المحاضرة الاولى هندسة حاسب

Computer Engineering and Sciences
CE1100
Workload: 3 hours per week:
Homework
Projects
tests
Final test

 How best to learn:
 Read the books
 Type lectures.
 Write your own ideas… for fun!

 Classes:
 Sunday from to Am
 Discussion Sections:
 My email amalelberry@yahoo.com
Friday 8:10 Pm
 Office hours:
 Saturday 9-11Am
 When important you can meet me at another time in the
week
 Place
 Hall:
 Labs:

 Your grade is based on…
 10% homework , short tests, projects
 15% midterm exam
 15% second exam
 60% final exam
Pre-requisite :CS1100

 Computing History,
 Modern Computer Systems and Applications,
 Hardware and Software interactions,
 Hardware and Software integration,
 Nature, Issues and Job description of computer
professions; Computer Engineering,
 Software Engineering,
 Computer Science,
 Information Systems and Information Technology,
 Career Choice.

‫تاريخ‬،‫الحوسبة‬‫أنظمة‬‫الحاسبات‬‫الحديثة‬،‫وتطبيقاتها‬‫ت‬‫فاعل‬
‫البرمجيات‬‫مع‬،‫العتاديات‬‫تكامل‬‫البرمجيات‬‫مع‬‫العتاديات‬‫في‬
،‫الحاسب‬،‫طبيعة‬،‫قضايا‬‫وتوصيف‬‫عمل‬‫مهن‬،‫الحاسب‬‫مهنة‬
‫هندسة‬،‫الحاسب‬‫مهنة‬‫هندسة‬،‫البرمجيات‬‫مهنة‬‫علم‬،‫الحاسب‬‫مهن‬‫ة‬
‫أنظمة‬‫المعلومات‬‫و‬‫مهنة‬‫تقانة‬،‫الحاسب‬‫اختيار‬‫المهنة‬.

 Definition of Computing:
 Computing is the study of systematic processes
that describe and transform information: their
theory, analysis, design, efficiency,
implementation, and application. The
fundamental question underlying all computing
is, What can and cannot be automated?
(adapted from Denning et. al., “Computing as a
Discipline,” Communications of the ACM,
January, 1989).

 What is an Algorithm?
 Precise description of a process
 Specifies exactly what is to be done in what
order
 Uses terms that can be completely defined and
understood
 Similar to a recipe
 Word algorithm is derived from name of Persian
textbook author al-Khowârizmî (approx. A.D.
825)
 Word originally referred to process of using
arithmetic computations using Arabic numerals

 Prehistoric People Groups
 Used fingers for counting, and length of hands
and arms for measurements
 Kept track of larger numbers, such as number of
animals in herds, using small pebbles

 People of Egypt, China and ancient Babylonia
 By 3000 B.C., had developed written symbols to
represent numbers
 Computational methods developed to save labor and
solve practical eng., ag., and gov. problems (applied
math)
 Applications included measuring time, drawing
straight lines, counting money, and computing taxes
 Developed tables for multiplication, square and cube
roots, exponents, formulas for quadratic equations
 Babylonians and Egyptians not systematic reasoners;
trial-and-error methods not always precise

 Practical examples of geometry in ancient Egypt
 Land surveying and navigation
 Annual Nile River flooding fertilized plains but made it
difficult to mark property
 Geometry used to survey fields and reestablish property
boundaries
 Navigation required for food distribution
 Building of pyramids required extensive
measurements

 Greece
 Between 600 and 300 B.C., inherited
mathematical knowledge from Egypt and Babylon
 Were the first to separate study of mathematics
from application to practical problems
 Developed foundation of formal logic: stated
formal axioms, precise definitions, and patterns
of valid reasoning
 Pythagoras, Euclid, Archimedes, Ptolemy, and
others developed extensive knowledge of
geometry, trigonometry, algebra, astronomy and
physics

 Aristotle’s modus ponen example:
If a student is a CS major, then the student takes
CS 1401.
You are a CS major.
Therefore, you take CS 1401.
Notice that the reasoning is valid, but this does not assure
that the statements in the argument are true

 Rome
 Applied mathematics to practical tasks in
business, civil engineering, and military work
 Had little interest in study of pure mathematics

