Development of space technologies from ancient times up to the present

Auguste Piccard (right) and his
assistant Paul Kipfer show off their
natty headgear

Great Achievements in China's Space Technology
• Since its birth in 1956, China's space program has
gone through several important stages of development
-- arduous pioneering, overall development in all
related fields, reform and revitalization, and
international cooperation -- to reach a considerable
scale and level, in the process forming a
comprehensive system of
research, design, production, and testing.
• Other achievements of the country's space program
include: the putting-in-place of space centers capable
of launching satellites of various types and manned
spacecraft as well as a TT&C (Telemetry Tracking and
Command) network consisting of ground stations
across the country and tracking and telemetry ships;
the establishment of a number of satellite application
systems, which have yielded remarkable social and
economic benefits; the setting-up of a space science
research system of a fairly high level has been set
up, with many innovative achievements having been
made; and the emergence of a contingent of qualified
space scientists and technicians.

October 04,1957
First artificial satellite
First signals from space
The Sputnik 1 spacecraft was the first
artificial satellite successfully placed in
orbit around the Earth and was
launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome
at Tyuratam (370 km southwest of the
small town of Baikonur) in Kazakhstan,
then part of the former Soviet Union.
The Russian word "Sputnik" means
"companion" ("satellite" in the
astronomical sense).

November 3, 1957
Sputnik 2, carrying the dog
Laika for 7 days in orbit, is
launched by the U.S.S.R.,
and remains in orbit until
April 13, 1958.

January 31, 1958
Explorer 1, the first
U.S. satellite in orbit,
lifts off at Cape
Canaveral using a
modified ABMA-JPL
Jupiter-C rocket. It
carries a scientific
experiment of James
A. Van Allen, and
discovers the Earth's
radiation belt.

March 5, 1958
Explorer 2 is
launched by a
Jupiter-C rocket,
and fails to reach
orbit.

March 17, 1958
Vanguard 1 satellite
is launched into
orbit, and
continues to
transmit for 3
years.

January 2, 1959
Luna 1, first man-made
satellite to orbit the moon,
is launched by the U.S.S.R.

March 3, 1959
Pioneer 4, fourth U.S.-IGY space
probe was launched by a Juno II
rocket, and achieved an earth-
moon trajectory, passing within
37,000 miles of the moon. It then
fell into a solar orbit, becoming the
first U.S. sun orbiter.

7 August 1959
First photograph of Earth from orbit
First view of Earth from
the Moon and oblique
view of the lunar surface
Lunar Orbiter 1 new of
the Moon and crescent
Earth. This is the first
good image of the Earth
taken from the vicinity of
the Moon, 380,000 km
away.

April 1, 1960
Tiros 1, the first
successful
weather
satellite, is
launched by
the U.S.

August 18, 1960 -
Discoverer
XIV launches the
first U.S. camera-
equipped Corona
spy satellite.

April 12, 1961
Vostok 1 is launched by the
U.S.S.R., carrying Cosmonaut Yuri
A. Gargarin, the first man in space.
He orbits the Earth once.

May 5, 1961
Mercury Freedom 7 carries
Alan B. Shepard,Jr., the
first U.S. Astronaut into
space, in a suborbital
flight.

Mission of the Friendship 7 spacecraft,
astronaut John Glenn became the first
American to orbit the earth. As a part
of the Mercury program, the success of
this flight gave the United States a
boost on its ongoing ‘space race’ with
the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
(USSR).
1962

Britain launched the first
astronomical satellite, Ariel 1
in 1962 to study cosmic rays
and ultraviolet and x-ray
radiation from the sun.

The first successful planetary
probe was the USA’s Mariner 2
which flew past Venus in 1962.

1963
Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova became the first
woman in space, onboard Vostok 6, bounded in 1963.
The spaceship made 18 orbits of the earth and the flight
lasted for 3 days. Tereshkova was honoured with the title
‘Hero of the Soviet Union’ upon the completion of this
historic mission.

