importance and scope of space pharmacy. medicines in space. pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in space. drug metabolism. physiological changes in space.
Space pharmacology plays an major role in Pharmacology and the health care system of astronauts.
Medical support needed for prolonged space flights missions.
This provides an overview of influence of microgravity on pharmacotherapeutics.
Space medicine mainly focused on the practice of medicine on astronaut plays a crucial role in the treatment of many diseases on earth
Pharmacology I- Pharmacokinetics (Absorption and Distribution)Subhash Yende
Transport of drug across cell membrane; Absorption- bioavailability, Bioequivalence; Distribution: Plasma protein binding, Physiological barrier, Apparent volume of distribution, redistribution
Recent Advances in Colon Targeted Drug Delivery SystemDarshil Shah
Colon Targeted Drug delivery is the most convenient and desirable drug targeting method for the drugs which degrades in acidic environment, and also preferable for prolong or delayed release and also desease specisic to colon.
Space pharmacology plays an major role in Pharmacology and the health care system of astronauts.
Medical support needed for prolonged space flights missions.
This provides an overview of influence of microgravity on pharmacotherapeutics.
Space medicine mainly focused on the practice of medicine on astronaut plays a crucial role in the treatment of many diseases on earth
Pharmacology I- Pharmacokinetics (Absorption and Distribution)Subhash Yende
Transport of drug across cell membrane; Absorption- bioavailability, Bioequivalence; Distribution: Plasma protein binding, Physiological barrier, Apparent volume of distribution, redistribution
Recent Advances in Colon Targeted Drug Delivery SystemDarshil Shah
Colon Targeted Drug delivery is the most convenient and desirable drug targeting method for the drugs which degrades in acidic environment, and also preferable for prolong or delayed release and also desease specisic to colon.
definitions that are related to pharmacology are given in detailed in this ppt. it covers definition of Pharmacokinetics pharmacodynamics toxicology chemotherapy and effects of drugs idiosyncrapcy sideeffect and all
Bioavailability and bioequivalence
Bioavailability-
Whenever a drug is given by oral route it has to go through certain pathway to reach the systemic circulation. Eg. If 100 mg drug is given orally, and if 80 mg is absorbed and 20 mg gets excreted then 80 mg absorbed drug reaches liver through portal system. In liver it gets metabolized, here if 30 mg gets metabolized by the liver 50 mg reaches the systemic circulation in the unchanged from. But Bioavailability is expressed in mg it has to be expressed in fraction. So Bioavailability is basically the fraction of unchanged from of the drug that reaches the systemic circulation following administration by any route.
As the drug given by intravenous route reaches directly into the systemic circulation. So the Bioavailability of drug given i.v is 100 %. % Bioavailability can be calculated as- Area under the curve (AUC oral)/ (AUC i.v) *100.
Bioavailability depends on both the rate and extent of absorption.
Rate of absorption depends on- site of adminstration and the drug formulation.
Extent (amount) of absorption depends on- route of drug administration
Factors affecting absorption and Bioavailability-
Pharmaceutical and pharmacological factors:
Pharmaceutical factors include- particle size, crystal from, salt form, water of hydration, Nature of excipients and adjuvants, degree of ionisation.
Pharmacological factors- gastric emptying & g.i mobility, g.i diseases, food and other substances, first-pass effect, Drug-drug interaction, pharmacogenetics, miscellaneous factors like route of administration, area of absorbing surface, state of circulation at site of absorption.
