The document appears to be notes or examples from an R programming tutorial. It includes examples of various R functions such as subsetting vectors and data frames using logical operators and indices, calculating summary statistics, and binding columns. The examples demonstrate basic operations for manipulating and analyzing data in R.

1. 4
2020 1 30
1 1
2 2
2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3 4
3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4 9
4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5 10
1
•
•
•
1

2. 4
2
2.1
• 3 [3] 3 2
[3, 2]
• [] [ , ]
•
> personal # personal
ID1 173.5 66 19
ID2 166.4 58 20
ID3 168.0 NA 18
ID4 170.3 81 20
ID5 169.0 61 23
ID6 159.0 63 20
> personal[3, 2] # 3 2
[1] 168
> personal[3, ] # 3
ID3 168 NA 18
> personal[ ,1] # 1
[1] " " " " " " " " " " " "
> personal[c(1, 4), ] # 1 4
ID1 173.5 66 19
ID4 170.3 81 20
> personal[1:3, c(1,6)] # 1 3 1 6
ID1
I 2

3. 2.2 4
ID2
ID3
2.2
> personal["ID3", " "] # ID3
[1] 168
> personal["ID3", ] # ID3
ID3 168 NA 18
> personal[ ," "] #
[1] " " " " " " " " " " " "
> personal[c("ID1", "ID4"), ] # ID1 ID4
ID1 173.5 66 19
ID4 170.3 81 20
> personal[paste("ID", 1:3, sep=""), c(" ", " "), ]
ID1
ID2
ID3
$
> personal$ #
[1] " " " " " " " " " " " "
> personal$
[1] " " " " " " " " " " " "
3 $
2.3
TRUE, FALSE
[] TRUE TRUE
T FALSE F
> personal[c(T, F, T, F, F, F),] # TRUE
I 3

4. 2.4 4
ID1 173.5 66 19
ID3 168.0 NA 18
> personal[, c(T, F, T, F, T, F)] # 1, 3, 5 TRUE
ID1 66
ID2 58
ID3 NA
ID4 81
ID5 61
ID6 63
> personal[c(T, F, T, F, F, F), c(T, F, T, F, T, F)] # 2
ID1 66
ID3 NA
> a <- c("a", "b", "c", "d")
> a[c(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE)]
[1] "a" "c"
2.4
•
•
• 2
• 3
•
3
3.1
I 4