1964
Soviet engineer Konstantin Feoktistov became one of the
first two civilians in space when she served as technical
scientist on the one-day flight of the Voskhod 1.

the Soviet Voskhod space program included the first
spacewalk and the first three-person mission. The Voskhod
2 capsule had room for two cosmonauts and included an
inflatable fabric airlock. The airlock allowed one of the
cosmonauts to leave the spacecraft in a spacesuit.

1965
The piloted Gemini spacecraft were launched between March
1965 and November 1966. Unlike earlier American spacecraft,
Gemini capsules were designed to carry two astronauts. Before
returning to the earth, the crew jettisoned the resources
compartment and the deorbiting system. The reentry module
floated to a watery splashdown on earth using a parachute.

On June 3,1965, astronaut Edward White II became the first
American to make an Extravehicular Activity (EVA) or
spacewalk. White was tethered to the Gemini 4 space capsule
by lifeline that by compressed gas to help him maneuver in
space.

1966
The first moon landing was the
unmanned Soviet Probe Lunar 9 which
touched down the Moon’s surface in 1966.

1967
ESSA-5
The ESSA-5 satellite replaced ESSA-3 and provided cloud-cover
photography to the US's National Meteorological Center for the
purpose of preparing weather analyses and forecasts.
Launch Date: April 20, 1967
Operational Period: 738 days until deactivated by NASA on February
20, 1970
Launch Vehicle: Thrust Augmented Three-Stage Delta
Launch Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, CA
Type: Weather Satellite

May 17, 1974-NASA Launches the first SYNCHRONOUS METEOLOGICAL
SATELLITE, SMS-1

June 24,1974-SOLVIET SALYUT 3,
their first military space station is
launched. It remains in orbit until
January 1978

December 26-Soviet Salyut 4 civilian space station is launched.

July 1975- American Apollo 18 and soviet
Soyuz 19 dock, the first international space
Craft rendezvouz.

June 22,1976- Soviet Military space station Salyut 5 is launched

September 3, 1976- Viking 2 lands on Mars on the places of Utopia

August- September 1977- Voyagers 1 and 2 leave earth to meet with Jupiter in 1979 and
Saturn in 1980

December 1978- Two Pioneer spacecraft reach Venus. One drops four probes into the
Atmosphere, while the other maps the surface.

September 1, 1979- Pioneer 2 reaches Saturn, flying to within 13,000 miles and taking
the first close-up photographs.

Space
Technologies
(1980-1985)

Solar Maximum Mission
Satellite
 A scientific satellite
designed to study solar
radiation. Launched in
early 1980, the craft failed
later. It was repaired and
relaunched by the space
shuttle in 1984, collecting
information until 1989,
when it was destroyed by
a solar flare.
 Information collected by
the satellite indicated that
the corona displays an
unexpectedly high amount
of violent activity related
to sunspot cycling.
The Solar Maximum Mission (SMM
or SolarMax)

First Space Shuttle
The first Space
Shuttle,
Columbia, was
launched in
1981. it
completed 37
full orbits of the
earth, flying 1
074 567 miles in
2 days, 6 hours,
20 minutes, and
53 seconds
before returning
to earth.
Space Shuttle Columbia

Ariane
rocket
On June 19,
1981, the
European
Space Agency
launches its
third Ariane
rocket.
December 20,
1981 - The ESA
launches a fourth
Ariane rocket.

