Introduction to Speech and Theater Arts

1. SPEECH AND THEATER ARTS

2. NATURE AND PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
• The word communication is derived from the Latin word ‘communicare’, which means to
share, impart, participate, exchange, transmit or to make common. It emphasizes on
sharing common information, ideas and messages.
• Communication can broadly be defined as exchange of ideas, messages and information
between two or more persons, through a medium, in a manner that the sender and the
receiver understand the message in the common sense, that is, they develop common
understanding of the message.
• Communication is a two-way process of exchanging ideas or information. One person
alone cannot carry out communication. When you communicate, there has to be a
receiver or an audience that would reciprocate. Only then can your communication be
complete.

3. NATURE AND PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
• Communication is a process of transmitting and receiving verbal and non-
verbal messages. It is considered effective only when it achieves the
desired reaction or response from the receiver. The response may be
positive or negative. In case of absence of any response, communication is
incomplete.
• “Communication is the transfer of information from a sender to a receiver,
with the information being understood by the receiver”. — Koontz and
Weihrich
• The Oxford dictionary defines communication as ‘the imparting or
exchange of information by speaking, writing, or using some other
medium.
• According to Newman and Summer, ‘Communication is an exchange of
facts, ideas, opinions or emotions by two or more people.’

4. NATURE AND PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
To summarize, communication has been defined as:
 A process of passing information and understanding
 A two-way process of reaching mutual understanding
 The act of making one’s ideas and opinions known to others.
 The process of imparting ideas and making oneself understood by
others
 The transmission and accurate replication of ideas ensured by feedback
for the purpose of eliciting actions.
 A systematic and continuous process of telling, listening and
understanding.

5. THE 7 CS OF COMMUNICATION
According to the 7 Cs, communication needs to be:
1. Clear
2. Concise
3. Concrete
4. Correct
5. Coherent
6. Complete
7. Courteous

6. THE 7 CS OF COMMUNICATION
1. Clear
When writing or speaking to someone, be clear about your goal or
purpose in communicating with this person? If you're not sure, then your
be clear, try to minimize the number of ideas. Make sure that it's easy for your
meaning. People shouldn't have to "read between the lines" and make
understand what you're trying to say.
2. Concise
When you're concise in your communication, you stick to the point and

7. THE 7 CS OF COMMUNICATION
3. Concrete
When your message is concrete, then your audience has a clear picture of what
4. Correct
When your communication is correct, it fits your audience. And correct
communication.
• Do the technical terms you use fit your audience's level of education or
• Have you checked your writing for grammatical errors?
• Are all names and titles spelled correctly?
5. Coherent
When your communication is coherent, it's logical. All points are connected
and the tone and flow of the message is consistent.

8. THE 7 CS OF COMMUNICATION
6. Complete
In a complete message, the audience has everything they need to be
take action.
• Does your message include a "call to action," so that your audience clearly
them to do?
• Have you included all relevant information?
7. Courteous
Courteous communication is friendly, open, and honest. There are no
aggressive tones. You keep your listeners’ viewpoint in mind, and you're

9. PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
Communication consists of the following eight components which are inter-related.
1. Idea
2. Sender
3. Encoding
4. Message
5. Channel & Medium
6. Receiver/ Decoder
7. Decoding
8. Feedback

10. PUBLIC SPEAKING
• Public speaking, or the act of performing a speech in front of a live audience, is
an integral part of scientific communication. Your reason for giving a talk may
vary—whether you want to share your latest results with a broader audience,
impress potential employers, or educate children about science. However, in all
of these cases, it’s necessary to engage your audience and communicate your
message clearly.
• Public speaking has two main components: content (what you say)
and delivery (how you say it). The content of your talk determines how impactful
your talk can be, and your delivery determines how impactful your talk actually
is. Without a strong, engaging delivery, you will lose your audience’s attention
and fail to communicate your content. In order to become an engaging speaker,
it is necessary to practice what you want to say and how you are going to say it.
• Public speaking is one of the most feared things for many people – in fact, some
public surveys show fear of public speaking as higher than fear of death.