This PPt Help Students For Improving Their Konwledge about Colon Drug Delivery. In this PPt I Covered All Essential Points About Colon Targeted Drug Delivery System.
colon drug delivery- advantage and disadvantage of colon delivery, anatomy of colon in healthy and diseased state , different approaches (conventional and new) for colon delivery, in vitro and in vivo evaluation
Pharmacology Routes of drug administration seminarDr. Ritu Gupta
This seminar is helpful for the postgraduate students includes recent advancements in the routes of drug administration with illustrations, oral, sublingual, also, fastest route amongst all the techniques
Design, Development, Evaluation and Optimization of Microballoons of TelmisartanSnehal Patel
Abstract: In present study an attempt was made to prepare microballoons of
Telmisartan by emulsion solvent diffusion technique for sustained delivery by
using polymers like Ethyl cellulose to extend the drug release for about 12 hours in
the upper GIT, which may result in enhanced absorption and there by improved
bioavailability. Formulation optimization of Telmisartan loaded microballoons was
carried out by using different concentration of Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and Ethyl
cellulose. Total 9 batches were formulated. All 9 batches were evaluated for
entrapment efficiency (EE) and buoyancy. Among all batches DP4 shows
maximum entrapment efficiency (EE) and buoyancy and was considered as
optimized formulation. DP4 batch was further used for process optimization. The
process optimization was carried out at three different stirring speeds i.e. 1300,
1500 and 1700 rpm for three different stirring time period i.e. 1hr, 2hr and 3 hr and
another 9 batches were formulated. Out of all the batches DP13 showed the
spherical shape of microballoons without formation of flakes. Optimized batch
DP13 was evaluated for Zeta Potential, Particle Size Distribution which show -
41.8mV and 1.344 μm particle size, SEM, XRD Analysis. Batch DP13 was
charged for stability and were placed in glass vials container and stored at ICH
storage condition (2°C - 4°C Refrigeration condition , 30 ± 2°C / 60% ± 5% RH ,
40 ± 2°C / 75% ± 5% RH ) for a period of 30 days. The samples were analyzed for
physical appearance, buoyancy and for the drug release after 30 days. After 1
months samples were withdrawn and microballoons showed no change in physical
appearances, buoyancy and drug release, which indicate that the microballoons
were stable.
Keywords: Telmisartan, Microballoons, Emulsion solvent diffusion technique,
Buoyancy, Entrapment Efficiency.
definitions that are related to pharmacology are given in detailed in this ppt. it covers definition of Pharmacokinetics pharmacodynamics toxicology chemotherapy and effects of drugs idiosyncrapcy sideeffect and all
Bioavailability and bioequivalence
Bioavailability-
Whenever a drug is given by oral route it has to go through certain pathway to reach the systemic circulation. Eg. If 100 mg drug is given orally, and if 80 mg is absorbed and 20 mg gets excreted then 80 mg absorbed drug reaches liver through portal system. In liver it gets metabolized, here if 30 mg gets metabolized by the liver 50 mg reaches the systemic circulation in the unchanged from. But Bioavailability is expressed in mg it has to be expressed in fraction. So Bioavailability is basically the fraction of unchanged from of the drug that reaches the systemic circulation following administration by any route.
As the drug given by intravenous route reaches directly into the systemic circulation. So the Bioavailability of drug given i.v is 100 %. % Bioavailability can be calculated as- Area under the curve (AUC oral)/ (AUC i.v) *100.
Bioavailability depends on both the rate and extent of absorption.
Rate of absorption depends on- site of adminstration and the drug formulation.
Extent (amount) of absorption depends on- route of drug administration
Factors affecting absorption and Bioavailability-
Pharmaceutical and pharmacological factors:
Pharmaceutical factors include- particle size, crystal from, salt form, water of hydration, Nature of excipients and adjuvants, degree of ionisation.
Pharmacological factors- gastric emptying & g.i mobility, g.i diseases, food and other substances, first-pass effect, Drug-drug interaction, pharmacogenetics, miscellaneous factors like route of administration, area of absorbing surface, state of circulation at site of absorption.
