The document provides a history of mathematics from ancient times through its development in various regions. It discusses:
1) Early counting methods and the origins of numerals in places like ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and India.
2) The mathematical advances of early civilizations like the Greeks, Chinese, Hindus, Babylonians and Egyptians - including concepts like zero, algebra, trigonometry, and geometry.
3) The transmission of mathematics from these early civilizations to medieval Islamic mathematics and eventually to European mathematics during the Renaissance, leading to modern developments.
The document discusses the history and development of Hindu-Arabic numerals. It originated in India in around 300 BC and was developed by a mathematician named al-Binuri. These numerals evolved and spread to the Middle East and Europe through Arab traders in the 10th century. Leonardo Fibonacci helped popularize the use of Hindu-Arabic numerals in Europe in the early 13th century through his book Liber Abaci, as they were more efficient than traditional Roman numerals. Today, the Hindu-Arabic numeral system with 10 symbols (0-9) is the most widely used numeral system globally.
Mathematical concepts and their applications: Number systemJesstern Rays
The document discusses various number systems including binary and hexadecimal used in computing. It explains how binary represents numbers as 1s and 0s and is used in electronics like transistors and to represent text, images, and more. Hexadecimal is also introduced which uses 16 symbols to efficiently represent more characters using fewer bits than binary. Color codes in computing are represented using hexadecimal values for red, green, and blue components.
Zero originated in India, where it was treated as a number by the 9th century AD. The Indian scholar Pingala used binary numbers around the 5th-2nd century BC. In 498 AD, Indian mathematician Aryabhatta developed the place value system. The oldest text to use zero in this way dates to 458 AD. Special glyphs for the digits, including zero, appeared in India in 876 AD. Operations involving zero, such as multiplication and division, can be complex and paradoxical. Zero was an important mathematical concept developed in ancient India.
The document summarizes the early mathematical system developed by the Sumerians in Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Key points:
- The Sumerians developed one of the earliest known writing systems, cuneiform script, which enabled recording of early mathematics on clay tablets.
- They used a sexagesimal (base-60) numeric system combined with a place-value notation, which was superior to later Greek and Roman systems for calculating fractions and powers.
- Much of what is known about early Mesopotamian mathematics comes from clay tablets dating to the Old Babylonian period from around 1800-1600 BCE. These included table texts and problem texts.
The document summarizes the history and development of the concept of zero. It discusses how zero was conceptualized and used in different ancient civilizations like the Maya, Babylonians, Indians, and Chinese. Key developments include the Maya using zero as a placeholder in their calendar system, the Babylonians using a placeholder in their place value system without treating it as a number, Indians developing the concept of zero as a number in the 9th century, and Chinese using empty space in counting rods to represent zero. The document also outlines the importance of zero in developing the place value number system and its role in mathematics and measuring physical quantities.
The document discusses the history and development of number systems. It describes how ancient cultures like the Sumerians, Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, and Indians all developed early number systems to suit their needs. The most commonly used system today, the Hindu-Arabic numeral system, can be traced back to developments in India in the 5th century where place-value notation and the concept of zero were introduced. This system was then adopted and modified by Arabs and Europeans.
Zero originated from Sanskrit and was introduced to mathematics by Indian mathematicians around AD 650. It was initially not considered a number but rather an empty space. Mathematicians like Aryabhata and Brahmagupta helped establish zero as a placeholder in mathematics. The concept of zero spread from India to other parts of the world through Islamic mathematicians and scholars. It took some time for zero to gain widespread acceptance as a number, but it is now recognized as having unique properties and playing a vital role in mathematics and science.
This document provides a brief history of mathematics from ancient civilizations like Egypt and Babylon through modern times. It outlines key developments and contributors to mathematics over time, including the Greeks who established foundations of geometry and number theory, Islamic mathematicians who advanced algebra and algorithms, and modern mathematicians who developed calculus, probability, logarithms, and other critical concepts. The document suggests mathematics will continue having applications in fields like biology, cybernetics, and help solve open problems like the P vs. NP and Riemann hypothesis.
The document discusses the history and development of Hindu-Arabic numerals. It originated in India in around 300 BC and was developed by a mathematician named al-Binuri. These numerals evolved and spread to the Middle East and Europe through Arab traders in the 10th century. Leonardo Fibonacci helped popularize the use of Hindu-Arabic numerals in Europe in the early 13th century through his book Liber Abaci, as they were more efficient than traditional Roman numerals. Today, the Hindu-Arabic numeral system with 10 symbols (0-9) is the most widely used numeral system globally.
Mathematical concepts and their applications: Number systemJesstern Rays
The document discusses various number systems including binary and hexadecimal used in computing. It explains how binary represents numbers as 1s and 0s and is used in electronics like transistors and to represent text, images, and more. Hexadecimal is also introduced which uses 16 symbols to efficiently represent more characters using fewer bits than binary. Color codes in computing are represented using hexadecimal values for red, green, and blue components.
Zero originated in India, where it was treated as a number by the 9th century AD. The Indian scholar Pingala used binary numbers around the 5th-2nd century BC. In 498 AD, Indian mathematician Aryabhatta developed the place value system. The oldest text to use zero in this way dates to 458 AD. Special glyphs for the digits, including zero, appeared in India in 876 AD. Operations involving zero, such as multiplication and division, can be complex and paradoxical. Zero was an important mathematical concept developed in ancient India.
The document summarizes the early mathematical system developed by the Sumerians in Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Key points:
- The Sumerians developed one of the earliest known writing systems, cuneiform script, which enabled recording of early mathematics on clay tablets.
- They used a sexagesimal (base-60) numeric system combined with a place-value notation, which was superior to later Greek and Roman systems for calculating fractions and powers.
- Much of what is known about early Mesopotamian mathematics comes from clay tablets dating to the Old Babylonian period from around 1800-1600 BCE. These included table texts and problem texts.