 Middle Ages
 No new mathematical advances in Europe for hundreds
of years after fall of Rome in 476 A.D.
 Arabs preserved mathematical knowledge developed by
Greeks and Romans and expanded algebraic concepts
 Concept of zero and decimal number system developed
in India and used by Arabs
 After 1100, growing commerce in Europe required an
easier numbering system for merchants than Roman
numerals
 Europeans started using decimal number system and
studying Arabic mathematical texts
 During late Middle Ages, European mathematicians such
as Fibonacci contributed to algebra and geometry

 Renaissance
 From 1400’s to 1600’s exploration of new lands
required improved mathematics to support
navigation, development of capitalism, and trade
 Invention of mechanical printing press allowed
rapid spread of new math texts

 Renaissance
 What was an important contribution of Francois
Viète (1540-1603) ?

 Renaissance
 What was an important contribution of Francois
Viète (1540-1603) ?
 Francois Viète introduced the use of letters to
stand for unknown numbers in formulas and
equations (use of variables, important in
computer science)
 Example:
c2 = a2 + b2

 Renaissance
 What was an important contribution of John
Napier (1550-1617) ?

 Renaissance
 What was an important contribution of John
Napier (1550-1617) ?
 Scottish mathematician John Napier invented
logarithms that took advantage of fact that
addition is easier than multiplication:
log (a * b) = log a + log b
 Logarithms are inverse of power function:
log2 8 = 3 because 23 = 8

 Renaissance
 Do you know what a slide rule is?

 Here’s Robby the Robot holding a giant-sized
slide rule:

 But the actual size was hand-held, with a
middle sliding rule:

 Renaissance
Facts about the slide rule:
 Edmund Gunter (1581-1626) invented forerunner
of slide rule in 1620. Slide rule invented around
1630.
 Slide rule is ruler-like device marked with
logarithmic scales used to perform mathematical
calculations.
 Slide rule used extensively for mathematical
calculations by students, engineers, scientists,
military, and others until largely replaced by
hand-held calculators, starting with HP models in
1970’s

 Renaissance
 Galileo (1564-1642) worked on mathematical
applications in physical sciences
 Rene Descartes (1596-1650) developed analytic
geometry
 Who designed and built what is believed to be
the first digital calculator?

 Renaissance
 Who designed and built what is believed to be
the first digital calculator? Wilhelm Schickard,
in 1623
 Automated addition and subtraction; partially
automated multiplication and division
 Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) developed version of
mechanical calculator called “Arithmometer”
about 20 years later; just added and subtracted
 Modern computer programming language named
after Pascal

 Renaissance
 Who was a co-inventor of calculus along with Sir
Isaac Newton?

 Renaissance
 Who was a co-inventor of calculus along with Sir
Isaac Newton? Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-
1716)
 What did he state about machines assisting with
the work of calculation?
 Invented the Leibniz wheel based upon Pascal’s
work, which performed arithmetic automatically
 Investigated binary arithmetic and proposed
machine testing of hypotheses

 1700’ and 1800’s
 Who was Charles Babbage (1791-1871) ?

 1700’s and 1800’s
 Who was Charles Babbage (1791-1871) ?
 A founding member of the British Royal Astronomical
Society
 In 1800’s England’s sea power required accurate
computations for calculating cannon shots from moving
ships
 Babbage developed concept for steam-powered
“Difference Engine” in 1821 to produce math tables
 Developed concept for “Analytical Engine,” designed to
be general device for any kind of calculation and symbol
manipulation
 Similar in concept to modern computers, “Analytical
Engine” designed to use punch cards; unfortunately,
working model never completed

 1700’s and 1800’s
 Where did Babbage get the idea of using punch
cards? From Joseph-Marie Jacquard of France
 Many inventions during Industrial Revolution led to
automation of tasks formerly done by hand
 Jacquard invented automatic loom in 1804, improving on
earlier punch card concept
 Holes in card controlled which doors opened or closed
for thread patterning
 Similar cards with holes punched to represent data
developed for use by modern computers

 1700’s and 1800’s
 Why did the U.S. DOD name the new programming
language it developed in 1979 “Ada” ?

 1700’s and 1800’s
 Why did the U.S. DOD name the new programming
language it developed in 1979 “Ada” ?
In honor of Ada Byron, Lady Lovelace , the first
“computer programmer”
 Daughter of the famous English poet Lord Byron, and trained
in mathematics and science
 Became colleague of Babbage after hearing about his ideas
for “Analytic Engine” at a dinner party
 Predicted in 1843 many uses for engine and developed first
“programs” for it

 What was George Boole’s (1815-1864)
important contribution to the field of
computer science?