This PPt Help Students For Improving Their Konwledge about Colon Drug Delivery. In this PPt I Covered All Essential Points About Colon Targeted Drug Delivery System.
colon drug delivery- advantage and disadvantage of colon delivery, anatomy of colon in healthy and diseased state , different approaches (conventional and new) for colon delivery, in vitro and in vivo evaluation
Pharmacology Routes of drug administration seminarDr. Ritu Gupta
This seminar is helpful for the postgraduate students includes recent advancements in the routes of drug administration with illustrations, oral, sublingual, also, fastest route amongst all the techniques
Design, Development, Evaluation and Optimization of Microballoons of TelmisartanSnehal Patel
Abstract: In present study an attempt was made to prepare microballoons of
Telmisartan by emulsion solvent diffusion technique for sustained delivery by
using polymers like Ethyl cellulose to extend the drug release for about 12 hours in
the upper GIT, which may result in enhanced absorption and there by improved
bioavailability. Formulation optimization of Telmisartan loaded microballoons was
carried out by using different concentration of Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and Ethyl
cellulose. Total 9 batches were formulated. All 9 batches were evaluated for
entrapment efficiency (EE) and buoyancy. Among all batches DP4 shows
maximum entrapment efficiency (EE) and buoyancy and was considered as
optimized formulation. DP4 batch was further used for process optimization. The
process optimization was carried out at three different stirring speeds i.e. 1300,
1500 and 1700 rpm for three different stirring time period i.e. 1hr, 2hr and 3 hr and
another 9 batches were formulated. Out of all the batches DP13 showed the
spherical shape of microballoons without formation of flakes. Optimized batch
DP13 was evaluated for Zeta Potential, Particle Size Distribution which show -
41.8mV and 1.344 μm particle size, SEM, XRD Analysis. Batch DP13 was
charged for stability and were placed in glass vials container and stored at ICH
storage condition (2°C - 4°C Refrigeration condition , 30 ± 2°C / 60% ± 5% RH ,
40 ± 2°C / 75% ± 5% RH ) for a period of 30 days. The samples were analyzed for
physical appearance, buoyancy and for the drug release after 30 days. After 1
months samples were withdrawn and microballoons showed no change in physical
appearances, buoyancy and drug release, which indicate that the microballoons
were stable.
Keywords: Telmisartan, Microballoons, Emulsion solvent diffusion technique,
Buoyancy, Entrapment Efficiency.
Fundamental concept of modified drug releaseAbhinayJha3
Different Terminologies used in a modified release
1. Sustained release
2. Delayed release
3. Prolonged release
4. Extended-release
5. Controlled release
6. Site-specific targeting and receptor targeting
SELECTION OF DRUG CANDIDATE FOR ORAL SUSTAINED RELEASE SYSTEMS, BIOPHARMACEUTICAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM.
Fundamental concept of modified drug releaseAbhinayJha3
BIOPHARMACEUTICAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
Different Terminologies used in a modified release
1. Sustained release
2. Delayed release
3. Prolonged release
4. Extended-release
5. Controlled release
6. Site-specific targeting and receptor targeting
Contents:- Introduction, Need for GRDDS, Criteria for selection of drug for GRDDS, Advantages and Disadvantages, Factor affecting gastric retention time of a drug.
Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is an outpatient procedure
During an EUS procedure, an upper gastrointestinal (GI) scope is inserted into the esophagus through the mouth to obtain ultrasonographic as well as endoluminal images of various upper gastrointestinal pathologies.
Hernia is an abnormal swelling and expulsion of tissue. abdominally hernia usually involves groin. groin henias can be either inguinal or femoral. here is a brief review about hernias, types, classification, assessment and management.
haemorrhoids are the most common tyoe of gastroenterological disease. it is a nutritive disease. here is a quick review on hemorrhoids, its pathophysiology, clinical features, classification, diagnosis and management.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
1. Space pharmacology
By:-
Dr Anjum Ahamadi
Pharm D
Sultan ul uloom college of
pharmacy, Hyderabad.
Guided by :-
Dr.S.P. Srinivas Nayak,
Assistant professor, SUCP,
HYD.
2. Introduction
• Space pharmacology plays an major role in
Pharmacology and the health care system of
astronauts.
• Medical support needed for prolonged space
flights missions.
• This provides an overview of influence of
microgravity on pharmacotherapeutics.
• Space medicine mainly focused on the practice of
medicine on astronaut plays a crucial role in the
treatment of many diseases on earth.