The document summarizes the history and development of the concept of zero. It discusses how zero was conceptualized and used in different ancient civilizations like the Maya, Babylonians, Indians, and Chinese. Key developments include the Maya using zero as a placeholder in their calendar system, the Babylonians using a placeholder in their place value system without treating it as a number, Indians developing the concept of zero as a number in the 9th century, and Chinese using empty space in counting rods to represent zero. The document also outlines the importance of zero in developing the place value number system and its role in mathematics and measuring physical quantities.
The document discusses the history and development of number systems. It describes how ancient cultures like the Sumerians, Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, and Indians all developed early number systems to suit their needs. The most commonly used system today, the Hindu-Arabic numeral system, can be traced back to developments in India in the 5th century where place-value notation and the concept of zero were introduced. This system was then adopted and modified by Arabs and Europeans.
Zero originated from Sanskrit and was introduced to mathematics by Indian mathematicians around AD 650. It was initially not considered a number but rather an empty space. Mathematicians like Aryabhata and Brahmagupta helped establish zero as a placeholder in mathematics. The concept of zero spread from India to other parts of the world through Islamic mathematicians and scholars. It took some time for zero to gain widespread acceptance as a number, but it is now recognized as having unique properties and playing a vital role in mathematics and science.
This document provides a brief history of mathematics from ancient civilizations like Egypt and Babylon through modern times. It outlines key developments and contributors to mathematics over time, including the Greeks who established foundations of geometry and number theory, Islamic mathematicians who advanced algebra and algorithms, and modern mathematicians who developed calculus, probability, logarithms, and other critical concepts. The document suggests mathematics will continue having applications in fields like biology, cybernetics, and help solve open problems like the P vs. NP and Riemann hypothesis.
This document discusses the history and properties of the mathematical constant pi (π). It describes how pi has been calculated and approximated throughout history using different methods, from the ancient Greeks to modern computers. The document also discusses how pi is an irrational number that cannot be expressed as a fraction, and how computing pi to increasing numbers of decimal places has helped test and develop computing technology over time.
JOURNEY OF MATHS OVER A PERIOD OF TIME..................................Pratik Sidhu
DESCRIBES IN DETAIL ANCIENT AGE ,MEDIEVAL AND PRESENT AGE OF MATHS AND ALSO THE FAMOUS MATHEMATICIANS.REALLY AN AMAZING ONE WITH ANIMATED SLIDE DESIGND..............
0 represents the number and concept of nothing or empty. It is the additive identity element, meaning any number added to 0 equals the original number. 0 originated from Arabic and Indian languages, with India developing the concept of 0 as a number rather than just a placeholder. 0 plays a unique and important role in mathematics, physics, chemistry, and computer science as either the lowest possible value, an identity element for addition, or representing nothing/empty.
This is a educational presentation taking the participant through the evolution of Mathematical concepts of numbers, zero, decimal and infinity in a cogent, easy to understand way. Created for the author's project of knowledge sharing with children of secondary grade through one day in situ workshops.
Prepared by Debjyoti Bhattacharyya
Pi is the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter. The document traces the history of pi from ancient Egyptians and Babylonians through Archimedes and the development of calculus. Pi is now known to over 6 billion places due to modern computers. Pi has many applications and is used in formulas by engineers, architects, agriculturists, and other professionals for calculating areas, circumferences, and volumes of circles and spheres.
Zero is a number that represents nothing or empty space. It was invented in ancient India and was an important development that allowed more advanced mathematics. Zero holds a central role and is the identity element in addition. It allows place-value systems like binary to function and is essential for computer science. Zero's existence was initially debated but is now widely used and crucial for science, mathematics, banking, and many other aspects of modern life.
Nicely made Zero importance for class 9 feel free to take reference from it and link of the template is this https://poweredtemplate.com/02406/0/index.html
This document is a student project on the history and importance of zero in mathematics. It discusses that zero was invented in ancient India by the mathematician Aryabhatta in the 5th century AD. It originated separately in ancient Babylon and the Mayan civilization as well. The project acknowledges the help received from teachers. It explains key properties of zero like its role as a placeholder in place value systems. It outlines the rules developed by Brahmagupta and how zero was crucial for advancing mathematics and computation. Without zero, basic operations like addition and multiplication would be far more complex.
Mathematics is valued as an essential part of human spirit and culture, like art or poetry. It has applications across nearly all fields of science and studies, from basic physics and chemistry to more complex topics like cryptography and genetic analysis. Mathematics is crucial for engineering disciplines, with differential and integral calculus, trigonometry, and geometry being especially important. Various engineering fields like civil, computer, electrical, and others rely heavily on mathematical principles, formulas, and calculations. Mathematics also has many applications in daily life, from telling time to currency exchange, even if people are not consciously aware of using math in everyday occurrences.
Mathematics(History,Formula etc.) and brief description on S.Ramanujan.Mayank Devnani
A brief description on the history of math, many famous mathematicians and also women mathematicians..
And very huge description ( bio-data, formulas etc.) on famous mathematician S.Ramanujan.
The document traces the history and development of numbering systems from around 20,000 BCE to modern times. It discusses early systems used by Sumerians/Babylonians, Egyptians, Chinese, Mayans, Greeks, Romans, Indians, and Arabs. The Indian system developed the concept of zero in the 7th century, which was then popularized by Arab mathematicians like Al-Khwarizmi. Their system became the basis for the modern Hindu-Arabic numerals still used today around the world.
The Origin And History Of Pi By Nikitha ReddyJohn Williams
Pi is the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter. It has been estimated and calculated since ancient times but was more accurately defined over thousands of years of mathematical development. Pi is used in formulas to calculate the area, circumference, and volume of circles and spheres, and it has applications in many fields like engineering, agriculture, and construction.