 What was George Boole’s (1815-1864)
important contribution to the field of
computer science?
Answer: Boolean expressions
 A largely self-educated Englishman, Boole
worked on identifying fundamental
operations, variables, and symbolic
representations of both
 Introduced and studied expressions that had
only two values: 1 for “true”
0 for “false”

Boole’s ideas became foundation for
logic study
Concepts are basis for arithmetic-
logic circuitry design in digital
computers

 Late 1800’s and 1900’s - Herman Hollerith
 Considered father of modern automatic
computation
 Worked on 1880 U.S. census and saw need for
mechanization of recording and tabulating
process as immigration increased
 Won design competition for 1890 census by
inventing equipment to tabulate and sort
punched cards similar to ones used on Jacquard
loom
 Founded company Computing-Tabulating-
Recording Company (CTR) that later changed
name to IBM in 1924

 Late 1800’s and 1900’s - Herman Hollerith (cont’d.)
 In Hollerith’s own words (“An Electric Tabulating System,” 1889):
“Few, who have not come directly in contact with a census office,
can form any adequate idea of the labor involved in the
compilation of a census of 50,000,000 persons, as was the case in
the last census, or of over 62,000,000, as will be the case in the
census to be taken in June, 1890… Although our population is
constantly increasing, and although at each census more
complicated combinations and greater detail are required in the
various compilations, still, up to the present time, substantially
the original method of compilation has been [-239-] employed;
that of making tally-marks in small squares and then adding and
counting such tally-marks. While engaged in work upon the tenth
census, the writer's attention was called to the methods employed
in the tabulation of population statistics and the enormous
expense involved. These methods were at the time described as
"barbarous…” Some machine ought to be devised for the purpose
of facilitating such tabulations.”

 1900’s Question: Is it possible to state one
consistent system of logical/mathematical
axioms from which all mathematics can be
derived?
Or…..
 Are there mathematical problems that are
inherently unsolvable? (Is there a limit to
how far the systematic reasoning methods
first developed by the ancient Greeks can
take us) ?

 1900’s Question: Is it possible to state one
consistent system of logical/mathematical
axioms from which all mathematics can be
derived?
Answer: Mathematician David Hilbert (1862-1943) thought so.
He proposed the existence of such a system for which all
mathematics could be derived
 Are there mathematical problems that are
inherently unsolvable? (Is there a limit to how
far the systematic reasoning methods first
developed by the ancient Greeks can take us) ?
Answer: Kurt Godel (1906-1978) proved in 1931 that a
sufficiently general formal system either must be inconsistent
or must contain statements that can’t be proved or
disproved.

 Mathematics were revolutionized
 Mathematicians and logicians worked to
define exactly what it means when they
say they have a method to solve a
problem.
 One very influential answer came from
Alan Turing. (1912-1954)
 What is Alan Turing famous for?

 What is Alan Turing famous for?
Answer: Turing machine
 Turing defined an “effective
computation” as a specific kind of
“abstract machine”
 Became a major development in field of
computing
 Greatest impact was on design of digital
computer

 Late 1800’s-1900’s New Applications Drive
Advances in Computing Design
 Leonardo Torres y Quevedo (1852-1936),
President of Academy of Sciences in Madrid ,
proposed chess-playing electromechanical
version of Babbage’s machines
 New scientific uses developed for Hollerith’s
punched-card tabulating machine , such as
calculating position of moon
 Astronomer Wallace J. Eckert (1902-1971)
recognized need for more scientific capability;
proposed several extensions to IBM tabulating
machine

 1900’s - Four new computing capacities
identified by Howard T. Aiken (1900-
1973). Ability to:
 Handle positive and negative numbers
 Apply various mathematical formulas
 Operate fully automatically
 Perform long calculations in sequence

 1900’s -
“Mark I” is not a missile. What is it?

 1900’s -
“Mark I” is not a missile. What is it?
Answer: A computing machine designed and built in
1944 by Aiken and his engineers in collaboration
with IBM engineers.
 Instructions written on paper tape
 Could multiply 2 numbers in 6 seconds !
 Similar machine built by Bell Labs
CS 1401
Source: Andrew Bernat

 1900’s -
How was a graduate student instrumental in
linking the theory of computation and the
design of computing machines?

