9. Descriptor
Extreme
Severe
Strong
G5
G4
G3
Kp values*
Kp = 9
Kp = 8, including a 9-
Kp = 7
Power systems: widespread voltage control problems and protective system problems can occur, some
grid systems may experience complete collapse or blackouts. Transformers may experience damage.
Spacecraft operations: may experience extensive surface charging, problems with orientation, uplink/
downlink and tracking satellites.
Other systems: pipeline currents can reach hundreds of amps, HF (high frequency) radio propagation
may be impossible in many areas for one to two days, satellite navigation may be degraded for days,
low-frequency radio navigation can be out for hours, and aurora has been seen as low as Florida and
southern Texas (typically 45 ํ geomagnetic lat.)**.
Duration of event will influence severity of effects
Effect
Power systems: possible widespread voltage control problems and some protective systems will
mistakenly trip out key assets from the grid.
Spacecraft operations: may experience surface charging and tracking problems, corrections may be
needed for orientation problems.
Other systems: induced pipeline currents affect preventive measures, HF radio propagation sporadic,
satellite navigation degraded for hours, low-frequency radio navigation disrupted, and aurora has been
seen as low as Alabama and northern California (typically 45 ํ geomagnetic lat.)**.
Power systems: voltage corrections may be required, false alarms triggered on some protection devices.
Spacecraft operations: surface charging may occur on satellite components, drag may increase on
low-Earth-orbit satellites, and corrections may be needed for orientation problems.
Other systems: intermittent satellite navigation and low-frequency radio navigation problems may occur,
HF radio may be intermittent, and aurora has been seen as low as Illinois and Oregon (typically 50 ํ
geomagnetic lat.)**.
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200 per cycle
(130 days per cycle)
100 per cycle
(60 days per cycle)
4 per cycle
(4 days per cycle)
Number of storm events when Kp
level was met;
(number of storm days)
Average Frequency
(1 cycle = 11 years)
ขุมทรัพย์ทางปัญญา
Geomagnetic Storms
Scale
Category
A. NOAA Space Weather Scale for Geomagnetic Storms
ปรับปรุงล่าสุด March 1, 2005
ที่มา : http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/NOAAscales/
Physical measure
ขอแนะนำแหล่งข้อมูลที่เกี่ยวข้องกับพายุสุริยะต่อไปนี้
- NOAA Space Weather Scalesที่ http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/NOAAscales/
- เว็บสำหรับตรวจสอบสภาพลมฟ้าอวกาศรายวัน ที่ http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/today.html
- A Solar Cycle Primer from NASA (คลิป) ที่ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MO-SbjEJCXs
- Space Weather ที่ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_weather
- Solar Storms and You! ที่ http://spacemath.gsfc.nasa.gov/NASADocs/nasa3.pdf
- The Solar Wind ที่ http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/SolarWind.shtml
- Van Allen Radiation Belt ที่ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Allen_radiation_belt
- Solar Cycle Prediction ที่ http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/predict.shtml
- Solar Variation ที่ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_variation
- Solar Cycle ที่ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cycle
- The Classification of X-ray Solar Flares ที่ http://spaceweather.com/glossary/flareclass.html
- The Flare “Myth” ที่ http://solar-center.stanford.edu/magnetism/magnetismsun.html
- Geomagnetic Storms ที่ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomagnetic_storm
- Geomagnetically Induced Currents ที่ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomagnetically_induced_
current
- Solar Storm of 1859 ที่ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_storm_of_1859
- March 1989 Geomagnetic Storm ที่ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_1989_geomagnetic_
storm
- Solar Energetic Particles ที่ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energetic_particles
- Coronal Physics Explorer (CPEX) Approved for Extended Study ที่ http://www.nrl.navy.mil/media/
news-releases/2008/nrl-coronal-physics-explorer-cpex-approved-for-extended-study
- The Sun-Earth Connection: Heliophysics Solar Storm and Space Weather – Frequently Asked
Questions ที่ http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/spaceweather/index.html
- บทความและคลิปจาก NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center ที่ http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/
features/2012-superFlares.html
- SWPC (Space Weather Prediction Center) Frequently Asked Questions ที่ http://www.swpc.noaa.
gov/info/FAQ.html
ภาคผนวก
NOAA Space Weather Scales
76
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77
10. Minor
G1
Physical measure
Kp = 6
Kp = 5
Effect
Power systems: high-latitude power systems may experience voltage alarms, long-duration storms may
cause transformer damage.
Spacecraft operations: corrective actions to orientation may be required by ground control; possible
changes in drag affect orbit predictions.
Other systems: HF radio propagation can fade at higher latitudes, and aurora has been seen as low as
New York and Idaho (typically 55 ํ geomagnetic lat.)**.
Power systems: weak power grid fluctuations can occur.
Spacecraft operations: minor impact on satellite operations possible.
Other systems: migratory animals are affected at this and higher levels; aurora is commonly visible at
high latitudes (northern Michigan and Maine)**.