Mathematics is essential in daily life and has a long history of practical applications. It first arose from needs to count and measure, and early civilizations used math for tasks like construction and accounting. Over millennia, mathematical concepts and applications have expanded greatly. Today, areas like statistics, calculus, and other quantitative fields inform domains from politics to transportation to resource management. Many people misunderstand math as only involving formulas, but it really involves abstract problem-solving and modeling real-world situations. Core topics in daily use include commercial math, algebra, statistics, and financial calculations for tasks like budgeting and investing.
Mathematics guides all sciences and social sciences by providing principles and models. During the 19th century, mathematics was seen as abstract but it is now widely applied across many fields from engineering to genetics due to developments in applied mathematics spurred by World War 2 and Sputnik. Modern technologies like CAT scanners and economic models all depend on sophisticated mathematical foundations. Engineering in particular utilizes differential equations, geometry, and other areas of mathematics.
The document discusses the history and evolution of different number systems used by humans over time, from ancient Babylonian and Egyptian numerals to modern Hindu-Arabic numerals. It explains key concepts like natural numbers, integers, rational numbers, irrational numbers, real numbers, imaginary numbers, and complex numbers. The concept of zero, which represents nothing, was an important development that allowed for more advanced mathematics. Number systems provide a consistent way to represent quantities and solve problems.
Leonhard Euler was an 18th century Swiss mathematician who made revolutionary contributions to many areas of mathematics. He introduced modern mathematical notation including the use of f(x) to denote a function, popularized the letter e as the base of natural logarithms, and used Σ for summations. Some of his most important theorems include Euler's formula relating the number of faces, vertices and edges of a polyhedron; his formula connecting trigonometric functions and complex exponentials; his theorem for homogeneous functions; and Euler's totient theorem relating co-prime integers. Euler worked as a mathematician his entire life until suffering a brain hemorrhage and passing away in St. Petersburg in 1783.
The document discusses the history and importance of zero. It describes how zero emerged over thousands of years, starting with early cultures like the Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, and Babylonians making early uses of placeholders or empty values without a true numerical concept of zero. Zero was formally developed in India and spread through Arabic mathematicians. It was resisted in Europe but became widely used by the 1500s. Zero is now recognized as a crucial concept in mathematics and other fields as a placeholder, separator of positive and negative numbers, and allowing calculations and systems like computers.
The document is a student paper on the history of mathematics. It covers the development of mathematics from prehistoric times through modern eras in different regions, including Prehistoric, Babylonian, Egyptian, Greek, Chinese, Indian, Islamic, Medieval European, Renaissance, and Modern mathematics. The paper provides an overview of key mathematical concepts, texts, and figures from each historical period and location.
The document is a student paper on the history of mathematics. It covers the development of mathematics from prehistoric times through modern eras in different regions, including Prehistoric, Babylonian, Egyptian, Greek, Chinese, Indian, Islamic, Medieval European, Renaissance, and Modern mathematics. The paper provides an overview of key mathematical concepts, texts, and figures from each historical period and location.
This document discusses the history and properties of the mathematical constant pi (π). It describes how pi has been calculated and approximated throughout history using different methods, from the ancient Greeks to modern computers. The document also discusses how pi is an irrational number that cannot be expressed as a fraction, and how computing pi to increasing numbers of decimal places has helped test and develop computing technology over time.
JOURNEY OF MATHS OVER A PERIOD OF TIME..................................Pratik Sidhu
DESCRIBES IN DETAIL ANCIENT AGE ,MEDIEVAL AND PRESENT AGE OF MATHS AND ALSO THE FAMOUS MATHEMATICIANS.REALLY AN AMAZING ONE WITH ANIMATED SLIDE DESIGND..............
0 represents the number and concept of nothing or empty. It is the additive identity element, meaning any number added to 0 equals the original number. 0 originated from Arabic and Indian languages, with India developing the concept of 0 as a number rather than just a placeholder. 0 plays a unique and important role in mathematics, physics, chemistry, and computer science as either the lowest possible value, an identity element for addition, or representing nothing/empty.
This is a educational presentation taking the participant through the evolution of Mathematical concepts of numbers, zero, decimal and infinity in a cogent, easy to understand way. Created for the author's project of knowledge sharing with children of secondary grade through one day in situ workshops.
Prepared by Debjyoti Bhattacharyya
Pi is the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter. The document traces the history of pi from ancient Egyptians and Babylonians through Archimedes and the development of calculus. Pi is now known to over 6 billion places due to modern computers. Pi has many applications and is used in formulas by engineers, architects, agriculturists, and other professionals for calculating areas, circumferences, and volumes of circles and spheres.
Zero is a number that represents nothing or empty space. It was invented in ancient India and was an important development that allowed more advanced mathematics. Zero holds a central role and is the identity element in addition. It allows place-value systems like binary to function and is essential for computer science. Zero's existence was initially debated but is now widely used and crucial for science, mathematics, banking, and many other aspects of modern life.
Nicely made Zero importance for class 9 feel free to take reference from it and link of the template is this https://poweredtemplate.com/02406/0/index.html
This document is a student project on the history and importance of zero in mathematics. It discusses that zero was invented in ancient India by the mathematician Aryabhatta in the 5th century AD. It originated separately in ancient Babylon and the Mayan civilization as well. The project acknowledges the help received from teachers. It explains key properties of zero like its role as a placeholder in place value systems. It outlines the rules developed by Brahmagupta and how zero was crucial for advancing mathematics and computation. Without zero, basic operations like addition and multiplication would be far more complex.
Mathematics is valued as an essential part of human spirit and culture, like art or poetry. It has applications across nearly all fields of science and studies, from basic physics and chemistry to more complex topics like cryptography and genetic analysis. Mathematics is crucial for engineering disciplines, with differential and integral calculus, trigonometry, and geometry being especially important. Various engineering fields like civil, computer, electrical, and others rely heavily on mathematical principles, formulas, and calculations. Mathematics also has many applications in daily life, from telling time to currency exchange, even if people are not consciously aware of using math in everyday occurrences.
Mathematics(History,Formula etc.) and brief description on S.Ramanujan.Mayank Devnani
A brief description on the history of math, many famous mathematicians and also women mathematicians..
