This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
Indo-Roman trade flourished between the 1st century BCE to 2nd century CE due to the political and economic strength of the Roman Empire and the rise of kingdoms in India like the Kushans and Satavahanas. Key commodities traded were spices, textiles, gems from India and glass, wine, and metals from Rome. Major ports involved in the trade included Barygaza, Muziris, and Arikamedu. Archaeological evidence like amphorae, coins, and other artifacts provide evidence of extensive trade networks and cultural exchange between the two regions.
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
Indo-Roman trade flourished between the 1st century BCE to 2nd century CE due to the political and economic strength of the Roman Empire and the rise of kingdoms in India like the Kushans and Satavahanas. Key commodities traded were spices, textiles, gems from India and glass, wine, and metals from Rome. Major ports involved in the trade included Barygaza, Muziris, and Arikamedu. Archaeological evidence like amphorae, coins, and other artifacts provide evidence of extensive trade networks and cultural exchange between the two regions.
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
छठी शताब्दी ईसा पूर्व की आर्थिक दशाएँ .pptxVirag Sontakke
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
समुद्री व्यापार.pptx Maritime Trade in IndiaVirag Sontakke
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
गुप्त कालीन अर्थव्यवस्था .pptx, Economy of Gupta PeriodVirag Sontakke
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
This presentation is prepared for the Graduation students to get basic idea and general information’s regarding the topic. Overall content of presentations is not through and complete, also required further additions.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
छठी शताब्दी ईसा पूर्व की आर्थिक दशाएँ .pptxVirag Sontakke
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
समुद्री व्यापार.pptx Maritime Trade in IndiaVirag Sontakke
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
गुप्त कालीन अर्थव्यवस्था .pptx, Economy of Gupta PeriodVirag Sontakke
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
This presentation is prepared for the Graduation students to get basic idea and general information’s regarding the topic. Overall content of presentations is not through and complete, also required further additions.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
Military Administration and Ethics of War .pdfVirag Sontakke
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
Megalithic Culture of India, Megalithic Culture of Penisular IndiaVirag Sontakke
Presentation Lines
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
Painted Grey Ware.pptx, PGW Culture of IndiaVirag Sontakke