April 19, 1982 - Soviet Salyut
7 space station is launched.
 the Soviet Space Station Salyut
7 was played by electrical and
propulsion problems. Despite
these problems cosmonauts
stayed aboard the space station
for as long as eight months at a
time. In 1991 Salyut 7 fell back to
the earth.
May 13, 1982 - Soviet
Cosmonauts Anatoly N.
Berezovoi and Valentin V.
Lebedev are launched in Soyuz-
T 5 to rendezvous with Salyut
7, the first team to inhabit the
space station. They return to
Earth in Soyuz-T 7, setting a
(then) duration record of 211
days.
Soviet Salyut 7 space
station

August, 1982 - Voyager 2 completes
its flyby of Saturn.
November 11, 1982 - The
space shuttle Columbia's fifth
mission, its first operational
one, begins, deploying two
satellites. Crew: Vance
Brand, Robert Overmyer,
Joseph Allen, and William
Lenoir. Voyager 2

April 4, 1983 - The space
shuttle Challenger lifts off
for its first mission (STS-6)
and has the first American
space walk in nine years.
Crew: Paul Weitz, Karol
Bobko, Donald Peterson,
and Story Musgrave.
June 19, 1983 - Sally K. Ride
is the first U.S. woman to
travel in space,
on Challenger mission STS-7.
space
shuttle Challenger

November 28, 1983 - The
space
shuttle Columbia carries the
ESA Spacelab-1 into orbit
(STS-9). Its crew includes Ulf
Merbold, A German and first
ESA member in space..
January-November, 1983 -
The Infrared Astronomical
Satellite finds new comets,
asteroids, galaxies, and a
dust ring around the star
Vega that may be new
planets.
ESA Spacelab-1 on orbit

July 17, 1984 - launch of Soyuz-T
12 carrying Svetlana Savitskaya,
who becomes the first woman to
walk in space.
Savitskaya on Soyuz T-12, and
her spacewalk
August 30, 1984 - The third
space shuttle, Discovery, lifts
off on it's maiden voyage (STS-
41D). Crew: Henry W.
Hartsfield, Michael L. Coats,
Richard Mullane, Steven
Hawley, Judith A. Resnik, and
Charles D. Walker.
Space Shuttle Discovery

The first black
Astronaut in the
United States,
Guion Bluford
served as a mission
specialist aboard
the space shuttle
Challenger in 1983.

October, 1984 - Salyut 7's cosmonauts L. D. Kizim, V. A.
Solovyov, and O. Y. Atkov set a (then) 237-day record in
space. They arrive atSalyut 7 in Soyuz-T 10 and depart
in Soyuz-T 11
October 5, 1984 - launch of
space
shuttle Challenger mission STS-
41G carrying the first crew with
two women aboard - Sally Ride
and Katherine Sullivan. Sullivan
becomes the first American
woman to walk in space.
Atkov Vladimir Solovyov
Sally Ride Katherine
Sullivan

December, 1984 - Soviet/International Vega 1 & 2 are
launched, dropping probes into Venus' atmosphere before
continuing to Halley's Comet.
Vega
Mission

January 8, 1985 - The Sakigake probe
is launched by Japan's Institute of
Space and Aeronautical Science,
becoming the first interplanetary
probe as it rendezvous with Halley's
Comet.
Sakigake probe
April 29, 1985 - The Challenger carries the ESA Spacelab-3 into
orbit (STS-51B).
July 2, 1985 - The European Space
Agency launches the Giotto
spacecraft from an Ariane rocket. It
encounters Halley's Comet in 1986,
and Comet P/Grigg-Skjellerup in
1992.

American Astronaut and solar
physicist Loren Acton
performed astronomy
experiments and operated a
solar telescope on the space
shuttle Challenger during a
mission that began on July
29, 1985.

October 3, 1985 - The fourth
space shuttle Atlantis takes off
on its first mission (STS-51J).
Crew: Karol J. Bobko, Ronald J.
Grabe, Robert A. Stewart,
David C. Hilmers, and William
A. Pailes.
October 1985 - Spacelab D1, the
first joint German/ESA mission, is
flown. Its crew consists of two
German DARA astronauts, and
Danish Wubbo Ockels of the ESA.
Between 30 October and 6 November 1985, three European
astronauts served as payload specialists (science astronauts) on the
first spaceflight with a crew of eight (STS-61A still holds the record
for the largest crew aboard any single spacecraft for the entire
period from launch to landing).