And very huge description ( bio-data, formulas etc.) on famous mathematician S.Ramanujan.
The document traces the history and development of numbering systems from around 20,000 BCE to modern times. It discusses early systems used by Sumerians/Babylonians, Egyptians, Chinese, Mayans, Greeks, Romans, Indians, and Arabs. The Indian system developed the concept of zero in the 7th century, which was then popularized by Arab mathematicians like Al-Khwarizmi. Their system became the basis for the modern Hindu-Arabic numerals still used today around the world.
The Origin And History Of Pi By Nikitha ReddyJohn Williams
Pi is the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter. It has been estimated and calculated since ancient times but was more accurately defined over thousands of years of mathematical development. Pi is used in formulas to calculate the area, circumference, and volume of circles and spheres, and it has applications in many fields like engineering, agriculture, and construction.
Mathematics is essential in daily life and has a long history of practical applications. It first arose from needs to count and measure, and early civilizations used math for tasks like construction and accounting. Over millennia, mathematical concepts and applications have expanded greatly. Today, areas like statistics, calculus, and other quantitative fields inform domains from politics to transportation to resource management. Many people misunderstand math as only involving formulas, but it really involves abstract problem-solving and modeling real-world situations. Core topics in daily use include commercial math, algebra, statistics, and financial calculations for tasks like budgeting and investing.
Mathematics guides all sciences and social sciences by providing principles and models. During the 19th century, mathematics was seen as abstract but it is now widely applied across many fields from engineering to genetics due to developments in applied mathematics spurred by World War 2 and Sputnik. Modern technologies like CAT scanners and economic models all depend on sophisticated mathematical foundations. Engineering in particular utilizes differential equations, geometry, and other areas of mathematics.
The document discusses the history and evolution of different number systems used by humans over time, from ancient Babylonian and Egyptian numerals to modern Hindu-Arabic numerals. It explains key concepts like natural numbers, integers, rational numbers, irrational numbers, real numbers, imaginary numbers, and complex numbers. The concept of zero, which represents nothing, was an important development that allowed for more advanced mathematics. Number systems provide a consistent way to represent quantities and solve problems.
Leonhard Euler was an 18th century Swiss mathematician who made revolutionary contributions to many areas of mathematics. He introduced modern mathematical notation including the use of f(x) to denote a function, popularized the letter e as the base of natural logarithms, and used Σ for summations. Some of his most important theorems include Euler's formula relating the number of faces, vertices and edges of a polyhedron; his formula connecting trigonometric functions and complex exponentials; his theorem for homogeneous functions; and Euler's totient theorem relating co-prime integers. Euler worked as a mathematician his entire life until suffering a brain hemorrhage and passing away in St. Petersburg in 1783.
The document discusses the history and importance of zero. It describes how zero emerged over thousands of years, starting with early cultures like the Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, and Babylonians making early uses of placeholders or empty values without a true numerical concept of zero. Zero was formally developed in India and spread through Arabic mathematicians. It was resisted in Europe but became widely used by the 1500s. Zero is now recognized as a crucial concept in mathematics and other fields as a placeholder, separator of positive and negative numbers, and allowing calculations and systems like computers.
The document is a student paper on the history of mathematics. It covers the development of mathematics from prehistoric times through modern eras in different regions, including Prehistoric, Babylonian, Egyptian, Greek, Chinese, Indian, Islamic, Medieval European, Renaissance, and Modern mathematics. The paper provides an overview of key mathematical concepts, texts, and figures from each historical period and location.
The document is a student paper on the history of mathematics. It covers the development of mathematics from prehistoric times through modern eras in different regions, including Prehistoric, Babylonian, Egyptian, Greek, Chinese, Indian, Islamic, Medieval European, Renaissance, and Modern mathematics. The paper provides an overview of key mathematical concepts, texts, and figures from each historical period and location.
The document is a student paper on the history of mathematics. It covers the development of mathematics from prehistoric times through modern eras in different regions, including Prehistoric, Babylonian, Egyptian, Greek, Chinese, Indian, Islamic, Medieval European, Renaissance, and Modern mathematics. The paper provides an overview of key mathematical concepts, discoveries, and texts from each historical period and culture.
The document provides a timeline of key developments in mathematics from 6000 BCE to the present. Some of the highlights include:
- The earliest written Egyptian numbers dating back to 2700 BCE which used symbols for units, tens, hundreds, and thousands.
- Babylonian mathematics from 1800 BCE which had multiplication tables and worked on solving quadratic and cubic equations.
- Early Chinese mathematics from 1600 BC which included the use of an efficient decimal place value system using bamboo rods.
- Indian mathematics from 1000 BCE which developed concepts like zero, negative numbers, and trigonometry that were later transmitted worldwide.
- Classical Greek mathematics from 624 BC which included theorems attributed to Thales and Euclid's Elements textbook.
The document is a student paper on the history of mathematics. It covers the development of mathematics from prehistoric times through modern eras in different regions, including Prehistoric, Babylonian, Egyptian, Greek, Chinese, Indian, Islamic, Medieval European, Renaissance, and Modern mathematics. Key developments discussed include the earliest numerical notations and mathematical objects from prehistoric times, the sexagesimal numeral system of Babylonian mathematics, Egyptian contributions preserved in papyri, Greek advances in logic and deductive reasoning, China's place-value decimal system, and the flowering of mathematics during the Islamic Golden Age.
The document is a student paper on the history of mathematics. It covers the development of mathematics from prehistoric times through modern eras in different regions, including Prehistoric, Babylonian, Egyptian, Greek, Chinese, Indian, Islamic, Medieval European, Renaissance, and Modern mathematics. Some of the key developments highlighted include the earliest numerical notations and arithmetic concepts in prehistoric times, the sexagesimal numeral system of the Babylonians, Egyptian contributions to geometry and fractions, Greek advances in logic and proof-based mathematics, China's place-value decimal system, and the introduction of algebra and Arabic numerals through Islamic mathematics.