Presentation Lines
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
वैदिक अर्थव्यवस्था.pptx, प्राचीन भारतीय वैदिक अर्थव्यवस्था.pptxVirag Sontakke
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
Temple Architecture of Early Chalukyas “Pattadkal” .pptxVirag Sontakke
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
Origin of physical form and structures in Indian architecture.pptxVirag Sontakke
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
Town Planning depicted in Kautilya Arthashatra.pptxVirag Sontakke
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
1. क्र
े डिट और बैंक िं ग प्रणाली
Credit
& Banking System
By
Dr Virag Sontakke
2.
3. बैं : अवधारणा
• ववत्तीय सिंस्था
• जनता से धनराशि जमा
• जनता ो ऋण देने
• लोग अपनी अपनी बचत राशि ो सुरक्षा ी दृष्टट से अथवा ब्याज माने
े हेतु इन सिंस्थाओिं में जमा रते व आवश्य तानुसार समय समय पर
नन ालते रहते हैं।
• बैं इस प्र ार जमा से प्राप्त राशि ो व्यापाररयों एविं व्यवसानययों ो
ऋण दे र ब्याज माते हैं।
• आर्थि आयोजन में ृ वि, उद्योग एविं व्यापार े वव ास े शलए बैं
एविं बैंक िं ग व्यवस्था ए अननवायि आवश्य ता मानी जाती है।
4. बैं े ायि
धन को सुरक्षित जमा रखना
ब्याज पर धन देना
ब्याज क
े मूल्य का ननयंत्रण
रखना
उधार लेने क
े ननयम
5. प्राचीन बैंक िं ग े आधारभूत शसद्धािंत :
िुक्रनीनत
नैनतकता
सुरिा
सही ब्याज दर
लाभ का प्रावधान
बचत की व्यवस्था
6. नैनत ता
• प्राचीन नीनत ारों द्वारा अनुमोददत बैंक िं ग
ईमानदारी से एविं छल पट से मुक्त होनी चादहए
• राजा ा दानयत्व न्यायपर सिंचालन देखना
• उल्लिंघन पर दिंि ी व्यवस्था
7. सुरक्षा
• िुक्रनीनत : उन ो उधार ना ददया जाए ष्जसने उस ी वसूली दुट र हो
• मनुस्मृनत : भरोसेमिंद व्यष्क्तयों ो ही अर्िम धन राशि एविं उधार दे
• मनु + याज्ञवल्क्य : जरूरी दस्तावेजों पर हस्ताक्षर पश्चात, गवाह े समक्ष ही
धन दे
8. सही ब्याज दर
• स्मृनत ििंथ : ब्याज ी दर म होनी चादहए
• उधार लेने वाले े दहतों ा ध्यान
• महाभारत : नारद द्वारा युर्धष्टिर ो ृ वि प्रोत्सादहत रने हेतु 1% ब्याज लेने ी
सलाह
• मनुस्मृनत : धन पर ब्याज ी ु ल दर, मूल ा दोगुना नहीिं होना चादहए + खाद्य पर
ब्याज 5 गुना से अर्ध नहीिं
• िुक्र नीनत : मूल से 4 गुना अर्ध ब्याज लेने पर और ु छ नहीिं देना िेि
• याज्ञवल्क्य : बिंध पर ब्याज दर सालाना 15 %
• अबन्ध ब्याज दर: ब्राह्मण = 20%, क्षत्रिय = 5%, वैश्य + िूद्र = 4%,
• ालािंतर मे ब्याज दर वणि अनुसार
9. लाभ
• िुक्रनीनत : ष्जस प्र ार ए हाथी े शि ार हेतु हार्थयों ा ही प्रयोग क या
जाता है, धन ा प्रयोग धन वृद्र्ध हेतु क या जाए
• मनुटय ो धन अष्जित रने हेतु पयािप्त प्रयास रने चादहए
10. बचत
• िुक्रनीनत: धन सिंिहण/बचत एविं
सूदखोरी ए े अभाव में नहीिं हो
स ती
• धन ा व्यय सावधानीपूवि
• सिंिहीत धन ा ननवेि
11. सुरक्षक्षत रखने हेतु दी गई वस्तु सिंबिंधी ननयम
• मनुस्मृनत : 2 प्र ार ी वस्तुएँ सुरक्षक्षत रखने े
शलए
1. ननक्षेप = मुहर लगा र शलफ़ाफ़
े में रखी गई
वस्तु
2. उपननर्ध = रुपये, शसक् े , गहने े रूप में त्रबना
शलफ़ाफ़
े े रखी वस्तु
• दोनों प्र ार ी वस्तुओिं ो सुरक्षक्षत रखने हेतु
12. बैंक िं ग प्रणाली
सिंस्था द्वारा
