТА КОММЕНТАРИЙ
«Раньше мне думалось, что
перемена произойдёт
автоматически, и, впервые
предоставленная самой себе, я
смогу хотя бы одним глазком
увидеть образ того взрослого
человека, каким мне суждено
стать».
Очень точное описание чувств,
когда ребёнка впервые оставляют
дома одного. Для него это как
посвящение в ответственные
взрослые.
23. Это метод активного проблемно-ситуационного
анализа, основанный на обучении путем решения
конкретных задач - ситуаций (решение кейсов).
Цель метода - научить слушателей как
индивидуально, так и в составе группы
анализировать информацию; сортировать её для
решения заданной задачи; выявлять ключевые
проблемы; генерировать альтернативные пути
решения и оценивать их; выбирать оптимальное
решение и формировать программы действий и
т.п.
24. Печатный кейс – содержит текст,
графики, диаграммы, иллюстрации
(делает кейс более наглядным).
Мультимедиа - кейс (наиболее
популярный в последнее время).
Видео кейс (может содержать фильм,
аудио и видео материалы).
25. Этапы решения кейса
Проблема Ключевая
лексика,
отражающая
проблему
Причины
возникновения
проблемы
Решение
проблемы
Ваши
действия/
поступки в
создавшейся
проблемной
ситуации
27. ЛИТЕРАТУРА
Бузан Т. Скоростная память. – Москва, 1995.
Buzan T. Brain Training for Kids. - New York, 2012.
Гальскова Н.Д. Современная методика обучения
иностранным языкам. - М., 2007.
Конышева А.В. Современные методы обучения. -
Минск, 2007.
Методы изобретения знаний и инновационных
проектов на основе ТРИЗ / Т. В. Погребная, А. В.
Козлов, О. В. Сидоркина. – Красноярск, 2010.
ЮНЕСКО. Европейский языковой портфель. –
Страсбург, 1997.