3. ● Space medicine mainly focused on the practice
of medicine on astronauts.
● The aim is to adopt for the microgravity
environment and also can adapt to the Earth's
environment after returning from their voyage.
● Space flight affects biological systems. Exposure
to microgravity can alter the musculoskeletal,
neurosensory and cardiovascular systems.
● A serious group of risks which includes the loss
of consciousness occurs during re-entry to the
Earth's atmosphere.
4. Microgravity :
microgravity is also termed as weightlessness or free-fall and
zero-G. Microgravity alters the pharmacokinetics and
pharmacodynamics of drug in the body. After reaching orbit
in the space flight, astronauts experience much lower gravity
than on Earth.
5.
6.
7. Space medicine
History of medication carried by astronauts:
• Medications have been carried aboard US spacecraft
since the inception of the Mercury program in the early
1960s.
• On the first 4 Mercury flights, injector systems were
developed to allow an astronaut to deliver medication
through his spacesuit and directly into the thigh muscle.
• Three medications were carried via an injector such as
Epinephrine (1:1000), Cyclizine for motion sickness (45
mg/0.9 mL), and Meperidine for pain (90 mg/0.9 mL).
• On the fifth Mercury flight (October 1962), only Cyclizine
and Meperidine was carried.
8. • For the sixth flight (May 1963), Cyclizine and Meperidine
injections and Dextroamphetamine tablets were
supplied.
• For Project Gemini (April 1964 to November 1966)
astronauts were instructed to take Dextroamphetamine
with a decongestant before reentry, and Diphenoxylate
was prescribed to prevent defecation during flight.
9. Routes of drug administration
• Different routes of administration have been
used during spaceflight including intravenous,
intramuscular, subcutaneous, intranasal,inhaled,
oral, topical, and rectal.
• Crew medical officers are trained on drug
administration through all of these routes,
though oral and intramuscular are the routes
most commonly used.
• Prior to flight, many drugs are tested by
crewmembers. This is done in an attempt to
prevent atypical reactions during the mission.
11. Changes in absorption
• Pre-flight and in-flight salivary levels of
acetaminophen where shown to differ, probably
due to changes in gastrointestinal transit time. In-
flight salivary concentration-time curves of
conventional oral tablets, were shown to be
erratic and exhibited higher intra and inter-
individual variability compared to those of pre-
flight data.
• Gastric emptying in microgravity can also be
altered due to changes in particle size
discrimination by the stomach, which is strongly
dependent on the force of gravity.
• This array of factors can lead to variability in drug
plasma levels.
12. • Intestinal transit rate in a gravity environment
is dependent on the motility state of the
gastrointestinal (GI) tract either fasted or fed,
partly due to the higher viscosity of chyme in
the fed state.
• In space, the absence of gravity may tend to
increase the transit rate along the small
intestine by decrease in viscosity.
• In zero gravity, therefore, these alterations in
GI emptying and intestinal transit rate could
lead to inefficient absorption and erratic
plasma level.
13. Changes in Distribution
• Physiological changes, such as the decrease in
Total Body Water (TBW) and Plasma Volume
(PV), and the muscle loss may alter the volume
of distribution of drugs.
• This will have an impact on the plasma and
tissue concentrations achieved after the
administration of a drug in space and,
depending on the magnitude of the change.
• Altered tissue binding is observed as result of
protein loss, muscle atrophy, and decrease in
lean body mass.
14. Changes in Metabolism and
Excretion
• The amounts of cytochrome P-450 and
other enzymes decreased during space
flight and stimulated microgravity.
• Altered nutritional or energy requirements
may have effects on urine excretion of
drugs, and dehydration may result in
changes in urine excretion of drugs.
15. Pharmacokinetic parameters in
space
• Some orally administered medications taken during
flight were reported to be less effective than expected.
• A typical dose of a medication used to treat headache,
for example, did not relieve the headache completely
(or at all) when taken during human spaceflight mission.