श्रेणी सिंगिन मिंददर/मि
व्यष्क्त द्वारा
13. व्यष्क्तगत लेन देन
• वैदद सादहत्य: ु सीददन ा उल्लेख
• मनुस्मृनत : रुपये पैसे सिंबिंधी लेन देन धमि सम्मत व्यवसाय
• जात थाएँ : ऐसे सूदखोरों ा उल्लेख जो ब्याज पर धन देते थे
• आदेि पि : बैं र ो आदेि शलए व्यष्क्त ो रुपये देने हेतु ननदेि
• वचन पि : ननवेि ी राशि े भुगतान हेतु वचन बद्धता
14. व्यष्क्तगत लेन देन : ऋणपि – ऋणालेख
• ऋण लेने वाले ा नाम
• ऋण देने वाले ा नाम
• गवाह ा नाम
• ऋणपि-ऋणालेख ा लेख
• ऋण ी ीमत
• ऋण भुगतान ी ितें
• ऋण भुगतान ा समय
• भुगतान े समय वस्तु ी ष्स्थनत
15. प्राचीनता एविं वव ास
• सैन्धव सभ्यता : अपिनीय प्रमाण
• वैदद ाल :
• ितपथ ब्राह्मण में सूदखोरी एविं महाजनी ी चचाि भी ी गई है। महाजन ो
ु सीददन हा गया है।
• अथविवेद : अष्नन से प्राथिना देवताओिं े , पूविजों े एविं लौक उधार से मुक्त होने
हेतु
• छिी िताब्दी ईसा पूवि : प्रारष्म्भ बैंक िं ग े उल्लेख
• मौयि ाल : अथििास्ि में पूिंजी एविं बैंक िं ग सिंबिंधी चचािएँ
• ौदटल्य े अथििास्ि से पता चलता है क प्राचीन ाल में साहू ारी ब्याज ी दर
एविं राशि वसूल रने े ननयम थे।
• मौयोत्तर ाल : बैंक िं ग प्रणाली े वव ास ा चरण
16. बैंक िं ग ा प्रारष्म्भ स्वरूप
• लेन-देन ी परिंपरा से बैंक िं ग े बीज प्रस्फ
ु दटत
• मूलतः यह लेने देन खाद्य पदाथि ा
• अथविवेद : उधार लेने वाले ी प्राथिना क वह उधार ली अपशमत्या लौटा र स्वयिं ो जिमुक्त
रे
• उधार ली गई वस्तु = खाद्य = अपशमत्या
• पाणणनी : अपशमत्या = उधार शलया वह अन्न ष्जस पर ब्याज नहीिं लगता
• ौदटल्य : अपशमत्या ब्याज सदहत लौटाया जाता है
• अथविवेद : अष्नन से प्राथिना लौक उधार से मुक्त होने हेतु
• पाणणनी : वासनन = वह ष्जसने धन ननवेि र उस पर लाभ माया
• वाताि : ु सीद (सूदखोरी) ा वव ास ए उद्योग रूप में ष्जस े अपने ननयम एविं प्रावधान
• महाभारत, मनुस्मृनत, िुक्रनीनत : ु सीद वाताि ा ए अिंग
• अथििास्ि : आर्थि सिं ट े समय राजा भी श्रेणणयों से उधार ले स ता था
17. पूिंजी पर ब्याज
• ब्याज = ऐसा िुल् जो उधार ली गयी सिंपवत्त (ऋण) े शलए क या जाता है।
• यह उधार शलए गए पैसे े शलए अदा ी गयी ीमत है
• या जमा धन से अष्जित क या गया पैसा है।
• अन्य ी धनराशि अक्षयनीवी े रूप में जमा
• अथििास्ि : उधार पर 12% ब्याज राज्य द्वारा मान्य दर
• मनुस्मृनत : धमिििंथों में सुननष्श्चत दर से अर्ध ब्याज लेन पाप
• मनुस्मृनत : जानत अनुसार ब्याज : ब्राह्मण-24% ,क्षत्रिय-36%, वैश्य-48%, िूद्र-
18. मौयि ाल
• श्रेणणयाँ ववश्वसनीय व्यष्क्त/सिंस्था े पास अपना धन जमा र स ती थी
• आवश्य ता पड़ने पर उसे वापस भी ले स ती थी
• श्रेणणयाँ व्यापाररयों ो ऋण भी देती थी
19. मौयोत्तर ाल
• श्रेणी सिंगिन पूरी ईमानदारी, ननटिा एविं ु िलता से ायि रते थे
• राजा और प्रजा दोनों े बीच श्रेणणयों ी अच्छी एविं प्रनतष्टित साख
• ववशभन्न ायों हेतु लोग श्रेणी ा पास धन जमा रते थे
• श्रेणणयों ो वविेि ननदेि ददए गए धन से ायि सम्पन्न राने हेतु
• अपने पास जमा धन पर श्रेणणयाँ या तो ब्याज देती थी या ब्याज ी
धनराशि से उस ायि ो सम्पन्न रती थी ष्जस हेतु धन जमा क या गया
था
• दानदाता द्वारा प्रदत्त धनराशि ी ितों े अनुसार श्रेणणयों द्वारा मूलधन
या उससे अष्जित ब्याज ी धनराशि ा धाशमि या लो ोप ारी ायों में
20. मौयोत्तर ाल
• बैंक िं ग प्रणाली ा प्रारष्म्भ रूप