This document provides an overview of the history of mathematics from prehistoric times through modern times. It discusses early developments in places like Babylonia, Egypt, Greece, China, and India. Key contributions included early number systems, arithmetic operations, and early geometry concepts in places like ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt. Greek mathematics made large advances through rigorous deductive reasoning and the foundations of logic. Places like China and India also made important contributions, with China developing a very advanced decimal place-value system called rod numerals. The document outlines the major developments in mathematics across different time periods and civilizations.
- Ancient Indian mathematicians made many significant contributions to areas like geometry, trigonometry, and the concept of zero. Mathematicians like Aryabhata, Brahmagupta, and Bhaskara II developed important theorems and discoveries in these fields.
- Indian mathematics originated from the construction of altars in the Vedic period. Early texts like the Sulba Sutras contained geometric concepts and theorems. Mathematicians like Baudhayana discovered the Pythagorean theorem centuries before Pythagoras.
- A key contribution was the development of the concept of zero and place-value systems by mathematicians like Aryabhata in the 5th-6th centuries AD. This
Mathematics is the study of relationships among quantities, magnitudes, and properties, as well as logical operations to deduce unknowns. Historically, it was regarded as the science of quantity in fields like geometry, arithmetic, and algebra. The history of mathematics is nearly as old as humanity itself and has evolved from simple counting and measurement to the complex discipline we know today. Ancient civilizations developed practical mathematics for tasks like trade, construction, and tracking seasons, which required numeration systems, arithmetic techniques, and measurement strategies.
- Mathematics originated independently in many ancient cultures including India, Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, and Greece.
- In India, the earliest evidence of mathematics dates back to the Indus Valley Civilization around 3000 BC, where they used basic arithmetic and geometry.
- Key early Indian mathematicians included Budhayana, who composed one of the earliest known texts on geometry called the Sulba Sutras around 800 BC.
- Indian mathematics was later transmitted to other parts of the world, influencing mathematics in places like the Middle East and China.
History of mathematics - Pedagogy of MathematicsJEMIMASULTANA32
It includes Prehistory: from primitive counting to Numeral systems, Archaic mathematics in Mesopotamia and egypt, Birth of mathematics as a deductive science in Greece: Thales and Pythagoras and Role of Aryabhatta in Indian Mathematics.
History of Math is a project in which students worked together in learning about historical development of mathematical ideas and theories. They were exploring about mathematical development from Sumer and Babylon till Modern age, and from Ancient Greek mathematicians till mathematicians of Modern age, and they wrote documents about their explorations. Also they had some activities in which they could work "together" (like writing a dictionary, taking part in the Eratosthenes experiment, measuring and calculating the height of each other schools, cooperating in given tasks) and activities that brought out their creativity and Math knowledge (making Christmas cards with mathematical details and motives and celebrating the PI day). Also they were able to visit Museum, exhibition "Volim matematiku" and to prepare (and lead) workshops for the Evening of mathematics (Večer matematike). At the end they have presented their work to other students and teachers.
The document traces the history of mathematics from ancient civilizations to the modern era. It discusses how ancient cultures developed numeration systems and arithmetic techniques to solve practical problems. It then covers the major developments in each historical period, including the advances made by Greek mathematicians like Euclid, the transmission of knowledge between cultures during the Islamic Golden Age, and the founding of calculus and other modern branches of mathematics. The history shows how mathematics has continually built upon previous discoveries and adapted to solve new problems over thousands of years.
HISTORY OF MATHEMATICS SLIDE PRESENTATION;ResmiResmi Nair
The document provides a historical overview of the development of mathematics from ancient to modern times. It covers major periods and developments, including ancient numeration systems; Greek logic, philosophy, and Euclidean geometry; the Hindu-Arabic numeral system and algebraic advances by Islamic mathematicians; the transmission and spread of knowledge in Europe during 1000-1500 AD; and key figures and discoveries in the early modern period such as logarithms, analytic geometry, and calculus developed by Newton, Leibniz, and Euler. The document uses examples of important works, thinkers, and mathematical concepts to illustrate the evolution of mathematics across civilizations over thousands of years.
- Zero originated as a placeholder in ancient Babylonian and Indian mathematics to represent empty value positions in their place value number systems. The Babylonians used a space or punctuation mark while Indians used a word meaning empty or void.
- The concept of zero as an actual number was developed in India by the 9th century AD where it was fully integrated into their mathematical system. This decimal system with a symbol for zero reached Europe in the 11th century via Arabic mathematicians.
- Fibonacci was instrumental in introducing the Hindu-Arabic numeral system, including the concept of zero as a number, to European mathematics in the 13th century. This system became prevalent and replaced previous numeral systems across Europe.
- The document discusses the origins and development of the number zero and the decimal numeral system. It originated in ancient India, where zero was used as a place-holder in the decimal system by 3000 BC. This system was later adopted by Arab mathematicians and brought to Europe, revolutionizing mathematics. Key figures who helped develop and popularize the system included Brahmagupta, Al-Khowarizmi, and Fibonacci. Today this decimal numeral system is known as the Hindu-Arabic system.
This document provides an overview of the history of mathematics, beginning with ancient civilizations like Babylonia, Egypt, and Greece. It discusses important mathematicians and their contributions, including Pythagoras, Euclid, Archimedes, Brahmagupta, Fibonacci, Descartes, Newton, Euler, Gauss, and Ramanujan. Key advances and discoveries are highlighted, such as the development of algebra, calculus, complex numbers, and non-Euclidean geometry. The document traces the evolution of mathematics from ancient times through the modern era.
The document provides a high-level overview of the history of mathematics from ancient civilizations through modern times. It discusses early developments in places like Babylonia, Egypt, China, India, and among the Greeks. Some key points:
- Early mathematical texts have been found dating back to 1900 BC in Babylonia and 2000-1800 BC in Egypt, dealing with concepts like Pythagorean triples.
