This document provides a summary of key concepts in astronomy and space exploration in 3 sentences or less: The Earth and other objects in our solar system orbit the Sun, and our solar system is just one of billions of galaxies in the observable universe, with galaxies grouped into clusters, superclusters, and larger structures. Rockets use propulsion systems like multistage rockets to overcome Earth's gravity and reach orbit or beyond, while spacecraft are used to carry payloads like satellites into space for purposes like space stations, telecommunications, Earth observation, and scientific research. Telescopes both on Earth and in space are important tools used by astronomers to make observations across the electromagnetic spectrum that increase our understanding of the universe.

3. The Earth)
12,756
150
8
Solar System)
9
6

4. Stars)
Proxima Centauri)
40 4.2
Galaxy)
2,000
1
1
3 2 3

5. galaxies)
Supercluster)
Group)
Cluster)
"
The Local Group)
The local supercluster)
10 2
Virgo cluster)
Andromeda galaxy)
2.3 50
65

6. Universe)
"
Big Bang) 13,000

7. A)
B)
C)
“ ” (free fall)

8. 1

9. Rocket)
Gravity)
9.8
2
3“
”
2
2

10. 3

11. 9.8
2
“
” (Multistage rocket)
Force)
mass)
2:

12. 4 SR-71, X-15 Space Shuttle
X-15, SR-71 Space Shuttle)
SR-71
3
X-15
6.7

13. 5)
5

14. Payload) Missile)
Spacecraft)
Satellite)

15. Space Station)
ISS
(International Space Station)
6 ISS)

16. 5)
7

17. 7)

18. Spacecraft)
Manned spacecraft)
Unmanned Spacecraft)
Space shuttle)

19. NASA 50 Nautical
miles (92.6
80 Nautical miles
(130
1-2
2 Bus Payload
1 BUS
6

20. Structure)
-
Carbon Fibers
Plasma)
-
1358
30
- 6

21. 1.2 Power)
- Solar cell)
Primary Source)
Silicon
GaAs)
16 24

22. - Battery : Secondary Source)
Solar cell
Eclipse)
2 21
Spring Equinox Vernal Equinox 23
Autumn Equinox 22
90
72
LEO) 14-15
550 36
4
2
20

23. 10 45 ; - 30
55 -
1.4
In-Orbit Propulsion Equipment)
-
- 3
Cold
gas
Mono-Propellant Thrusters)
Bi-Propellant Thrusters

24. -
Low Power Thruster )(2 - 3 2-3
-
Medium and High
Power Thruster) (100 - 10,000
Kick Motor
-
10 - 15

25. 2
- Spin Stabilization)
Spin Stabilization
Thaicom - 1A, Thaicom - 2 Palapa - B4

26. -
Three Axis Stabilization Body
Stabilization)
Momentum Wheels)
3
Sensor)
Thaicom-3

27. 1.6 Tracking
Telemetry and Command TT&C)
Mode of Operation)

28. 0 180
Inclination)
Incline Orbit)
Ascending)
1
Equatorial Orbit)
-
0
International
Telecommunication Union
ITU
0 5

29. -
35,780 24
-
2 -
Polar Orbit)
- 90
-
, , ,

30. 3 Direct Posigrade
Orbit)
- 00 - 90 0
- , Navigation
/ GPS)
4 Indirect Retograde Orbit)
- 900 - 180 0
-
Remote Sensing)
-

31. -
63.4
1000 39,420
Satellite Orbit
Altitude) 3
1 Low Earth Orbit "LEO")
- 1,000
- ,
-
- Polar Orbit)
-

32. 2 Medium Earth Orbit
"MEO")
- 1,000
-
3 Geostationary Earth Orbit
"GEO")
-
- 35,780
-
Equatorial Orbit)
-

34. Infrared telescope) Radio
Telescope)
Optical telescope
2

35. primary
mirror)
Yerkes Observatory)

36. 1
1

37. Newtonian
Reflecter)
45
Cassigrain Reflecter)
secondary
mirror)

38. correcter
plate)

39. 110

40. 2

41. azimuth) altitude)

42. Polar axis)
Declination axis)
-
1 1

45. Goddard Space
Flight Center)
Maryland)
Space Telescope Science Institute)
Baltimal)
Reaction Wheels
“ Tracking

47. - 9
- 24
- 2.4
- Secondary Mirror)
- 13 . 1
- 4.3
- 12 . 1 X2.4
http://hubblesite.org

48. - 610
- 95
- 27,700
- 15
- 1.5
- 1997
2
Space Shuttle
Discovery)
Mars Pathfinder)
- 1999
Energatic Gamma-Ray Burster )
- 2002

49. - 2002
- 1995
Eagle Nebula)
- 1999
Energatic Gamma-Ray Burster )
- 2002
- 1994
- 9 (Shoemaker – Levy 9 )

50. - 1993
Space Walk)
“ COSTAR) “
- 1999
Energatic Gamma-Ray Burster )
- 2002
- 1990 Space Shuttle Encleaver)

51. Sphereical Aberration)
Main Mirror)
- 1992
Massive Blackhole)
M87
- 1946
Lyman Spitzer )
- 1977 NASA)

52. Horizon)
Zenith)
1990 “ ”
CCD
Camera) Near

53. http://www.tps.ac.th/~lop/astro/index_files/page000
8.htm
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56. 1)

57. Gravity)

58. 2

60. 3

62. 4

64. 5

66. 6

67. -

68. 7

69. (Weather Satellites)
GSM-3 35,800
NOAA-8 NOAA-9
840-960
2
( 1-8)

70. 8

71. -1

72. 9

74. 10