Efficacy of medications used during
space mission :
16. ● Oral bioavailability of medications during
spaceflight, several factors, including alterations in
drugs dissolution rate in gastric juices, gastric
emptying, gastric or intestinal absorption, hepatic
first-pass metabolism, and intestinal blood flow,
could all be influenced by microgravity.
● Other conditions related to early microgravity
exposure could also influence bioavailability,
including space motion sickness or changes in gut
micro flora and gut enzymatic release and
distribution.
Bioavailability :
17. Volume of Distribution :
● Cephalad fluid shifts, redistribution of fluid out of the central
compartment, and fluid decreases due to prelaunch intake
restrictions, along with losses due to space motion sickness
and diuresis produce total body water and plasma volume
losses upon entry into space.
● Tissue binding ofnmedications can be altered because of
protein loss secondary tomuscle and tissue atophy,
redistribution of plasma proteins out of the central
compartment, alterations in blood lipid levels, or reduced
erythrocyte production.
● Thus, volume losses coupled with reduced tissue binding
could alter the distribution of a medication throughout the
body, which could influence therapeutic and toxic effects.
18. ● A decrement in absorption of acetaminophen was
observed in space compared with ground based
testing, as noted by a consistently lower maximum
salivary concentration (Cmax) and greater time.
to reach peak concentration (Tmax) in the test group.
● Moreover, salivary concentrations of acetaminophen
varied greatly among individual astronauts when
measured over several flight days; the reasons for
this are unclear, butfactors may include changes in
gut motility, gut absorption, and space motion
sickness.
Absorption rate :
19. ● Microgravity could affect drug elimination via the
kidneys.
● As suggested by anti-orthostatic bed
rest studies, it could also affect liver metabolism of
drugs owing to changes in perfusion
secondary to the cephalad redistribution of blood.
Clearance Rate :
20. Pharmacodynamic changes
• Many drugs act by altering the function of
specific ion channels either directly or indirectly.
• Ion channels are gravity sensitive. Gravity
directly influences the integral open-state
probability of native ion channels (porins)
Pharmacodynamic changes will affect the
response that is produced by a given drug
concentration.
• They can be caused by changes in drug-
receptor interaction or changes in disease
characteristics.
21. ● During crew medical debriefings, astronauts observed
that promethazine was less likely to produce sedation
in flight than when used on the ground suggesting
that altered bioavailability.
● Clinical assessment includes altered pharmcodynamics
(PD), frequent use of hypnotics/sedatives, oral drug
treatment may be ineffective or less effective.
22. Pharmacotherapeutic changes
• The goal of pharmacotherapeutics enable
successful space medical operation to
deliver Safe and effective diagnostic and
products, procedures, and strategies to
support successful space medical
operations.
23. ● Highlights of the pharmacotherapeutic research
reviewed include development and validation of
methods for Pharmacologic research, in-flight
pharmacokinetics and alternative drug delivery
methods in Space.
● Pharmacotherapeutics for Space Exploration
includes Pharmaceutical stability of dosagesforms,
Evidence Based Medical practice, PK/PD changes,
Therapeutic monitoring Systematic evaluation,
enabling technologies for drug treatment,
monitoring and management.
24. Use of medications in space
• Medications are used for a wide variety of
indications during space flight.
• Astronauts have taken drugs in flight to
ameliorate or prevent sleeplessness,
headache, back pain, nasal congestion,
motion sickness .
• As the duration of space flights increases, the need
for treatment with medications is expected to increase
accordingly.
• Higher antibiotic resistance is seen on organisms
sample collected on crew.
25. Medicine spinoff
NASA medicine spinoffs such as :
○ Thermometer pill helps athletes beat the heat,
○ non-invasive test detects cardiovascular disease,
○ circulation-enhancing device improves CPR,
○ rocket enginetechnology keeps heart’s pumping,
○ Polymer coating aids heart failure treatment,
○ LEDs (Tiny) alleviate paindispeed rehabilitation
○ Robotics offer new surgical capabilities,
○ CCDs (Charge coupled devices)
enable clearer more efficient biopsies, plays a crucial
role in health care system in earth.