The document discusses the historical development of models of the solar system from the geocentric to heliocentric models. It then outlines key developments in space exploration technology from the 11th century to present day, including telescopes, rockets, satellites, space probes, and remote sensing. These technologies have enabled important missions like placing the Hubble Space Telescope in orbit, exploring other planets with probes like Voyager 2 and Cassini, and using satellites and remote sensing to study Earth and the environment.

1. CHAPTER 10
SPACE EXPLORATION
10.1
Developments in Astronomy

2. Learning Outcome
 Explain the historical development of the
Solar System model by drawing.

3. Historical Development of the Solar System
Model

4. Historical Development of the Solar System
Model
 Geocentric model:-
 Geo = earth, centric = centre
 Derived by Claudius Ptolemy (90 – 168 A.D.) – Greek
astronomer, astrologer, & geographer
 The Earth is at the centre of the Solar System
 The Earth is stationary, & all other objects (the Sun & other
planets) revolve around the Earth in circular orbits

5. Historical Development of the Solar System
Model
 Heliocentric model:-
 Helio = sun, centric = centre
 Derived by Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 – 1543) – Polish astronomer, mathematician,
economist, & doctor
 The Sun is at the centre of the Solar System
 The Sun is stationary, & all other objects (the planets) revolve around the Sun in
circular orbits
 Stars are arranged in fixed positions in an orbit around all the planets & the Sun

6. Historical Development of the Solar System
Model
 Modified heliocentric model (in accordance to Kepler’s Law):-
 Derived by Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630) – German astronomer,
mathematician, & astrologer
 The Sun is at one of two common focal points in the elliptical orbits of
the planets
 The Sun is at the centre of the Solar System
 The Sun is stationary, & all other objects (the planets) revolve around
the Sun in elliptical orbits

7. CHAPTER 10
SPACE EXPLORATION
10.2
Developments of Technology & its Application in Space
Exploration

8. Learning Outcome
 Communicate about the importance of the
development of technology and its application
in space exploration.
 Justify the exploration need to continue
space.

9. Development in Space Exploration

10. Development in Space Exploration
11th century
Chinese invented gunpowder
& used primitive rockets in
battle
1609
1st telescope used in
the field of astronomy
by Galileo Galilei
1957
1st satellite –
USSR Sputnik 1
1961
1st human to orbit Earth
– Yuri Gagarin (aboard
USSR Vostok 1)
1969
1st human set foot on the
Moon – Neil Armstrong (US
Apollo11)
1973
1st Jupiter flyby –
US Pioneer 10
1981
1st flight of US space
shuttle – Columbia
1989
1st Neptune flyby –
US Voyager 2
1990
US launched Hubble Space
Telescope from space
shuttle Discovery
1996
Malaysian satellite,
MEASAT 1 & 2 launched
2000
Malaysia’s 1st microsatellite,
TiungSAT-1 launched
2002
National Space Agency
(Agensi Angkasa Negara)
established
2011
Construction of
International Space Station
(ISS) completed

11. Application of
Technology in Space
Exploration & their
Importance

12. Technology in Space
Exploration
Space
Telescope
Rocket
Satellite
Space
Probe
Remote
Sensing

13. Space Telescope
The astronomical sextant – to
measure the altitudes of stars
Galileo’s Telescope became the
most widely used astronomical
instrument
Hubble Space Telescope was
placed in an orbit 500 km from
the surface of Earth
The Spitzer space telescope
detects very distant activities in
space
Apart from optical telescopes,
radio telescopes are also used to
detect radio waves from space.

14. Rocket
 Used widely in space explorations to send
satellites, space probe & spaceships to outer
space
 When the fuel burns, hot gases are released
at high speed through the bottom of the
rocket
 The release of the hot gases produces a force
that push the rocket upwards

15. Satellite
 An object which revolves around another object
 Moon is natural satellite that revolves around the
Earth
 Sputnik 1 is the 1st artificial satellite to revolve
around the Earth
 Launched on 4th October 1957
 Orbited for 3 weeks – died battery, orbited silently
 Fell back into atmosphere on 4th January 1958

16. Space Probe
 A spacecraft that gathers information & sends it
back to earth
 Do not orbit Earth but travel further into & out of
the Solar System
 Carry cameras & remote sensing instruments as
well as radio transmitter & receivers –
communicating with scientist on Earth
 Example: Cassini – orbited on Saturn

17. Remote Sensing
 A method of gathering & recording information from a
distance
 In Malaysia:-
 The instruments are fitted to TiungSAT-1, to receive or detect
visible, ultraviolet, & infrared light produced by objects on the
surface or below the surface of Earth
 The information gathered sent to 2 data receiving stations at
National Planetarium Station & the Mission Control Station
(MCGS)

18. Remote Sensing
 The uses of remote sensing technology in:-
 Agriculture:- to detect suitable regions for agricultural
development
 Geology:- to detect locations such as mineral sources,
mass depletion, & land depletion
 Disaster management:- to identify pollution & forest
fires
 Defence:- to detect intrusions of enemy ships, aircraft,
& vehicles
End of Slide