 1900’s -
How was a graduate student instrumental in
linking the theory of computation and the
design of computing machines?
Answer: Claude E. Shannon, in master’s
thesis at MIT, showed how Boolean algebra
could be used to analyze complex switching
circuits
 Pioneered systematic approach to design of
switching circuits
CS 1401
Source: Andrew Bernat

 1900’s -
The first fully electronic digital computer
was named “ABC.” Why?

 1900’s -
The first fully electronic digital computer
was named “ABC.” Why?
Answer: Atanasoff Berry Computer
 Built in 1940 by John V. Atanasoff (1903- ), prof.
at Iowa State University and grad. Student
Clifford E. Berry
 Used vacuum tubes and binary arithmetic
 Influenced design of ENIAC

 1900’s -
 First modern computers developed in 1940’s
 Government and military requirements drove
many early advances in computing:
- Accurate artillery tables needed for WWII, 1939-1945
- Automatic computations needed for atomic bomb
development
 Increasingly larger and more powerful computing
machines were developed

 1900’s – What is ENIAC ?
 Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, world’s
first electronic digital computer, developed by Army
Ordnance to compute WWII ballistic firing tables
 Completed in 1945, served as prototype for development
of most other modern computers
 Weighed over 30 tons, and stored a maximum of twenty
10-digit decimal numbers
 Included logic circuitry design now standard in
computers

 1954 - IBM's Naval Ordinance Research Calculator, the first
“supercomputer”

 1954 – Tubes in IBM's NORC

 1900’s – Who was John von Neumann (1903-
1957) and what are characteristics of a von
Neumann machine?
CS 1401

 1900’s – Who was John von Neumann (1903-
1957) and what are characteristics of a von
Neumann machine?
 Famous Princeton University mathematician interested
in both logic design and applied math
 Investigated complex problems in fluid flow requiring
intensive calculations
 Developed characteristics of modern computers, which
became known as von Neumann machine
 Began working with ENIAC project in 1944
 Took responsibility for logic design of new machine
(EDVAC) planned to correct some of ENIAC’s
shortcomings; created detailed instruction set

 1900’s - Some of von Neumann’s
Contributions (“von Neumann machine”)
 Notation for describing logic aspects of
computer circuitry
 Concept of stored program (program and data
can be stored in memory; first program sorted
and merged numbers in list)
 Concept of serial operation, one step at a time,
simplifying circuitry (now going in direction of
parallel processing)
 Use of binary arithmetic rather than decimal

 1900’s and Beyond: Hardware
Generations
 Can you describe five generations?

 1900’s and Beyond: Software
Generations
 Early machines – machine language
Ex: 10100101
 Early 1950’s assembly languages (symbolic )
 Late 1950’s and early 1960’s high-level
languages.Ex:
 FORTRAN (formula translator), John Backus,1954
 COBOL (common business-oriented language), Grace
Murray Harper and others, 1960
 Pascal (Nicklaus Wirth, 1970)

 1900’s and Beyond: Software
Generations
 Move from procedural languages to object-
oriented languages
 C  C++
 C++ developed at Bell Labs starting in 1979
(named in 1983), “C with Classes”
 Java (James Gosling and others at Sun
Microsystems) developed early 1990’s, released
1995; platform independence lent itself to
Internet use

Technology Guide 1 63
Hardware

64
 Input devices accept data & instructions and convert them to a
form that the computer can understand.
 Output devices present data in a form people can understand.
 The CPU manipulates the data and controls the tasks done by
the other components.
 Primary storage (internal storage) temporarily stores data and
program instructions during processing.
 Secondary storage (external) stores data and programs for
future use.
 Communication devices provide for the flow of data between
external computer networks.
Computer hardware is composed of the following components: central
processing unit (CPU), input devices, output devices, primary storage,
secondary storage, and communication devices.