• त नी ी अथि में श्रेणी अभी बैं जैसी सिंस्था नहीिं
• दैवी ववपवत्त अथवा राजा द्वारा श्रेणी सिंगिन े पास जमा राशि-
सिंपवत्त नटट क ए जाने पर या चोरी हो जाने पर सिंगिन/जमा ताि ो
उस ी अदायगी, क्षनतपूनति े शलए उत्तरदायी नहीिं माना जाता था
21. अशभलेखीय साक्ष्य: ु िाण ाल
हुववट ा मथुरा लेख (106 ईस्वी) : अर्ध ारी द्वारा 1000 ाििपण 2 श्रेणणयों े
पास अक्षयनीवव े रूप में जमा क ए
550 ाििपण आटा पीसने ी श्रेणी े पास,
550 अन्य श्रेणी े पास
दान ताि ा नाम: नसरु मन ( ु िाणों ा अर्धनस्त)
ननदेि : जमा राशि े ब्याज से महीने में ए बार 100 ब्राह्मणों ो भोजन राए
श्रेणी
इस े अनतररक्त 3 आढ़ सत्तू, 1 प्रस्थ नम , 1 प्रस्थ िुक्थ तथा 3 घड़े पानी ननधिन
और भूखे लोगों ो उपलब्ध राएँ
22. अक्षयनीवी : स्थायी ननवेि ी पूिंजी
• ु िाणों े समय स्थायी दान (अक्षयनीवव) ी परम्परा ी िुरूआत हुई
• अक्षयनीवी = स्थायी ननवेि ी पूँजी
• स्थायी दान = ष्जससे अनवरत राजस्व प्राप्त होता रहे
• व्यष्क्तयों द्वारा श्रेणणयों या साहू ारों (श्रेष्टिनों) े पास सावर्ध जमा धनराशि
• दानदाता द्वारा दान में प्रदत्त धनराशि ी ितों े अनुसार श्रेणणयों द्वारा मूलधन या
उससे अष्जित ब्याज ी धनराशि ा धाशमि या लो ोप ारी ायों में उपयोग
• अक्षयनीवव े रूप में प्राप्त दान ो िहण रने वाला ना र्गरवी रख स ता था ना उसे
बेच स ता था
• प्रचालन ु िाण ाल से
• गुप्त ाल में अर्ध प्रचशलत
23. हुववट ा मथुरा अशभलेख
• शसद्र्ध हो। 28वें विि में पौि मास े प्रथम ददन पूविददिा ी इस पुण्यिाला े शलए
नसरु मान े पुि खरासलेर तथा व न े अधीश्वर े द्वारा अक्षयनीवव प्रदत्त ी
गई। इस अक्षयनीवव से प्रनतमास ष्जतना ब्याज प्राप्त होगा, उससे प्रत्ये मास ी
िुक्ल चतुदििी ो पुण्यिाला में सौ ब्राह्मणों ा भोजन रवाया जायेगा तथा उसी
ब्याज से प्रत्ये ददन पुण्यिाला े द्वार पर 3 आढ सत्तू, 1 प्रस्थ नम , 1 प्रस्थ ि ु ,
3 घट और 5 मल्ल हरी िा भाजी, ये वस्तुएँ भूखे, प्यासे तथा अनाथ लोगों में बािंटी
जाएिंगी। इस ा जो पुण्य होगा, वह देवपुि िादह हुववट तथा उस े प्रििंस ों और सारे
सिंसार े लोगों ो होगा। अक्षयनीवव में से 550 पुराण ि श्रेणी में तथा 550 पुराण
आटा पीसने वालों ी श्रेणी में जमा क ए गए
24. मौयोत्तर ाल : अशभलेखीय साक्ष्य
• नहपान ा नाशस गुफालेख : नहपान े दामाद द्वारा शभक्षुओिं ी वस्ि
(चीवर) एविं र्चक त्सीय व्यवस्था हेतु 3000 ाििपण अक्षयनीवव े रूप मे
वह ायिरत श्रेणणयों े पास जमा राये
• नाशस लेख : बुन रों ी ए श्रेणी े पास 2000 ािािपण ी ए
अक्षयनीवी (स्थायी ननवेि ी पूँजी) ए प्रनतित माशस ब्याज ी दर पर
जमा ी गयी थी
• ए अन्य ननर्ध 1000 ाहापणों ी थी ष्जस पर 3/4 प्रनतित माशस ब्याज
देय था।
• जुन्नर अशभलेख : बािंस ा ाम रने वाले ारीगरों तथा ििेरों ी श्रेणी े
पास धन जमा राने ा वववरण
• नागाजुिन ोंिा अशभलेख : ए श्रेणी े पास 70 दीनार जमा रने ा
उल्लेख तथा जमा राशि े ब्याज से श्रेणणयों ो ु छ धाशमि ायों ो
सम्पन्न राने ा ननदेि
25. श्रेणी और बैंक िं ग
• अपने पास जमा धन पर श्रेणणयाँ ब्याज देती थी
• श्रेणणयाँ इस धन ो अन्य व्यापाररयों या लोगों ो अर्ध ब्याज पर
ऋण े रूप में देती होंगी
• अथवा इसे अपने व्यवसाय में लगा र लाभ माती होंगी
• बैं ों े रूप में ायि रने वाली श्रेणणयों े प्रमाण े वल महाराटर े