1986- 1991
 January, 1986: American Astronaut Franklin
Chang-Diaz became the 1st Hispanic-American in
space when he flew on the space shuttle
Colombia.
Jan. 1986: Voyager 2 flew by Uranus. Ten
unknown moons around the plant was found.
Jan. 28 1986: space shuttle CHALLENGER
exploded shortly 73 seconds after launched which
killed seven crew.
 Russian MIR was launched.

Russian MIR
Voyager 2 orbit in Uranus
Soviet MIR

Feb. 19,1986; longest serving
station soviet MIR was launched,
it made more than 76,000 orbits of
the Earth.

May 4, 1989: Magellan mapped Venus's
surface and collected data on planet’s
gravity field.
Aug. 24, 1989: Voyager 2 flew by
Neptune; six moons and three rings
around Neptune was found.
 1989: Galileo was launched and
reached Jupiter in 1995. evidence of
liquid salt water of three large moons was
found.
1989: Magellan probe become the first
interplanetary spacecraft to be launched
from the space shuttle.

Voyager 2 orbit in
Neptune
Galileo Space Probe

Hubble Space Telescope Ulysses Space Shuttle
Edwin Hubble

1990: shuttle crews worked with
cosmonauts aboard MIR, helping them
prepare for the next major Space Station
Project.
Late 1990’s: NASA introduced the next
generation of space probes that would carry
out agency’s “ new millennium” missions.
One of this was Deep Space 1 launched in
1998.

Deep Space 1
Gamma Ray Telescope-launched by
Atlantis

1991: Galileo Space Probe took close-up
pictures of the asteroids Ida and Gaspra.
1991: Astronauts aboard the Space Shuttle
Atlantis launched the huge Gamma Ray
Telescope(GRO) into orbit.

The launch of Atlantis
1995
The US Shuttle Atlantis docks to MIR
•NASA and the Russian space agency kicked off a new era in international space
cooperation in June of 1995, when the Space Shuttle Atlantis docked with the Russian
space station Mir for the first time.
Atlantis' mission, STS-71, launched on June 27 and marked the 100th U.S. human space
launch. Together, Atlantis and Mir became the largest combined spacecraft ever in orbit,
totaling almost a half a million pounds.

Space Shuttle Atlantis docked to MIR
For the docking, Shuttle Commander Hoot Gibson positioned Atlantis directly below Mir,
so that the Earth's gravity naturally braked the orbiter's approach "up" to Mir. The final
approach rate of about an inch per minute ended 216 nautical miles above Russia's Lake
Baykal region, with a nearly perfect docking, off by less than one inch and one half a
degree.
The Shuttle-Mir program included 11 Space Shuttle flights

1993
On 2 December 1993, the NASA space shuttle Endeavour was launched
from Kennedy Space Center on "STS-61", the 59th shuttle mission
The goal of the mission was to repair the Hubble Space Telescope
(HST), which had been placed into orbit by Discovery / STS-31. After
checkout, the Hubble turned out to have defective optics, a revelation
that proved very embarrassing to NASA.

Today, at about 5:00 pm EST, this 750 pound probe from NASA's robot spacecraft Galileo will
plummet into Jupiter becoming the first probe to fly through the atmosphere of a gas giant
planet. Released by the Galileo orbiter in July of this year, it has been coasting toward its
rendezvous with the Solar System's largest planet. The probe will smack Jupiter's
atmosphere at over 100,000 mph slowing to less than 1,000 mph in a matter of minutes,
experiencing a deceleration of about 230 times the Earth's surface gravity. If all goes well, it
will then deploy a parachute and descend, using sophisticated instruments to profile
Jupiter's dense outer layers of hydrogen and helium gas.
December 7, 1995The Galileo spacecraft arrives at Jupiter

