The document discusses database normalization. Normalization is the process of removing redundant data from tables to improve storage efficiency, data integrity, and scalability. Edgar Codd originally established three normal forms - 1NF, 2NF, and 3NF. The document uses an example book database table to demonstrate how it violates 1NF and 2NF, and how it can be normalized by splitting it into multiple tables for books, authors, subjects, and publishers to satisfy the normal forms.
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Data Structure is the specific method for sorting out the data in a system with the goal that it could be utilized efficiently. These can implement at least one specific abstract data types (ADT), which indicate the operations that can be performed on the data structure and the computational unpredictability of those operations. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Data Structure & Algorithms:- www.transtutors.com/homework-help/computer-science/data-structure-and-algorithms.aspx
Introduction of Data Structures and Algorithms by GOWRU BHARATH KUMARBHARATH KUMAR
Basic Terminology: Elementary Data Organization:
Data Structures Usage
Data Structures Implementation
CLASSIFICATION OF DATA STRUCTURES
DATA STRUCTURES OPERATIONS
Space-Time Trade-off
Searching Algorithms
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operations on linked list
Comparison of Linked Lists with Arrays and Dynamic Arrays
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Third normal form (3NF) requires that there are no functional dependencies of non-key attributes on something other than a candidate key.
A table is in 3NF if all of the non-primary key attributes are mutually independent
That is, there are NO transitive dependencies
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2. Database Normalization
Database normalization is the process of removing
redundant data from your tables in to improve storage
efficiency, data integrity, and scalability.
In the relational model, methods exist for quantifying how
efficient a database is. These classifications are called
normal forms (or NF), and there are algorithms for
converting a given database between them.
Normalization generally involves splitting existing tables
into multiple ones, which must be re-joined or linked each
time a query is issued.
3. History
Edgar F. Codd first proposed the process of
normalization and what came to be known as the
1st normal form in his paper A Relational Model
of Data for Large Shared Data Banks Codd stated:
“There is, in fact, a very simple elimination
procedure which we shall call normalization.
Through decomposition nonsimple domains are
replaced by ‘domains whose elements are atomic
(nondecomposable) values.’”
4. Normal Form
Edgar F. Codd originally established three normal
forms: 1NF, 2NF and 3NF. There are now others that
are generally accepted, but 3NF is widely considered
to be sufficient for most applications. Most tables
when reaching 3NF are also in BCNF (Boyce-Codd
Normal Form).
6. Table 1 problems
This table is not very efficient with storage.
This design does not protect data integrity.
Third, this table does not scale well.
7. First Normal Form
In our Table 1, we have two violations of First Normal
Form:
First, we have more than one author field,
Second, our subject field contains more than one
piece of information. With more than one value in a
single field, it would be very difficult to search for all
books on a given subject.
8. First Normal Table
Table 2
TitleTitle AuthorAuthor ISBNISBN SubjectSubject PagesPages PublisherPublisher
Database SystemDatabase System
ConceptsConcepts
AbrahamAbraham
SilberschatzSilberschatz
00729588630072958863 MySQLMySQL 11681168 McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill
Database SystemDatabase System
ConceptsConcepts
Henry F. KorthHenry F. Korth 00729588630072958863 ComputersComputers 11681168 McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill
Operating SystemOperating System
ConceptsConcepts
Henry F. KorthHenry F. Korth 04716946650471694665 ComputersComputers 944944 McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill
Operating SystemOperating System
ConceptsConcepts
AbrahamAbraham
SilberschatzSilberschatz
04716946650471694665 ComputersComputers 944944 McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill
9. We now have two rows for a single book.
Additionally, we would be violating the Second
Normal Form…
A better solution to our problem would be to separate
the data into separate tables- an Author table and a
Subject table to store our information, removing that
information from the Book table:
10. Subject_IDSubject_ID SubjectSubject
11 MySQLMySQL
22 ComputersComputers
Author_IDAuthor_ID Last NameLast Name First NameFirst Name
11 SilberschatzSilberschatz AbrahamAbraham
22 KorthKorth HenryHenry
ISBNISBN TitleTitle PagesPages PublisherPublisher
00729588630072958863 Database SystemDatabase System
ConceptsConcepts
11681168 McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill
04716946650471694665 Operating SystemOperating System
ConceptsConcepts
944944 McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill
Subject Table
Author Table
Book Table
11. Each table has a primary key, used for joining tables
together when querying the data. A primary key value
must be unique with in the table (no two books can
have the same ISBN number), and a primary key is
also an index, which speeds up data retrieval based on
the primary key.
Now to define relationships between the tables
13. Second Normal Form
As the First Normal Form deals with redundancy
of data across a horizontal row, Second Normal
Form (or 2NF) deals with redundancy of data in
vertical columns.
As stated earlier, the normal forms are
progressive, so to achieve Second Normal Form,
the tables must already be in First Normal Form.
The Book Table will be used for the 2NF example
14. 2NF Table
Publisher_IDPublisher_ID Publisher NamePublisher Name
11 McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill
ISBNISBN TitleTitle PagesPages Publisher_IDPublisher_ID
00729588630072958863 Database SystemDatabase System
ConceptsConcepts
11681168 11
04716946650471694665 Operating SystemOperating System
ConceptsConcepts
944944 11
Publisher Table
Book Table
15. 2NF
Here we have a one-to-many relationship
between the book table and the publisher. A book
has only one publisher, and a publisher will
publish many books. When we have a one-to-
many relationship, we place a foreign key in the
Book Table, pointing to the primary key of the
Publisher Table.
The other requirement for Second Normal Form
is that you cannot have any data in a table with a
composite key that does not relate to all portions
of the composite key.
16. Third Normal Form
Third normal form (3NF) requires that there are no
functional dependencies of non-key attributes on
something other than a candidate key.
A table is in 3NF if all of the non-primary key
attributes are mutually independent
There should not be transitive dependencies