- Greek mathematics from 600 BC onward greatly advanced the use of deductive reasoning and mathematical rigor. Figures like Thales, Pythagoras, Plato, and Euclid made important contributions.
- Developments continued in places like China, India, and among Islamic mathematicians between the
The document provides a high-level overview of the history and development of mathematics from ancient civilizations to modern times. It discusses how mathematics originated in ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, China, and India, and was further developed during the Greek period with people like Euclid and Archimedes. It then discusses how mathematics progressed during the Hindu-Arabic period with the development of Hindu-Arabic numerals and their spread by Arabs. Key developments of algebra, trigonometry, and analytic geometry during the early modern period are also summarized.
Mathematics has evolved from simple counting and measurement used by early humans to the complex discipline it is today. Key developments include the establishment of number systems and algebra in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt, advances in geometry and logic by ancient Greeks, transmission of knowledge to other ancient cultures like China and India, and the establishment of concepts like calculus and logarithms in Europe during the 16th-18th centuries. The 19th-20th centuries saw unprecedented growth in mathematical concepts and ideas through the work of mathematicians around the world, including Indians like Ramanujan who made seminal contributions despite facing disadvantages.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
2. The area of study known as
the history of mathematics is
primarily an investigation into
the origin of discoveries
in mathematics and, to a lesser
extent, an investigation into
the mathematical methods and
notation of the past.
3. The first method of counting was counting on fingers. This
evolved into sign language for the hand-to-eye
communication of numbers. But this was not writing.
Tallies by carving notches in wood, bone, and stone were
used for at least forty thousand years. Stone age cultures,
including ancient Native American groups, used tallies for
gambling with horses, slaves, personal services and trade-
goods.
Roman numerals evolved from this primitive system of cutting
notches .It was once believed that they came from alphabetic
symbols, or from pictographs like the hand, but these
theories have been disproved.
4. Before the modern age and the worldwide
spread of knowledge, written examples of
new mathematical developments have
come to light only in a few locales. The most
ancient mathematical texts available
are Plimpton 322 Babylonian mathematics
Greek mathematics greatly refined the
methods (especially through the
introduction of deductive reasoning
and mathematical rigor in proofs) and
expanded the subject matter of
mathematics.
5. Egyptian mathematics c. 2000-1800 BC and
the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus Egyptian
mathematics c. 1890 BC. All of these texts concern
the so called Pythagorean theorem which seems to be
the most ancient and widespread mathematical
development after basic arithmetic and geometry.
The study of mathematics as a subject in its own right
begins in the 6th century BC with the Pythagoreans
who coined the term "mathematics" from the ancient
Greek word (mathema), meaning "subject of
instruction.
6. Chinese mathematics made early
contributions, including a place value
system.The Hindu-Arabic numeral
system and the rules for the use of its
operations, in use throughout the world
today, likely evolved over the course of
the first millennium AD in India and was
transmitted to the west via Islamic
mathematics Many Greek and Arabic texts
on mathematics were then translated into
latin which led to further development of
mathematics in medieval Europe.
7. From ancient times through the Middle
Ages, bursts of mathematical creativity
were often followed by centuries of
stagnation. Beginning
in Renaissance Italy in the 16th century,
new mathematical developments,
interacting with new scientific
discoveries, were made at anincreasing
pace that continues through the
present day.
8. Indian mathematics
The earliest civilization on the Indian subcontinent is
the Indus Valley Civilization that flourished between
2600 and 1900 BC in the Indus river basin. Their cities
were laid out with geometric regularity, but no known
mathematical documents survive from this civilization
The oldest extant mathematical records from India
are the Sulba Sutras (dated variously between the 8th
century BC and the 2nd century AD), appendices to
religious texts which give simple rules for constructing
altars of various shapes, such as squares, rectangles,
parallelograms, and others
9. zero
Zero was invented independently by the Babylonians, Mayans
and Indians (although some researchers say the Indian number
system was influenced by the Babylonians). The Babylonians got
their number system from the Sumerians, the first people in the
world to develop a counting system. Developed 4,000 to 5,000
years ago, the Sumerian system was positional — the value of a
symbol depended on its position relative to other symbols.
Robert Kaplan, author of "The Nothing That Is: A Natural History
of Zero," suggests that an ancestor to the placeholder zero may
have been a pair of angled wedges used to represent an empty
number column. However, Charles Seife, author of "Zero: The
Biography of a Dangerous Idea," disagrees that the wedges
represented a placeholder.
10. India: Where zero became a number
Some scholars assert that the Babylonian concept wove its way down
to India, but others give the Indians credit for developing zero
independently.
The concept of zero first appeared in India around A.D. 458.
Mathematical equations were spelled out or spoken in poetry or chants
rather than symbols. Different words symbolized zero, or nothing, such
as "void," "sky" or "space." In 628, a Hindu astronomer and
mathematician named Brahmagupta developed a symbol for zero — a
dot underneath numbers. He also developed mathematical operations
using zero, wrote rules for reaching zero through addition and
subtraction, and the results of using zero in equations. This was the first
time in the world that zero was recognized as a number of its own, as
both an idea and a symbol. By the 1600s, zero was used fairly widely
throughout Europe. It was fundamental in Rene Descartes’ Cartesian
coordinate system and in Sir Isaac Newton’s and Gottfried Wilhem
Liebniz’s developments of calculus. Calculus paved the way for physics,
engineering, computers, and much of financial and economic theory.
11. A Persian mathematician, Mohammed ibn-Musa al-
Khowarizmi, suggested that a little circle should be
used in calculations if no number appeared in the
tens place. The Arabs called this circle "sifr," or
"empty." Zero was crucial to al-Khowarizmi, who used
it to invent algebrain the ninth century. Al-
Khowarizmi also developed quick methods for
multiplying and dividing numbers, which are known
as algorithms — a corruption of his name.