The first was the Sojourner rover that landed in 1997 as part of the Mars Pathfinder
mission. Pathfinder was a proof-of-concept project to show that its unique airbag
landing system, rover design, and autonomous control system were practical. The
rover and its lander base were only expected to last 7 to 30 Martian days but
continued functioning for nearly three months until contact was lost.
The Mars Pathfinder rover Sojourner
exploring the Martian surface
1997 US Rover Sojourner

The rover was still functioning well when the mission ended, but the
battery used by the lander base station was only designed to recharge 40
times. After 40 Martian days, the battery could not maintain a full recharge
making it unable to keep the lander warm during the bitterly cold nights. It
is believed this factor probably resulted in a failure in the lander's
electronics causing it to lose communication with Earth. Without the lander,
the Sojourner rover was unable to continue operating on its own.

1997
The double probe Cassini/Huygens is launched on 15 October
1997, aimed at Saturn. This is the most ambitious and complex
unmanned planetary project ever attempted, costing more than $2.5
billion and involving 17 nations. Cassini-Huygens flight director Julie
Webster reacts as the burn of the retrorockets to insert the spacecraft
into the orbit of Saturn begins, 30 July 2004 at the Jet Propulsion
Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, US. In its travels the international mission's
spacecraft has passed through Saturn's rings to begin a four-year study of
the planet and its rings. It has also landed on the surface of
Titan, Saturn's largest moon.

January 7, 1998 -
 Lunar Prospector is the first
NASA mission to the Moon in 25
years, and the first dedicated to
lunar research since Apollo 17 in
1972. The spacecraft is placed in
lunar orbit to make a careful
spectroscopic analysis of the
entire lunar surface, including its
North and South poles, and soon
confirms what the Department of
Defense Clementine mission had
found in 1994 - that trapped
within some of the craters at the
Moon's two poles is about 6.6
trillion tons of permanently
frozen water ice.

January 22, 1998 -
 Space Shuttle Endeavour lifts off to
rendezvous with Mir, the eight U.S.
docking with the Russian space station
and the first by a shuttle other
than Atlantis.

February 14, 1998
 The four satellites Global star 1, 2, 3,
and 4 are the first in Globalstar's
planned 44-satellite constellation
of medium-Earth-orbit (~900 miles
altitude) communications satellites
for providing voice and data links
worldwide from both remote and
home telephones. This system is
planned as a direct competitor to
Iridium's cluster, which began
launching in May of 1997.

April 17, 1998
 Space Shuttle Columbia lifts off
on a 16-day mission, its 25th. The
mission is dedicated to the study
of the effects of weightlessness on
the human neurological system,
with the astronauts serving as
both researchers and
experimental subjects.

June 2, 1998 -
 Space Shuttle Discovery lifts
off on a 10-day mission, its
24th and the last shuttle
docking with Mir.

July 3, 1998 -
 Japan launches
the Nozomi probe to Mars, the
first planetary mission by a
country other than the U.S. or
the Soviet Union/Russia. Using
a combination of lunar gravity,
Earth gravity, and rocket burns,
Nozomi is scheduled to arrive
at Mars in December 2003.

 October 24, 1998 - NASA
launches Deep Space 1, a
technology test spacecraft
which evaluates a dozen
advanced spacecraft
engineering designs, from
mirror-enhanced solar
panels to the first use of an
ion engine to leave Earth
orbit and rendezvous with
the asteroid Braille.

November 20, 1998 - the first
component of the International
Space Station, Zarya, is
launched on a Russian rocket.
This Russian built, U.S.
financed module provides
communications, electrical
power, and attitude control for
the station until the arrival of
the third module (Zvezda, in
July 2000).

January 3, 1999 -
 Mars Polar Lander lifts off on its ill-
fated mission to Mars. This NASA
probe is to land within about 600
miles of the Martian South Pole,
along with dropping two surface-
penetrating darts. Contact with the
probe is lost on December 3, 1999 as
it is descending through the Martian
atmosphere and it is never heard
from again, the first failure of a U.S.
planetary soft landing in 30 years.