Today’s computers are based on integrated circuits (chips), each of which
includes millions of subminiature transistors. Each transistor can be in
either an “on” or “off” state that is used to establish a binary 1 or 0 for
storing one binary digit, or bit.
ASCII (American National Standard Code for Information Interchange)
EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code)

67
 Representing time and size of bytes. Time is represented in
fractions of a second. The following are common measures of time:
 Millisecond 11000 second
 Microsecond 11,000,000 second
 Nanosecond 11,000,000,000 second
 Picosecond 11,000,000,000,000 second
 Size is measured by the number of bytes. Common measures of
size are:
 Kilobyte 1,000 bytes (actually 1,024)
 Megabyte 1,000 kilobytes 106 bytes
 Gigabyte 109 bytes
 Terabyte 1012 bytes
 Petabyte 1015 bytes
 Exabyte 1018 bytes
Computer hardware is composed of the following components: central
processing unit (CPU), input devices, output devices, primary storage,
secondary storage, and communication devices.

68
 First generation of computers, from 1946 to about 1956, used
vacuum tubes to store and process information.
 Second generation of computers, 1957–1963, used transistors for
storing and processing information.
 Third-generation computers, 1964–1979, used integrated circuits
for storing and processing information.
 Early to middle fourth-generation computers, 1980–1995, used very
large-scale integrated (VLSI) circuits to store and process
information.
Computer hardware has evolved through four stages, or generations, of
technology. Each generation has provided increased processing power and
storage capacity, while simultaneously exhibiting decreases in costs.

69
 Late fourth-generation computers, 1996 to the present, use
grand-scale integrated (GSI) circuits to store and process
information.
 Fifth generation of computers use massively parallel processing
to process multiple instructions simultaneously.
Continued

Two major innovations are in experimental stages: DNA computers and
optical computers.
 DNA computing, takes advantage of the fact that
information can be written onto individual DNA molecules.
They process in parallel and are potentially twice as fast as
today’s fastest supercomputers.
 Optoelectronic computers use beams of light instead of
electrons. They are expected to process information several
hundred times faster than current computers.

71
 Supercomputers are the computers with the most processing power.
The primary application of supercomputers has been in scientific
and military work, but their use is growing rapidly in business.
 Mainframes are not as powerful and generally not as expensive as
supercomputers. Large corporations, where data processing is
centralized and large databases are maintained, most often use
mainframe computers.
 Minicomputers are smaller and less expensive than mainframe
computers. They are usually designed to accomplish specific tasks
such as process control and engineering applications. Larger
companies gain flexibility by distributing minicomputers in
organizational units instead of centralizing at one location.
Computers are distinguished on the basis of their processing capabilities.

 Servers typically support computer networks, enabling users to share
files, software, peripheral devices and other network resources.
Server farms are large groups of servers.
 Workstations provide high levels of performance to technical users
such as designers and are typically based on RISC (reduced
instruction set computing) architecture.
 Microcomputers or personal computers (PCs), are the smallest and least
expensive category of general-purpose computers. They may be
subdivided into five classifications:
 Desktops
 Thin clients
 Laptops
 Notebooks,
 Mobile devices
Computers are distinguished on the basis of their processing capabilities.

73
 Desktop personal computer is the typical, familiar microcomputer
system.
 Thin-client systems are desktop computer systems that do not offer
the full functionality of a PC.
 One type of thin client is the terminal
 Another type of thin client is a network computer.
 Laptop computers are small, easily transportable, lightweight
microcomputers that easily fit into a briefcase
 Notebooks are smaller laptops.
 Mobile devices as handheld computers, often called personal digital
assistants (PDAs) or handheld personal computers.

Some mobile devices offer mapping capabilities using GPS. Global
positioning systems

 Tablet PC technology runs touch-sensitive displays that you tap with a
pen, forgoing a mouse or touch pad.
 Wearable computers are designed to be worn and used on the body.
 Embedded computers are placed inside other products to add features
and capabilities.
 Active badges are worn as ID cards by employees who wish to stay in
touch at all times while moving around the corporate premises.
 Memory buttons are nickel-sized devices that store a small database
relating to whatever it is attached to.
 Smart cards which has resulted from the continuing shrinkage of integrated circuits
are similar in size and thickness to ordinary plastic credit cards. They
contain a small CPU, memory, and an input/output device that allow
these “computers” to be used in everyday activities such.

76
 The CPU consists of the
 Control unit
 Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU)
 Primary storage (or main memory)
The central processing unit (CPU) is the center of all computer-processing
activities, where all processing is controlled, data are manipulated,
arithmetic computations are performed, and logical comparisons are
made.