Zero found its way to Europe through the Moorish
conquest of Spain and was further developed by
Italian mathematician Fibonacci, who used it to do
equations without an abacus, then the most
prevalent tool for doing arithmetic. This development
was highly popular among merchants, who used
Fibonacci’s equations involving zero to balance their
books.
12. Maths in differrent
countries
• The Ishango Bone, found in the area of the headwaters of the
Nile River (northeastern Congo), dates as early as 20,000 BC.
One common interpretation is that the bone is the earliest
known demonstration[7] of sequences of prime numbers and
Ancient Egyptian multiplication. Predynastic Egyptians of the
5th millennium BC pictorially represented geometric spatial
designs. It has been claimed that Megalithic monuments in
England and Scotland from the 3rd millennium BC, incorporate
geometric ideas such as circles, ellipses, and Pythagorean
triples in their design
1 Early mathematics
2 Ancient Near East (c. 1800-500 BC)
2.1 Mesopotamia
2.2 Egypt
3 Ancient Indian mathematics (c. 900
BC—AD 200)
4 Greek and Hellenistic mathematics
(c. 550 BC—AD 300)
5 Classical Chinese mathematics
(before c. 4th century BC— AD 1300)
6 Classical Indian mathematics (c.
400—1600)
7 Islamic mathematics (c. 800—1500)
8 Medieval European mathematics (c.
500—1400)
8.1 The Early Middle Ages (c. 500—
1100)
8.2 The Rebirth of Mathematics in
Europe (1100—1400)
9 Early Modern European mathematics
(c. 1400—1600)
The earliest known mathematics in ancient India
dates back to circa 3000-2600 BC in the Indus Valley
Civilization (Harappan civilization) of North India and
Pakistan, which developed a system of uniform
weights and measures that used the decimal system,
a surprisingly advanced brick technology which
utilised ratios, streets laid out in perfect right angles,
and a number of geometrical shapes and designs,
including cuboids, barrels, cones, cylinders, and
drawings of concentric and intersecting circles and
triangles. Mathematical instruments discovered
include an accurate decimal ruler with small and
precise subdivisions, a shell instrument that served
as a compass to measure angles on plane surfaces or
in horizon in multiples of 40–360 degrees
13. A shell instrument used to measure 8–12 whole sections of the
horizon and sky, and an instrument for measuring the positions
of stars for navigational purposes. The Indus script has not yet
been deciphered; hence very little is known about the written
forms of Harappan mathematics. Archeological evidence has led
some historians to believe that this civilization used a base 8
numeral system and possessed knowledge of the ratio of the
length of the circumference of the circle to its diameter, thus a
value of ?. Dating from the Shang period (1600—1046 BC), the
earliest extant Chinese mathematics consists of numbers
scratched on tortoise shell . These numbers use a decimal
system, so that the number 123 is written (from top to bottom)
as the symbol for 1 followed by the symbol for a hundred, then
the symbol for 2 followed by the symbol for ten, then the
symbol for 3. This was the most advanced number system in the
world at the time and allowed calculations to be carried out on
the suan pan or Chinese abacus. The date of the invention of the
suan pan is not certain, but the earliest written reference was in
AD 190 in the Supplementary Notes on the Art of Figures
written by Xu Yue.
14. Babylonian mathematics refers to any mathematics of the peoples of Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) from the
days of the early Sumerians until the beginning of the Hellenistic period. It is named Babylonian
mathematics due to the central role of Babylon as a place of study, which ceased to exist during the
Hellenistic period. From this point, Babylonian mathematics merged with Greek and Egyptian mathematics
to give rise to Hellenistic mathematics. Later under the Arab Empire, Iraq/Mesopotamia, especially Baghdad,
once again became an important center of study for Islamic mathematics.
In contrast to the sparsity of sources in Egyptian mathematics, our knowledge of Babylonian mathematics is
derived from more than 400 clay tablets unearthed since the 1850s. Written in Cuneiform script, tablets
were inscribed whilst the clay was moist, and baked hard in an oven or by the heat of the sun. Some of these
appear to be graded homework.
The earliest evidence of written mathematics dates back to the ancient Sumerians, who built the earliest
civilization in Mesopotamia. They developed a complex system of metrology from 3000 BC. From around
2500 BC onwards, the Sumerians wrote multiplication tables on clay tablets and dealt with geometrical
exercises and division problems. The earliest traces of the Babylonian numerals also date back to this period.
The majority of recovered clay tablets date from 1800 to 1600 BC, and cover topics which include fractions,
algebra, quadratic and cubic equations, and the calculation of Pythagorean triples (see Plimpton 322).[11]
The tablets also include multiplication tables, trigonometry tables and methods for solving linear and
quadratic equations. The Babylonian tablet YBC 7289 gives an approximation to ?2 accurate to five decimal
places.
Babylonian mathematics was written using a sexagesimal (base-60) numeral system. From this we derive the
modern day usage of 60 seconds in a minute, 60 minutes in an hour, and 360 (60 x 6) degrees in a circle.
Babylonian advances in mathematics were facilitated by the fact that 60 has many divisors. Also, unlike the
Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans, the Babylonians had a true place-value system, where digits written in the
left column represented larger values, much as in the decimal system. They lacked, however, an equivalent
of the decimal point, and so the place value of a symbol often had to be inferred from the context.
Egypt.
15. Egyptian mathematics
The Rhind papyrus (c. 1650 BC [3]) is another major Egyptian
mathematical text, an instruction manual in arithmetic and geometry.
In addition to giving area formulas and methods for multiplication,
division and working with unit fractions, it also contains evidence of
other mathematical knowledge (see [4]), including composite and
prime numbers; arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means; and
simplistic understandings of both the Sieve of Eratosthenes and perfect
number theory (namely, that of the number 6)[5]. It also shows how to
solve first order linear equations [6] as well as arithmetic and geometric
series [7].
