This document discusses proper citation and evaluating source credibility. It covers when and how to cite sources, defines plagiarism, and provides examples of correct and incorrect paraphrasing and citation. It also discusses common citation styles like APA and Chicago, using footnotes and endnotes, and tools for finding legitimate academic sources. The overall purpose is to help readers understand how to properly attribute the ideas of others and evaluate which sources should be trusted.

1. Source Citation and
Credibility
Alyssa Meyer
Tian Shan Policy Center
Visiting Research Fellow
11/2/2015

2. What We Will Cover
 When do you need to cite a source?
 How do you cite a source?
 How do you decide which sources are
legitimate?
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3. What is Plagiarism?
Plagiarism is using another
person’s words, expressions,
language, or ideas without
giving proper credit.
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4. Common Concerns
 When might you unintentionally
plagiarize?
 Paraphrasing incorrectly
 Citing incorrectly
 Omitting a citation
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5. Example Paraphrasing
Original passage:
“Long-term memory, that
immensely complex storehouse,
has also been most extensively
studied with the use of verbal
materials, usually presented in the
form of long lists. As we shall see,
this approach has resulted in
some extremely important
findings, but it has also been a bit
misleading. After all,
remembering lists of words is
somewhat different from
remembering a conversation, a
recipe, or the plot of a
movie”(Klatsky, 1975, p.17).
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“Paraphrasing is Plagiarism.” (n.d.). In Muhlenberg College Psychology Department. Retrieved 11 November 2013,
from http://www.muhlenberg.edu/depts/psychology/paraphrasing.htm
Incorrect paraphrasing:
Long term memory is a complex
storehouse that has been studied
extensively using verbal materials
presented in the form of long lists.
While this approach has resulted
in some important findings, it has
been misleading. Remembering
a list is not like remembering a
discussion or a movie.
Incorrect paraphrasing:
Long term memory is a complex
storehouse that has been studied
extensively using verbal materials
presented in the form of long lists.
While this approach has resulted
in some important findings, it has
been misleading. Remembering
a list is not like remembering a
discussion or a movie.

6. Example Paraphrasing (cont.)
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Incorrect paraphrasing:
The recollection of long
word lists is how long term
memory typically is
studied. Although much
can be learned through
this method, the vast
diversity of what human
beings commit to
memory suggests this
approach may have its
limits.
Correct paraphrasing:
The recollection of long
word lists is how long term
memory typically is
studied. Although much
can be learned through
this method, the vast
diversity of what human
beings commit to
memory suggests this
approach may have its
limits (Klatsky, 1975, p. 17).

7. Example Citation
Original text:
“Infidel, n. In New York, one
who does not believe in the
Christian religion; in
Constantinople, one who
does” (Bierce, 1911, p. 60).
Incorrect citation:
According to Ambrose
Bierce in The Devil’s
Dictionary, an infidel is, in
New York, one who does
not believe in the Christian
religion; in Constantinople,
one who does.
Correct:
According to Ambrose
Bierce in The Devil’s
Dictionary, an infidel is,
“in New York, one who
does not believe in the
Christian religion; in
Constantinople, one
who does” (Bierce,
1911, p. 60).
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8. An Exception in Citation: Common
Knowledge
 Common knowledge is information you
can assume to be widely known by
whoever might read your writing.
 Commonly discussed facts: The earth
revolves around the sun.
 Facts that can be easily verified: There are
50 U.S. states.
 Common expressions or cliches: “as good
as it gets”, “the early bird gets the worm”
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9. Choosing a Citation Style
 The citation style sometimes depends on the
academic discipline involved.
 APA (American Psychological Association) style is
used by often in the field of education, psychology,
and sciences. See APA Citation Style for a guide.
 MLA (Modern Language Association) style is used
by the humanities. See MLA Citation Style for a
guide.
 Chicago/Turabian style is generally used by
business, history, and the fine arts. This style does not
use in-text citations; instead it uses footnotes. See
Chicago/Turabian Citation Style for a guide.
 But it’s always best to ask your professor if they
have a preference!
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10. An Example of APA
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“Sample APA Paper”. The Write Source. http://www.thewritesource.com/apa/apa.pdf
Bibliography
In text citations

11. APA Style
 Book:
 In-text direct citation (Pollan, 2006, p. 49).
 General reference to book’s argument: (Pollan, 2006).
 In your bibliography: Pollan, Michael (2006). The omnivore’s
dilemma. New York: Penguin Group. Print.
 Journal:
 In text direct citation: (Bagchi, “Conflicting Nationalism,” 1996, p.
45).
 In your bibliography: Bagchi, A (1999). Conflicting nationalisms: the
voice of the subaltern in mahasweta devi’s bashai tudu. Tulsa
Studies in Women’s Literature 15.1, 41-50. Print.
 Internet:
 In-text: (“Plagiarism”).
 In your bibliography: "Plagiarism." Wikipedia, The free encyclopedia.
Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. (2004, July 22). Retrieved 11 Nov. 2013.
Web.
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12. Including Supplemental Notes
“The questionnaire (see Supplementary material3)
was comprised of 4 parts: student perception
regarding content of nutrition education; duration of
time spent on nutrition education; preferred
education approach to nutrition; and
demographics.”
3Supplementary data are available on the journal Web site
(http://apnm.nrc.ca) or may be purchased from the Depository of
Unpublished Data, Document Delivery, CISTI, National Research
Council Canada, Building M-55, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON K1A
0R6, Canada. DUD 5396. For more information on obtaining material
refer to http://cisti-icist.nrc-
cnrc.gc.ca/eng/ibp/cisti/collection/unpublished-data.html.
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“Using Footnotes (APA)”. Writing Commons, http://writingcommons.org/format/apa/695-using-footnotes-
apa

13. Footnotes and Endnotes
 Footnotes are notes that appear at the end of
each page.
 Endnotes appear at the end of the whole
paper or book.
 Generally speaking, if a point digresses from
the current argument in the text, but the
author would still like to make it, an endnote is
used.
 If the point is directly related to the discussion
present on that page of the text, a footnote is
used.
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14. Chicago Style
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Bibliography
In text citations

15. Citation Tools
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16. Is Your Source Legitimate?
 Who wrote it?
 What else have they written?
 What was their rhetorical purpose?
 Is the argument properly supported?
 Does the argument differ from other that
sources on the same topic?
 How?
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17. Finding Legitimate Sources
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 JSTOR: Database of
journals, primary sources,
and books
 eBrary: University provided
access to electronic books
 Google Scholar: A freely
accessible search engine
for articles. It searches a
wide variety of sources,
including which searches
academic publishers,
universities, and preprint
depositories.
 EBSCO: Research
database for e-journals,
magazine subscriptions,
ebooks

18. If you have questions…
WARC: Room 237
warc@auca.kg
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