5. 3.1 4
> 3 > 1 #
[1] TRUE
> 3 < 1
[1] FALSE
> 3 < 3
[1] FALSE
> 3 <= 5
[1] TRUE
> 5 <= 3
[1] FALSE
> 3 <= 3
[1] TRUE
> 3 == 3 #
[1] TRUE
> "3 " == "4 " # ==
[1] FALSE
> "3 " == "3 "
[1] TRUE
> 3 != 3 #
[1] FALSE
> 3 != 1 # TRUE FALSE
[1] TRUE
> "3 " != "4 "
[1] TRUE
> "3 " != "3 "
[1] FALSE
> NA == NA #
[1] NA
> is.na(NA) # is.na()
[1] TRUE
> NA == 4
[1] NA
> is.na(4)
[1] FALSE
> (10 %% 2) == 0 # 0
[1] TRUE
> (9 %% 2) == 0
[1] FALSE
R
> a <- 1:10
> b <- 2:11
> a < b # a b
[1] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
> a == b # a b
[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
> (a %% 2) == 0 # a
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6. 3.2 4
[1] FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE
3.2
1 10 a
> a
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
> (a %% 2) == 0 # a TRUE
[1] FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE
> a[(a %% 2) == 0] # []
[1] 2 4 6 8 10
−10 10 b
> b <- -10:10 # b -10 10
> b
[1] -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
[21] 10
> b < 0 # b TRUE
[1] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE
[14] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
> b[b<0] # []
[1] -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
[] []
> negative <- b < 0 # b<0 negative
> b[negative] #
[1] -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
> personal[, " "] == " " #
[1] FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE
> personal[personal[, " "] == " ", ] # []
ID2 166.4 58 20
ID3 168.0 NA 18
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7. 3.3 4
> is.women <- personal$ == " " # $
> personal[is.women, ] #
ID2 166.4 58 20
ID3 168.0 NA 18
> personal[personal$ ==" ", " "] #
[1] " "
3.3
> personal[is.na(personal$ ), ]
ID3 168 NA 18
3.4
3.4.1
1 OR 2
OR |
> TRUE | FALSE
[1] TRUE
> FALSE | TRUE
[1] TRUE
> TRUE | TRUE
[1] TRUE
> FALSE | FALSE
[1] FALSE
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8. 3.4 4
| 1
> personal[(personal$ == " ") | (personal$ == " "),]
ID1 173.5 66 19
ID2 166.4 58 20
ID5 169.0 61 23
3.4.2
1 AND 2
AND &
> TRUE & FALSE
[1] FALSE
> FALSE & TRUE
[1] FALSE
> TRUE & TRUE
[1] TRUE
> FALSE & FALSE
[1] FALSE
170cm
> personal[(personal$ == " ") & (personal$ >= 170), ]
ID1 173.5 66 19
ID4 170.3 81 20
3.4.3
NOT !
> !TRUE
[1] FALSE
> !FALSE
[1] TRUE
> !("abc" == "abc")
[1] FALSE
1 == |
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9. 3.5 4
> personal[!(personal$ == " "), ] #
ID2 166.4 58 20
ID3 168.0 NA 18
ID4 170.3 81 20
ID6 159.0 63 20
> personal[personal$ != " ", ] # !=
ID2 166.4 58 20
ID3 168.0 NA 18
ID4 170.3 81 20
ID6 159.0 63 20
3.5
• 2
•
• a
• meibo TEL 092-331-3921
• NOT
• AND
• OR
4
R
<-
personal NA 60
> personal[personal$ == " ", " "] <- 60 #
> personal[personal$ == " ",] #
ID3 168 60 18
M F
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10. 4.1 4
> personal[personal$ == " ", " "] <- "M" # M
> personal
ID1 173.5 66 19 M
ID2 166.4 58 20
ID3 168.0 60 18
ID4 170.3 81 20 M
ID5 169.0 61 23 M
ID6 159.0 63 20 M
> personal[personal$ == " ", " "] <- "F" # F
> personal
ID1 173.5 66 19 M
ID2 166.4 58 20 F
ID3 168.0 60 18 F
ID4 170.3 81 20 M
ID5 169.0 61 23 M
ID6 159.0 63 20 M
colnames(personal) <-
4.1
•
• mydata 3 2 10
5
personal
> personal
ID1 173.5 66 19 M
ID2 166.4 58 20 F
ID3 168.0 60 18 F
ID4 170.3 81 20 M
ID5 169.0 61 23 M
ID6 159.0 63 20 M
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11. 4
(1)
6 personal
96
49
100
75
81
55
> <- c(96, 49, 100, 75, 81, 55)
> personal <- cbind(personal, )
> personal
ID1 173.5 66 19 M 96
ID2 166.4 58 20 F 49
ID3 168.0 60 18 F 100
ID4 170.3 81 20 M 75
ID5 169.0 61 23 M 81
ID6 159.0 63 20 M 55
(2)
60 TRUE FALSE
> personal <- cbind(personal, =(personal$ >= 60))
> personal
ID1 173.5 66 19 M 96 TRUE
ID2 166.4 58 20 F 49 FALSE
ID3 168.0 60 18 F 100 TRUE
ID4 170.3 81 20 M 75 TRUE
ID5 169.0 61 23 M 81 TRUE
ID6 159.0 63 20 M 55 FALSE
cbind()
> personal[, " "] <- personal$ >= 60
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12. 4
cbind() cbind()
personal
(3)
> personal[personal$ ,]
ID1 173.5 66 19 M 96 TRUE
ID3 168.0 60 18 F 100 TRUE
ID4 170.3 81 20 M 75 TRUE
ID5 169.0 61 23 M 81 TRUE
(4)
personal2
> personal[, c(" "," "," "," "," "," "," ")]
ID1 96 TRUE M 173.5 66
ID2 49 FALSE F 166.4 58
ID3 100 TRUE F 168.0 60
ID4 75 TRUE M 170.3 81
ID5 81 TRUE M 169.0 61
ID6 55 FALSE M 159.0 63
> personal[, c(1, 7, 8, 5, 6, 2, 3)] #
ID1 96 TRUE M 173.5 66
ID2 49 FALSE F 166.4 58
ID3 100 TRUE F 168.0 60
ID4 75 TRUE M 170.3 81
ID5 81 TRUE M 169.0 61
ID6 55 FALSE M 159.0 63
(5)
90 A 80 B 60 C 60 D
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13. 4
> personal[personal$ >=90, " "] <- "A" #
> personal #
ID1 173.5 66 19 M 96 TRUE A
ID2 166.4 58 20 F 49 FALSE <NA>
ID3 168.0 60 18 F 100 TRUE A
ID4 170.3 81 20 M 75 TRUE <NA>
ID5 169.0 61 23 M 81 TRUE <NA>
ID6 159.0 63 20 M 55 FALSE <NA>
> personal[personal$ <90 & personal$ >=80, " "] <- "B"
> personal[personal$ <80 & personal$ >=60, " "] <- "C"
> personal[personal$ <60, " "] <- "D"
> personal
ID1 173.5 66 19 M 96 TRUE A
ID2 166.4 58 20 F 49 FALSE D
ID3 168.0 60 18 F 100 TRUE A
ID4 170.3 81 20 M 75 TRUE C
ID5 169.0 61 23 M 81 TRUE B
ID6 159.0 63 20 M 55 FALSE D
personal
(6)
> mean(personal$ ) # (mean)
[1] 76
> sd(personal$ ) # (standard deviation)
[1] 20.84226
> var(personal$ ) # (variance)
[1] 434.4
> summary(personal$ ) #
Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
49.00 60.00 78.00 76.00 92.25 100.00
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