February 7, 1999 -
 The NASA
satellite Stardust lifts off for a
rendezvous with the Comet
Wild-2 in January of 2004.

February 20, 1999 -
 the Russian Soyuz TM29 lifts
off for the Mir space station.
This is scheduled to be the
final mission to Mir, and when
the crew
of TM29 departs Mir in
August of 1999, they leave the
space station empty for the
first time in almost exactly 10
years.

January 3, 2000 -
 the Galileo space probe
safely completes its
encounter with Jupiter's ice
moon, Europa, at an
altitude of 343 km. Later in
the year, on May
30, Galileo flies by Jupiter's
largest moon Ganymede at
an altitude of 808 km.

May 19, 2000
 Space Shuttle Atlantis lifts off
for the International Space
Station for maintenance on the
crane and a faulty
antenna, installation of a
Russian boom arm, handrails
and upgrades to the ventilation
system, and delivery of new
batteries, supplies and
equipment.

July 12, 2000 -
 the Zvezda service module for
the International Space Station
(ISS) is launched from Russia on
a Proton rocket. The automated
docking of this unit with the first
linked pair of modules already in
orbit - Zarya and Unity - allows the
U.S. to start a series of space shuttle
launches to add American-built
components, which will be followed
by laboratory modules from Europe
and Japan. Zvezda will act as the
control center and living quarters for
the initial space station crews.

January 9, 2001 -
 the first launch of the "true"
millenium is Chinese, with the
second test flight of the
manned Shenshou spaceship,
reported to be carrying a
monkey, a dog, and a rabbit.

April 7, 2001 -
 - the 2001 Mars
Odyssey probe is launched
on a trajectory for Mars
orbit to be achieved in
October, with a mission
similar to that of the Mars
Climate Orbiter launched
December 1998. Mars
Odyssey successfully enters
Mars orbit on October
24th.

April 28, 2001
 Soyuz spacecraft TM-
32 lifts off for the ISS with
the first space tourist,
business executive Dennis
Tito, who pays the Russians
$20 million for the ride.

July 03,2002
 The Comet Nucleus Tour
(CONTOUR) spacecraft is
presumed lost after numerous
attempts at contact. The
spacecraft was scheduled to
ignite its STAR 30 solid rocket
engine on 15 August 2003 at
08:49 UT (4:49 a.m. EDT).
This firing was to take
CONTOUR out of Earth orbit
and put it on a heliocentric
trajectory.

May 9, 2003
 The spacecraft was launched on 9
May 2003 at 04:29:25 UT (1:29
p.m. local time, 12:29 a.m. EDT)
on an M-5 solid fuel booster from
the Kagoshima launch center.
Following launch, the name
Muses-C was changed to
Hayabusa (the Japanese word for
falcon) and the spacecraft was
put into a transfer orbit to bring
it to asteroid 25143 Itokawa (1998
SF36), a 0.3 x 0.7 km near-Earth
object.

June 03,2003 -
 Mars Express is a European Space Agency
(ESA) mission to Mars. It consists of an
orbiter, the Mars Express Orbiter, and a
lander, Beagle 2. The scientific objectives
of the Mars Express Orbiter are to obtain
global high-resolution photo-geology (10
m resolution), mineralogical mapping
(100 m resolution) and mapping of the
atmospheric composition, study the
subsurface structure, the global
atmospheric circulation, and the
interaction between the atmosphere and
the subsurface, and the atmosphere and
the interplanetary medium.

2004
 Virgin Galactic
Virgin Galactic is a company
within Richard Branson's Virgin
Group which plans to provide sub-orbital
spaceflights to space tourists,
Virgin Galactic hopes to offer orbital
human spaceflights .
 Virgin Galactic's spacecraft are launched
from a large aeroplane, giving the
spacecraft more initial speed and altitude
than if it were launched from the ground.