Also, three geometric elements contained in the Rhind papyrus suggest
the simplest of underpinnings to analytical geometry: (1) first and
foremost, how to obtain an approximation of ? accurate to within less
than one percent; (2) second, an ancient attempt at squaring the circle;
and (3) third, the earliest known use of a kind of cotangen
16. Ancient Indian mathematics (c. 900
BC—AD 200)
Vedic mathematics begins in the early Iron Age, with the Shatapatha Brahmana (c. 9th century
BC), which approximates the value of ? to 2 decimal places and the Sulba Sutras (c. 800-500 BC)
were geometry texts that used irrational numbers, prime numbers, the rule of three and cube
roots; computed the square root of 2 to five decimal places; gave the method for squaring the
circle; solved linear equations and quadratic equations; developed Pythagorean triples
algebraically and gave a statement and numerical proof of the Pythagorean theorem.
Between 400 BC and AD 200, Jain mathematicians began studying mathematics for the sole
purpose of mathematics. They were the first to develop transfinite numbers, set theory,
logarithms, fundamental laws of indices, cubic equations, quartic equations, sequences and
progressions, permutations and combinations, squaring and extracting square roots, and finite
and infinite powers. The Bakshali Manuscript written between 200 BC and AD 200 included
solutions of linear equations with up to five unknowns, the solution of the quadratic equation,
arithmetic and geometric progressions, compound series, quadratic indeterminate equations,
simultaneous equations, and the use of zero and negative numbers. Accurate computations for
irrational numbers could be found, which includes computing square roots of numbers as large
as a million to at least 11 decimal places.
17. Greek mathematics
Pythagoras of Samos Greek mathematics refers to mathematics written in Greek between about
600 BCE and 450 CE.[12] Greek mathematicians lived in cities spread over the entire Eastern
Mediterranean, from Italy to North Africa, but were united by culture and language. Greek
mathematics is sometimes called Hellenistic mathematics.
Thales of MiletusGreek mathematics was much more sophisticated than the mathematics that
had been developed by earlier cultures. All surviving records of pre-Greek mathematics show
the use of inductive reasoning, that is, repeated observations used to establish rules of thumb.
Greek mathematicians, by contrast, used deductive reasoning. The Greeks used logic to derive
conclusions from definitions and axioms.[13]
Greek mathematics is thought to have begun with Thales (c. 624—c.546 BC) and Pythagoras (c.
582—c. 507 BC). Although the extent of the influence is disputed, they were probably inspired
by the ideas of Egypt, Mesopotamia and perhaps India. According to legend, Pythagoras
travelled to Egypt to learn mathematics, geometry, and astronomy from Egyptian priests. Some
say the greatest of Greek mathematicians, if not of all time, was Archimedes (287—212 BC) of
Syracuse. According to Plutarch, at the age of 75, while drawing mathematical formulas in the
dust, he was run through with a spear by a Roman soldier. Ancient Rome left little evidence of
any interest in pure mathematics.
18. Chinese mathematics (before c. 4th
century BC— AD 1300)
From the Western Zhou Dynasty (from 1046 BC), the oldest
mathematical work to survive the book burning is the I Ching,
which uses the 8 binary 3-tuples (trigrams) and 64 binary 6-
tuples (hexagrams) for philosophical, mathematical, and/or
mystical purposes. The binary tuples are composed of broken
and solid lines, called yin 'female' and yang 'male' respectively
(see King Wen sequence).
The oldest existent work on geometry in China comes from the
philosophical Mohist canon of c. 330 BC, compiled by the
followers of Mozi (470 BC-390 BC). The Mo Jing described
various aspects of many fields associated with physical science,
and provided a small wealth of information on mathematics as
well.
19. Classical Indian mathematics (c. 400—
1600)
AryabhataThe Surya Siddhanta (c. 400) introduced the trigonometric functions of sine, cosine, and inverse sine, and laid
down rules to determine the true motions of the luminaries, which conforms to their actual positions in the sky. The
cosmological time cycles explained in the text, which was copied from an earlier work, corresponds to an average sidereal
year of 365.2563627 days, which is only 1.4 seconds longer than the modern value of 365.25636305 days. This work was
translated to Arabic and Latin during the Middle Ages.
Aryabhata in 499 introduced the versine function, produced the first trigonometric tables of sine, developed techniques and
algorithms of algebra, infinitesimals, differential equations, and obtained whole number solutions to linear equations by a
method equivalent to the modern method, along with accurate astronomical calculations based on a heliocentric system of
gravitation. An Arabic translation of his Aryabhatiya was available from the 8th century, followed by a Latin translation in
the 13th century. He also computed the value of ? to the fourth decimal place as 3.1416. Madhava later in the 14th century
computed the value of ? to the eleventh decimal place as 3.14159265359.
In the 7th century, Brahmagupta identified the Brahmagupta theorem, Brahmagupta's identity and
Brahmagupta's formula, and for the first time, in Brahma-sphuta-siddhanta, he lucidly explained the use of
zero as both a placeholder and decimal digit and explained the Hindu-Arabic numeral system. It was from a
translation of this Indian text on mathematics (around 770) that Islamic mathematicians were introduced to
this numeral system, which they adapted as Arabic numerals. Islamic scholars carried knowledge of this
number system to Europe by the 12th century, and it has now displaced all older number systems
throughout the world. In the 10th century, Halayudha's commentary on Pingala's work contains a study of
the Fibonacci sequence and Pascal's triangle, and describes the formation of a matrix.
20. Islamic mathematics (c. 800—1500)
The Islamic Arab Empire established across the Middle East, Central
Asia, North Africa, Iberia, and in parts of India in the 8th century
made significant contributions towards mathematics. Although most
Islamic texts on mathematics were written in Arabic, they were not all
written by Arabs, since much like the status of Greek in the Hellenistic
world, Arabic was used as the written language of non-Arab scholars
throughout the Islamic world at the time. Some of the most important
Islamic mathematicians were Persian.