नाशस एविं जुन्नर े अशभलेखों से प्राप्त हैं
• अनुमान क या जा स ता हैं ी भारत े अन्य प्रदेिों मे भी ऐसे बैंक िं ग े
ायों से जुड़ी थी
26. गुप्त ाल
• श्रेणणयों ी साख में वृद्र्ध
• श्रेणणयाँ राजा तथा अन्य लोगों ा धन जमा रती थी
• श्रेणणयाँ ब्याज से जमा ताि द्वारा बताए सामाष्ज -धाशमि -जन ल्याण
े ायि सम्पन्न रती थी
• पारस्परर समझौते े अनुसार श्रेणी े सदस्य पूिंजी ननवेि े शलए
सामूदह एविं व्यष्क्तगत, दोनों प्र ार से दहस्सेदार होते थे
• श्रेणी े क सी ए सदस्य द्वारा शलया ऋण या क या गया अनुबिंध पूणि
रने ा दानयत्व सभी सदस्यों ा होता था
27. गुप्त ाल: अशभलेखीय प्रमाण
• चिंद्रगुप्त द्ववतीय ा गढ़वा अशभलेख : चिंद्रगुप्त द्ववतीय ने गढ़वा े दो
सिों में से प्रत्ये े व्यय हेतु 10-10 ददनार वहाँ ी श्रेणी े पास
अक्षयनीवी धमि े रूप में जमा राए थे
• ु मारगुप्त ने 2 शभन्न अवसरों पर दो शभन्न श्रेणणयों े पास क्रमिः 12
तथा 13 दीनार सि े खचि े शलए अक्षयनीवी धमि े रूप में जमा ी
• इिंदौर ताम्रपि : तैशल श्रेणी ने सूयि मिंददर में प्रनतददन दीप जलाने हेतु 2
पल तेल उपलब्ध रने े शलए धनराशि अक्षयनीवी धमि े अिंतगित जमा
ी थी
28. पूवि मध्य ाल
• श्रेणी सिंगिनों ी आर्थि ष्स्थनत पहले जैसी सुदृढ़ नहीिं
• 1000 ईस्वी े पश्चात बैंक िं ग सिंस्था े रूप में मिंददर एविं मि प्रनतद्विंदी े रूप में उभरे
• वविाल मिंददरों ो हजारों गाँव तथा अन्य सिंपवत्तयाँ दान में दी गई: मिंददरों ी समृद्धता में
वृद्र्ध
• रोशमला थापर : व्यापाररयों से घननटि सिंबिंध े ारण बौद्ध मि बैंक िं ग सिंस्था बने
• मिंददर/मि अपने पास जमा राशि पर यद्यवप ोई ब्याज नहीिं देते थे, तथावप श्रेणी सिंगिनों ी
तुलना में उन्हे वरीयता दी जाने लगी
• जमा ताि ब्याज रूप में श्रेणणयों से प्राप्त होने वाले धन ी अपेक्षा मूलधन ी सुरक्षा ो
प्राथशम ता देते हुए मिंददरों/मिों ा चुनाव क या
• सीयदोणण अशभलेख : नाग नाम े व्यापारी ने मददरा ननमािताओिं ी श्रेणी े पास जमा
अपनी धनराशि वापस ले र उसे ए मिंददर मे पुनः जमा रा ददया
29. पूवि मध्य ाल
• पी.सी.जैन : 11 वी -12 वी सदी ईस्वी में उत्तर भारत े क सी भी अशभलेख में श्रेणी सिंगिन े
पास धन जमा रने तथा श्रेणी द्वारा उस पर ब्याज देने ा ा उल्लेख प्राप्त नहीिं
• पूविवती ालों ी अपेक्षा इस ाल में श्रेणी सिंगिनों े पास धन जमा क ए जाने े म
उल्लेख प्राप्त
• श्रेणणयों े बैं े रूप में ायि रने े वववरण प्राप्त
• मथुरा ा 700 ईस्वी ा अशभलेख : राजा ने शिव मिंददर में प्रनतददन फ
ू ल चढ़ाने हेतु माला ारों
ी श्रेणी े पास ु छ धन राशि जमा ी
• अिंजनेरी ताम्रपि : वणणजों ी श्रेणी े पास 100 रुप जमा राने र राशि े ब्याज से पूजा
े शलए गुनगुल उपलब्ध रने ा प्रावधान
• ामन प्रस्तर लेख : ाम्य में ायिरत शिष्ल्पयों,माल ारों, ुिं भ ारों ी श्रेणी े पास ु छ
धन इस ननदेि े साथ जमा क या गया ी वे प्रनतददन 34 मालाएँ ववटणु े मिंददर में व 26
मालाएँ चामुिंिा े मिंददर में चढ़ाने ी व्यवस्था रें
• येवूर अशभलेख : शिवपुर ी ए श्रेणी े पास धाशमि ायि सम्पन्न राने हेतु ु छ धनराशि
जमा राने ा वववरण
30. उपसिंहार
• बैंक िं ग ी िूरुवात प्राचीन ाल से
• व्यापारी वगों ा महत्वपूणि स्थान
• व्यापार में वृद्र्ध े साथ बैंक िं ग क्षेि में ववस्तार
• श्रेणणयो ा महत्वपूणि योगदान
• मिंददर एविं मिों े ारण श्रेणणयो में अक्षयननवव ी मी