ระบบนิเวศ
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The document defines key terms and concepts related to ecosystems, including producers, consumers, decomposers, and their trophic interactions through food chains, food webs, and nutrient cycles. It also covers ecosystem functions like energy flow and biodiversity, as well as components like biotic and abiotic factors. Ecosystems are complex systems formed by the interactions between living organisms and their environment.
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Producers such as plants use energy from the sun to produce their own food through photosynthesis. Decomposers like fungi and bacteria break down dead organic matter to release nutrients back into the environment. Consumers including herbivores, carnivores and omnivores obtain energy and nutrients by eating other organisms, with herbivores consuming plants, carnivores consuming animals, and omnivores consuming both plants and animals.
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Food chains represent the transfer of energy from one organism to another as each consumes the next in line. A food web incorporates all possible food chains in an ecosystem and shows their interconnectivity. Producers, like plants, harness energy at the base of food chains while consumers, such as animals, feed on other organisms for sustenance and decomposers break down waste and remain into nutrients.
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This document defines key terms related to food chains and food webs, including:
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- Carnivore: a consumer that eats other animals
- Omnivore: a consumer that eats both plants and animals
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The document discusses food chains and trophic levels within ecosystems. It defines producers as autotrophs that generate energy through photosynthesis, such as grass. Herbivores, or primary consumers, eat producers. Carnivores, or secondary consumers, consume herbivores or other carnivores. Decomposers, like bacteria, break down dead organisms and cycle nutrients in the ecosystem. A food chain example is provided of the sun providing energy to grass, which is eaten by a grasshopper, then a toad, snake, and hawk. Most ecosystems contain many interconnected food chains that form food webs.
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1) The document discusses soil organisms, their classification, functions, and role in soil fertility. It describes bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, algae, protozoa, nematodes, earthworms, ants and other micro and macro fauna found in soil.
2) These organisms play important roles like decomposing organic matter, recycling nutrients, fixing nitrogen, controlling pests and diseases, and creating soil structure and humus. Their interactions and biological processes regulate soil health.
3) Tests like Neubauer seedling, Sacket and Stewart techniques are used to evaluate soil fertility based on biological parameters like microbial population and activity. Some organisms can also harm plants through diseases, competition
Introduction to ecology
Hafez Ahmad has experience in hydrology, GIS, remote sensing, ecology and wildlife research. He received degrees from the University of Chittagong in Bangladesh and Florida Gulf Coast University. Most recently, he worked for the Wildlife Conservation Society Bangladesh Program as a Marine Data Management Officer. Currently, he is a student at Mississippi State University, where he can be reached by phone or email.
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Environmental studies explores the interactions between physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment. It examines how living and non-living things affect each other and studies topics like natural resources, ecology, pollution, population, and social issues relating to development. An ecosystem is a community of interacting living and non-living things in an environment. It has biotic components like producers, consumers, and decomposers, as well as abiotic factors like air, water, and soil. Food chains and webs show how energy passes between organisms, while ecological pyramids illustrate the distribution of numbers, biomass and energy between trophic levels. Succession occurs as communities change over time following disturbances.
Ecosystem and biodiversity.compressed
The document provides information about ecosystems and ecology. It begins with definitions of ecosystems as self-regulating groups of interacting species and their environment, and ecology as the study of organism interactions and relationships. It then describes the key components and structure of ecosystems, including abiotic (physical and chemical) and biotic factors. Biotic components include producers (photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs), consumers (herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, detritivores), and decomposers. The document also discusses energy flow and trophic levels in food chains and food webs in ecosystems.
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ระบบนิเวศ
- 2.
- 3. ( Ecosystem)
- 4. 1. 2. 3.
- 5. 1.
- 6.
- 7.
- 8.
- 9.
- 10. –
- 11.
- 14. (Ecosystem components) - - - - -
- 15. (Producer Autotroph) (Phytoplankton)
- 17. (Consumer) (Herbivore) (Carnivore) (Omnivore)
- 18. (Decomposers or Saprotrops) (Fungi) (Bacteria)
- 19. (Inorganic substance) (Organic substance)
- 21. (Mutualism) (Protocooperation)
- 22. (Predation) (Predator) (Prey) (Parasitism) (Parasite) (Host) (Competition)
- 25. (Food relationship) (Food chain) (Predator chain)
- 26. (Saprophytic chain or Detritus chain)
- 27. (Parasitic chain) → →
- 28. Food Web
- 31. Energy Flow - -
- 32. Ten Percent Law
- 35.
- 37.
- 38.
- 40. ( sulphates ) ( fungi ) ( SO2 ) ( SO3 )
- 42. (Biodiversity)
- 46.
- 47.
- 48.
- 49.