This document discusses proper citation and referencing conventions when citing sources. It defines key terms like plagiarism, citation, works cited, bibliography, and reference list. It also outlines the standard elements that should be included in citations for different source types, such as books, articles, websites, and more. Standard citation formats are demonstrated using examples following the American Psychological Association (APA) style guide.

1. Use of
Conventions in
Citing Sources
Prepared by: Mrs. Jonette C. Landayan

2. Objectives
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
1.understand the importance of conventions in
citing sources;
2.distinguish the elements of bibliographical
details;
3.identify the different sources to be cited; and

3. Plagiarism
• The practice of taking someone else's work or
ideas and passing them off as one's own.
• Plagiarism is the fraudulent representation of
another person's language, thoughts, ideas, or
expressions as one's own original work.

4. CITATION
identifies for the reader the original source
for an idea, information, or image that is
referred to in a work. In the body of a
paper, the in-text citation acknowledges the
source of information used.

5. •. Do I call it a work cited page?
•Should it actually be called a bibliography?
•How is it different from a reference list?

6. Works Cited
• is an alphabetical list of works cited, or
sources you specifically called out while
composing your paper. All works that you have
quoted or paraphrased should be included.

8. APA format (American Psychological
Association) style
•References- and is arranged
alphabetically by author last name.

9. Bibliography
•lists all the material you have consulted
in preparing your essay, whether you
have actually referred to and cited the
work or not.

10. Elements of Standard Citations
• author name(s)
• titles of books, articles, and journals
• date of publication
• page numbers
• volume and issue numbers (for articles)

12. Bibliography - contains a list
of books or articles, or both,
relating to a particular subject.

13. Here are standard formats and
examples for basic bibliographic
information recommended by the
American Psychological Association
(APA):

14. Book
Author's last name, first initial. (Publication
date). Book title. Additional information.
City of publication: Publishing company

17. “and others”
What does “et al.” mean? “Et al.” is an abbreviation
of the Latin term “et alia,” which means “and
others.” It's used in source citations to save space
when there are too many authors to name them all.

18. Encyclopedia & Dictionary
Author's last name, first initial. (Date). Title of Article.
Title of Encyclopedia (Volume, pages). City of
publication: Publishing company.

20. Magazine & Newspaper Articles
Author's last name, first initial. (Publication date).
Article title. Periodical title, volume number(issue
number if available), inclusive pages.

21. Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for
preparing psychology journal articles. Journal
of Comparative and Physiological Psychology,
55, 893-896.

22. "
“ “

23. Website or Webpage
• Online periodical:
Author's name. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title
of Periodical, volume number, Retrieved month day, year,
from full URL

25. Online document
Author's name. (Date of publication). Title of work. Retrieved
month day, year, from full URL
Note: When citing Internet sources, refer to the specific website document. If a
document is undated, use "n.d." (for no date) immediately after the document title.
Break a lengthy URL that goes to another line after a slash or before a period.
Continually check your references to online documents. There is no period following a
URL. Note: If you cannot find some of this information, cite what is available

26. Example:
Devitt, T. (2001, August 2). Lightning injures four at
music festival. The Why? Files. Retrieved January 23,
2002, from http://whyfiles.org/137lightning/index.html

27. Note:
If a document is contained within a large and
complex website (such as that for a university or a
government agency), identify the host organization
and the relevant program or department before
giving the URL for the document itself. Precede the
URL with a colon.

28. Examples:
Fredrickson, B. L. (2000, March 7).
Cultivating positive emotions to optimize
health and well-being. Prevention &
Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved
November 20, 2000, from
http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume
3/pre0030001a.html

29. GVU's 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved
August 8, 2000, from
http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/usersurveys/su
rvey1997-10/

30. Health Canada. (2002, February). The safety of
genetically modified food crops. Retrieved 893-
896from
http://www.hcsc.gc.ca/english/protection/biologics
_genetics/gen_mod_foods/genmodebk.html