77
 The preset speed of the clock that times all chip activities, measured in mega-
hertz (MHz), millions of cycles per second, and gigahertz (GHz), billions of cycles
per second. The faster the clock speed, the faster the chip.
 The word length, which is the number of bits (0s and 1s) that can be processed
by the CPU at any one time. The majority of current chips handle 32-bit word
lengths, and the Pentium 4 is designed to handle 64-bit word lengths. The larger
the word length, the faster the chip.
 The bus width. The wider the bus (the physical paths down which the data and
instructions travel as electrical impulses), the more data can be moved and the
faster the processing. A bus transfers data is measured in megahertz.
 The physical design of the chip - the distance between transistors is known as
line width. The smaller the line width, the more transistors can be packed onto
a chip, and the faster the chip.
The cycle of processing is called the machine instruction cycle and it
speed depends on the following four factors of chip design:

Moore’s Law - Gordon Moore’s 1965 prediction that microprocessor
complexity would double approximately every two years is based on the
following changes: Increasing miniaturization of transistors, Compacting
the physical layout of the chip’s components (decreasing line width) and
using better conducting materials.

79
 An instruction set is the set of machine instructions that a processor
recognizes and can execute. Complex instruction set computers (CISC)
and reduced instruction set computers (RISC), dominate the processor
instruction sets of computer architectures.
 A CISC processor contains more than 200 unique coded commands, one for
virtually every type of operation.
 The other, a more recent approach is RISC processors, which eliminate
many of the little-used codes found in the complex instruction set.
The arrangement of the components and their interactions is called
computer architecture. Computer architecture includes the instruction set
and the number of the processors, the structure of the internal buses, the
use of caches, and the types of input/output (I/O) device interfaces.

80
1. To store data that have been input until they are transferred
to the ALU for processing.
2. To store data and results during intermediate stages of
processing.
3. To hold data after processing until they are transferred to an
output device.
4. To hold program statements or instructions received from
input devices and from secondary storage.
Primary storage, or main memory, stores data and program statements
for the CPU. It has four basic purposes:

81
 Random-access memory (RAM) is the place in which the CPU stores
the instructions and data it is processing.
 Dynamic random access memories (DRAMs)
 Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM)
 Read-only memory (ROM) is that portion of primary storage that
cannot be changed or erased. ROM is nonvolatile.
 Programmable read-only memory (PROM)
 Erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM)
There are two categories of memory: the register, which is part of the
CPU and very fast and the internal memory chips, which reside outside
the CPU and are slower. The control unit, the CPU, and the primary
storage all have registers. Small amounts of data reside in the register for
very short periods, prior to their use. Internal memory is used to store
data just before they are processed by the CPU. Immediately after the
processing it comprises two types of storage space: RAM and ROM.

82
 It interprets and carries out instructions contained in computer
programs
 Selects program statements from the primary storage
 Move program statements to the instruction registers in the control
unit
 Controls input and output devices
 Handles data-transfer processes from and to memory.
The control unit reads instructions and directs the other components of
the computer system to perform the functions required by the program.
The control unit does not actually change or create data; it merely
directs the data flow within the CPU.

 The data bus moves data to and from primary storage.
 The address bus transmits signals for locating a given address in
primary storage.
 The control bus transmits signals specifying whether to “read” or
“write” data to or from a given primary storage address, input
device, or output device.
A bus is a channel (or shared data path) through which data are passed in
electronic form. Three types of buses link the CPU, primary storage, and
the other devices in the computer system. The capacity of a bus, called
bus width, is defined by the number of bits they carry at one time.

84
The input/output (I/O) devices of a computer are not part of the CPU,
but are channels for communicating between the external environment
and the CPU. I/O devices are controlled directly by the CPU or indirectly
through special processors dedicated to input and output processing.
Secondary storage
Peripheral Devices

88
Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights
reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond
that permitted in Section 117 of the 1976 United States
Copyright Act without the express written permission of
the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further
information should be addressed to the Permissions
Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may
make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for
distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no
responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages, caused by
the use of these programs or from the use of the
information contained herein.

المحاضرة الاولى هندسة حاسب

المحاضرة الاولى هندسة حاسب

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (13)

Similar to المحاضرة الاولى هندسة حاسب

Similar to المحاضرة الاولى هندسة حاسب (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

المحاضرة الاولى هندسة حاسب