11. FOUR TYPES OF SPEECH DELIVERY
1. Extemporaneous speeches are speeches that are carefully prepared and
practiced by the speaker before the actual speaking time. A speaker will utilize
notes or an outline as a guide while they are delivering the speech.
2. Impromptu speeches are speeches that are delivered without notes or a plan,
and without any formal preparation – they are very spontaneously delivered.
3. Manuscript speeches are speeches that are delivered with a script of the exact
words to be used.
4. Memorized speeches are speeches that are committed to memory. The speaker
completely memorizes the text of a speech and then delivers the speech from
memory without reliance on notes or an outline.

12. VOCAL ASPECTS OF SPEECH DELIVERY
• Pitch is the highness or lowness of a speaker’s voice. It is the natural upward
and downward movement that happens when we speak – the melody.
• Rate is how fast or slow you speak when delivering a speech.
• Pauses are intended silences during a speech. In conversation, we naturally
pause at the end of sentences and at the end of a thought. We can also use
pauses to control an audience that might not be paying attention to the
presentation.
• Volume is the relative loudness of your voice as you deliver a presentation.
• Enunciation is the pronunciation and articulation of words in your speech.
• Fluency is the smoothness of your vocal delivery. Fluency is the flow of your
words in the delivery of your speech.

13. BODILY ASPECTS OF SPEECH DELIVERY
1. Gestures are movements of the speaker’s head, arms, and hands.
2. Facial expressions are movements of the eyes, mouth, chin, etc.
3. Eye contact is sustained, meaningful contact with the eyes of audience
members.
4. Movement is where the speaker’s entire body moves.

14. WRITING YOUR OUTLINE
There are three major components to any presentation: the introduction,
the body, and the conclusion. The natural inclination would be to start writing a
presentation with the introduction since this section comes first. However, it is
recommend to start writing the body first because the body will determine what
goes into the introduction and conclusion.
The Body
The body is the heart of the speech – it takes the longest to get through. In
an eight minute speech, the body is between six and seven minutes long. It is
composed of three sections: main points, sub-points, and evidence.

15. ORGANIZING THE BODY
• Chronological Organization: This would be where the main points of the body
are placed in order according to a time line or sequence.
• Spatial Organization: This is where the main points of the body are placed in the
order you might see them on a map or in relationship to one another. This is
good choice for a speech that might heavily involve using a map or diagram as a
visual aid.
• Topical Organization: This is the most popular and flexible organizational
pattern for speaking as it is organized around specific topics. You can choose
any combination of main points and put them in any order you desire.
• Causal Informative: This is basically a cause and effect presentation except that
you have to be careful not to turn this into a persuasive speech.

16. THE INTRODUCTION
1. Gain attention: This is perhaps one of the most important parts of any
presentation because it is what the audience hears first and it can set the tone
for your entire presentation. Some ways you can gain attention include:
• Quote
• Question
• Fact/Statistic
• Anecdote/Story
• Conversation
• Event
• Definition
• Visual Aid

17. THE INTRODUCTION
2. State topic: Tell the audience what your topic is.
3. State purpose: Tell your audience what your purpose for speaking is.
4. State expectations: Tell your audience what you expect them to learn.
5. Preview: Tell your audience the main points of your presentation – make sure
they are in the same order you put them in the body.

18. THE CONCLUSION
The conclusion is the shortest part of most informative speeches. There are
only two components in the conclusion.
• Summary/Review of main points
Review with the audience the main points of your presentation – make sure
they are in the same order you put them in the body of the speech.
• Sense of completeness/Clincher statement
This is the last statement of your presentation so it should be memorable
and bring the entire presentation together. Look back at the different options for
attention getters in the introduction. You may use any of the attention getting
option as the decisive factor statement in your presentation.

19. TRANSITIONS
Transitions are how you move the audience from one idea to another with
you as you deliver the presentation. You should tell the audience what you are
finishing talking about and what you are moving into next. You will also need to
direct the attention of the audience toward the visual aid when you are going to
show it.