1700 per cycle
(900 days per cycle)
600 per cycle
(360 days per cycle)
Average Frequency
(1 cycle = 11 years)
Descriptor
Strong
Moderate
Minor
S3
S2
S1
Physical measure
104
103
102
10
Biological: unavoidable radiation hazard to astronauts on EVA; passengers and crew in high-flying
aircraft at high latitudes may be exposed to radiation risk.***
Satellite operations: may experience memory device problems and noise on imaging systems; startracker problems may cause orientation problems, and solar panel efficiency can be degraded.
Other systems: blackout of HF radio communications through the polar regions and increased
navigation errors over several days are likely.
Biological: radiation hazard avoidance recommended for astronauts on EVA; passengers and crew
in high-flying aircraft at high latitudes may be exposed to radiation risk.***
Satellite operations: single-event upsets, noise in imaging systems, and slight reduction of
efficiency in solar panel are likely.
Other systems: degraded HF radio propagation through the polar regions and navigation position
errors likely.
Biological: passengers and crew in high-flying aircraft at high latitudes may be exposed to
elevated radiation risk.***
Satellite operations: infrequent single-event upsets possible.
Other systems: small effects on HF propagation through the polar regions and navigation at polar
cap locations possibly affected.
Biological: none.
Satellite operations: none.
Other systems: minor impacts on HF radio in the polar regions.
105
Flux level of >= 10 MeV
particles (ions)*
Physical measure
Effect
Biological: unavoidable high radiation hazard to astronauts on EVA (extra-vehicular activity);
passengers and crew in high-flying aircraft at high latitudes may be exposed to radiation risk.***
Satellite operations: satellites may be rendered useless, memory impacts can cause loss of control,
may cause serious noise in image data, star-trackers may be unable to locate sources; permanent
damage to solar panels possible.
Other systems: complete blackout of HF (high frequency) communications possible through the
polar regions, and position errors make navigation operations extremely difficult.
Duration of event will influence severity of effects
Effect
50 per cycle
25 per cycle
10 per cycle
3 per cycle
Average Frequency
(1 cycle = 11 years)
Fewer than 1 per cycle
Number of events when flux level was
met (number of storm days**)
Average Frequency
(1 cycle = 11 years)
* Flux levels are 5 minute averages. Flux in particles.s-1.ster-1.cm-2. Based on this measure, but other physical measures are also considered.
** These events can last more than one day.
*** High energy particle measurements (>100 MeV) are a better indicator of radiation risk to passenger and crews. Pregnant women are particularly susceptible.
Severe
Category
Extreme
S4
S5
Solar Radiation Storms
Scale
Category
B. NOAA Space Weather Scale for Solar Radiation Storms
* The Kp-index used to generate these messages is derived from a real-time network of observatories the report data to SWPC in near real-time. In most
cases the real-time estimate of the Kp index will be a good approximation to the official Kp indices that are issued twice per month by the German
GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ) (Research Center for Geosciences).
** For specific locations around the globe, use geomagnetic latitude to determine likely sightings
Moderate
G2
Category
78
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79
11. Extreme
Descriptor
Strong
Moderate
Minor
R4
R3
R2
R1
HF Radio: Complete HF (high frequency**) radio blackout on the entire sunlit side
of the Earth lasting for a number of hours. This results in no HF radio contact with
mariners and en route aviators in this sector.
Navigation: Low-frequency navigation signals used by maritime and general aviation
systems experience outages on the sunlit side of the Earth for many hours, causing
loss in positioning. Increased satellite navigation errors in positioning for several hours
on the sunlit side of Earth, which may spread into the night side.
HF Radio: HF radio communication blackout on most of the sunlit side of Earth for
one to two hours. HF radio contact lost during this time.
Navigation: Outages of low-frequency navigation signals cause increased error in
positioning for one to two hours. Minor disruptions of satellite navigation possible on
the sunlit side of Earth.
HF Radio: Wide area blackout of HF radio communication, loss of radio contact for
about an hour on sunlit side of Earth.
Navigation: Low-frequency navigation signals degraded for about an hour.
HF Radio: Limited blackout of HF radio communication on sunlit side, loss of radio
contact for tens of minutes.
Navigation: Degradation of low-frequency navigation signals for tens of minutes.
HF Radio: Weak or minor degradation of HF radio communication on sunlit side,
occasional loss of radio contact.
Navigation: Low-frequency navigation signals degraded for brief intervals.
Duration of event will influence severity of effects
Effect
Average Frequency
(1 cycle=11 years)
Less than 1 per cycle
GOES X-ray peak brightness by
class and by flux*
8 per cycle
(8 days per cycle)
175 per cycle
(140 days per cycle)
350 per cycle
(300 days per cycle)
2000 per cycle
(950 days per cycle)
X20
(2 x 10-3)
Number of events when flux level was met;
(number of storm days)
Physical measure
X10
(10-3)
X1
(10-4)
M5
(5 x 10-5)
M1
(10-5)
* Flux, measured in the 0.1-0.8 nm range, in W.m-2. Based on this measure, but other physical measures are also considered.
** Other frequencies may also be affected by these conditions.
Severe
R5
Radio Blackouts
Scale
Category
C. NOAA Space Weather Scale for Radio Blackouts
80
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