1) RDBMS refers to a relational database system where tables are related to each other and share storage and information.
2) Left, right, and self joins are types of joins between tables. Left and right outer joins match records between tables and insert nulls for non-matching records, while self joins match records within a single table.
3) The DELETE command removes rows from a table, TRUNCATE empties the entire table but retains the table structure, and DROP removes the table definition and all its data.
Data Structure is the specific method for sorting out the data in a system with the goal that it could be utilized efficiently. These can implement at least one specific abstract data types (ADT), which indicate the operations that can be performed on the data structure and the computational unpredictability of those operations. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Data Structure & Algorithms:- www.transtutors.com/homework-help/computer-science/data-structure-and-algorithms.aspx
Data Structure is the specific method for sorting out the data in a system with the goal that it could be utilized efficiently. These can implement at least one specific abstract data types (ADT), which indicate the operations that can be performed on the data structure and the computational unpredictability of those operations. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Data Structure & Algorithms:- www.transtutors.com/homework-help/computer-science/data-structure-and-algorithms.aspx
In computer science, a data structure is a data organization, management, and storage format that enables efficient access and modification. More precisely, a data structure is a collection of data values, the relationships among them, and the functions or operations that can be applied to the data. https://apkleet.com
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This is a presentation on Linked Lists, one of the most important topics on Data Structures and algorithms. Anyone who is new to DSA or wants to have a theoretical understanding of the same can refer to it :D
In computer science, a data structure is a data organization, management, and storage format that enables efficient access and modification. More precisely, a data structure is a collection of data values, the relationships among them, and the functions or operations that can be applied to the data. https://apkleet.com
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An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical manipulation. PL/SQL language is rich in built-in operators
A database is all about the organization of data in a particular manner. Database systems are helpful in accessing data by various ways which is saved in computer.
Comparison of Relational Database and Object Oriented DatabaseEditor IJMTER
The object-oriented database (OODB) is the combination of object-oriented
programming language (OOPL) systems and persistent systems. Object DBMSs add database
functionality to object programming languages. They bring much more than persistent
storage of programming language objects. A major benefit of this approach is the unification
of the application and database development into a seamless data model and language
environment. This report presents the comparison between object oriented database and
relational database. It gives advantages of OODBMS over RDBMS. It gives applications of
OODBMS.
Here are the top 20 SQL interview questions and answers for testers:
1) What is SQL and its significance in software testing?
SQL (Structured Query Language) is a programming language used to manage and manipulate relational databases. Testers often use SQL to query databases, validate data, and perform data-related tests.
2) What are the different types of SQL statements?
SQL statements can be classified into four main types:
Data Manipulation Language (DML): Used to manipulate data in the database (e.g., SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE).
Data Definition Language (DDL): Used to define and modify database structures (e.g., CREATE, ALTER, DROP).
Data Control Language (DCL): Used to control access and permissions on the database (e.g., GRANT, REVOKE).
Transaction Control Language (TCL): Used to manage transactions in the database (e.g., COMMIT, ROLLBACK).
3) What is a primary key?
A primary key is a unique identifier for a row in a table. It ensures that each row can be uniquely identified and helps maintain data integrity.
4) What is a foreign key?
A foreign key is a field in a table that refers to the primary key of another table. It establishes a relationship between two tables, ensuring referential integrity.
5) What is normalization?
Normalization is the process of organizing data in a database to reduce redundancy and improve data integrity. It involves breaking down tables into smaller, more manageable structures.
6) What is a stored procedure?
A stored procedure is a set of SQL statements that are stored and executed on the database server. It can be called and executed multiple times, reducing network traffic and improving performance.
7) What is a view in SQL?
A view is a virtual table derived from one or more tables. It does not store data but presents the data in a predefined manner, simplifying complex queries.
8) What is the difference between UNION and UNION ALL?
UNION combines the result sets of two or more SELECT statements, removing duplicate rows. UNION ALL also combines result sets but includes all rows, including duplicates.
9) What is an index?
An index is a database structure that improves the speed of data retrieval operations. It allows faster searching, sorting, and filtering of data.
10) What is the difference between a clustered and a non-clustered index?
A clustered index determines the physical order of data rows in a table, while a non-clustered index is a separate structure that stores a copy of the indexed columns along with a pointer to the actual row.
11) What is the purpose of the GROUP BY clause?
The GROUP BY clause is used to group rows based on one or more columns. It is often used with aggregate functions like COUNT, SUM, AVG, etc., to perform calculations on groups of data.
12) What is a self-join?
A self-join is a join operation where a table is joined with itself. It is useful when there is a need to compare rows within the same table.
1. 1) What is RDBMS?
Relational database system.in rdbms the tables are realated to each other.
Its share storage and information.
2) Explain Left outer join ,right outer join , Self join ?
Left outer join are to join left table to all records match to right table and no records are match insert null
Right outer join are same as left outer join but right table records are join.
Self join are one table are join self table created twice match the records.
3) Explain the difference between DELETE , TRUNCATE and DROP commands?
Delete commands are use for delete column and records.
Truncat commands are delete the all records in table.
Drop commands are delete table structure.its work without having any records in that table.
4) Write a query to create a table named Employee_Test and insert some test data(column will be ID, Name ,
Salary , Joining date)
Create table Employee_Test(id varchar(10),name varchar(15),salary number(10),joiningdate date);
5)Which of the following are the five built-in functions provided by SQL?
A ) COUNT, SUM, AVG, MAX, MIN
6)Which of the following statements contains an error?
D) SELECT empid WHERE empid =56949 AND lastname = ‘SMITH’;
7 )Description of the
D) SELECT COUNT (DISTINCT dept_id) FROM EMPWHERE last _name=' SACHIN ';
8)
B) WHERE SALARY > 8000
2. 9)
Query within Query is calles sub query.
10)
Date function are display current date