 September 8, 2004--After capturing
particles from the sun, Genesis makes a
dramatic crash landing in Utah when its
parachute fails to deploy. Despite the landing,
scientists still managed to recover and study
the samples.
 September 30, 2004—Space Ship One
becomes the first privately built craft to reach
outer space.
 August 4, 2007--Phoenix lander launches on
its way to explore the northern pole of Mars.

Phoenix was a robotic
spacecraft on a space
exploration mission
on Mars under the Mars
Scout Program
Mission scientists used
instruments aboard the
lander to search for
environments suitable
for microbial life on Mars,
and to research the history
of water there.

2009
 US Messenger
Mission
 MESSENGER (a
n acronym
of MErcury
Surface, Space
ENvironment,
GEochemistry,
and Ranging)
(also the name
of the Roman
god it is named
after) is a
robotic NASA sp
acecraft orbiting
the
planet Mercury,
the first
spacecraft ever
to do so.

 The instruments carried
by MESSENGER were tested on a complex
series of flybys – the spacecraft flew
by Earth once, Venus twice, and Mercury
itself three times, allowing it to decelerate
relative to Mercury using minimal
fuel.MESSENGER successfully entered
Mercury's orbit on March 18, 2011.
 Discovery of water ice at the planet's
north pole.[9]

Tested in July 2010, Solar Impulse HB-SIA
successfully flew 28,500 feet above the
ground for 26 hours. Solar Impulse HB-
SIA is 1 man crew light airship. It can fly
overnight without any back up energy for
more than 12 hours after the Lithium-ion
batteries were charged by solar energy at
the day light.

The Cryo-Sat 2 satellite is built to
collect data on polar ice caps from
miles beyond the earth. It is completed
with sensor, antennas, and radar to
snap ice burgs floating on those 2
regions.

3. Masten Space Systems Xombie

Masten Space Systems Xombie or also called XA-
0.1B Xombie is a new Vertical Take-Off and
Landing (VTOL) spacecraft from Masten Space
Systems. This VTOL was qualified to follow Lunar
Lander Challenge in October 2009 and it wont
second rank

4. Atacama Large Millimeter Array (
ATMA)

Atacama Large Millimeter Array or Atacama Large
Millimeter/submillimeter Array ( ATMA) is an
international observatory between Europe, North
America, East Asia plus. the Republic of Chile. It is
designed to be the biggest ground-based telescope
and the strongest radio-telescope array on earth. It
is located at the Chajnantor plateau, 5000 meters
above sea level, on the Atacama desert of northern
Chile and it is designed to study gravitational
collapse that marks the new born of stars include
radiation emission from collapse stars 10 billions
years ago

Spacex Falcon-9 is a spaceflight launch system and
it is used to send space crew to International Space
Station (ISS). Falcon-9 is powered by SpaceX rocket
engines and it will be employed to send Dragon
spacecraft. On December 8, 2010, the rocket have
passed the test and return to earth.

6. Eads Astrium Tandem-X
Satellite

TanDEM-X is a Radar Imaging satellite or a
German Earth observation satellite that
uses SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar). It is
similar with TerraSAR-X radar satellite and it
can collects the data of Earth`s land surface
in a stereoscopic images

Boeing X-37 is a new unmanned orbital test vehicle of the
United States Air Force and NASA. It came from Boeing’s
Phantom Works Division and it is manufactured to
demonstrate reusable space air carrier. It has Two wings
and Twin V vertical stabilizers to maintain the speed and
balance. So far only 3 unit were built and the first test
already completed in 22 April and 3 December 2010

8. Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne/Boeing X-51A
Waverider

The Boeing X-51 is a remote controlled scramjet aircraft
that can move beyond hypersonic (Mach 6) flight.During
the test , the jet flew above 70,000 feet. and the test
alone was held on 26 May 2010. on that test day, beside
the fastest, the jet also broke the record as the longest
ever supersonic combustion ramjet-powered flight after
running over the atmosphere for 3 ½ minute

Development of space technologies from ancient times up to the present

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