This presentation is about the Indian Mathematician Bhaskara II.
Prepared for B.Ed. Sem. II students of Mathematics pedagogy, of university of Lucknow.
This presentation is about the Indian Mathematician Bhaskara II.
Prepared for B.Ed. Sem. II students of Mathematics pedagogy, of university of Lucknow.
Earth-Like Planet with Intelligent Life? Why 400 Years?Paul H. Carr
Earth-Like Planet with Intelligent Life? Why 400 Years?
Paul H. Carr, Ph. D.
In 1584, Dominican monk Giordano Bruno envisioned the stars as "countless suns with countless earths, all rotating around their suns.” Searching for intellectual freedom, he fled his native Italy to Protestant Switzerland and Germany, but in 1600 the Roman Inquisition condemned him for heresy. He was burned at the stake.
Fast-forwarding to 1995, the Swiss astronomers Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz announced the discovery of a planet orbiting a star similar to our sun (51 Pegasi). In 2010, 500 planets had been found orbiting 421 stars. On Feb 2, 2011, NASA announced that the Kepler space telescope had identified 1200 planet candidates.
It took 400 years for telescope technology to advance and for Copernicus, Galileo, Newton, Bradley, and Foucault to establish heliocentric cosmology, culminating in today’s astrophysics with digital imaging and processing. Here is your opportunity to learn about the progress we are making towards discovering an earth-like planet with the possibility of intelligent life. Contrasting with Bruno, in 2010 Dominican Francisco Ayala, who had been president of the Sigma Xi and AAAS, won the $1.6M Templeton Prize for affirming life’s spiritual dimension.
Similar to Some great physcists and their contribution (20)
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
2. Galileo
Galilei
“All truths are easy to
understand once they are
discovered;the point is to
discover them.”
-Galileo Galilei
2
3. GALILEO’S CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS SOCIETY…
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) is considered the father of modern science and
made major contributions to the fields of physics, astronomy, cosmology,
mathematics and philosophy. Galileo invented an improved telescope that let
him observe and describe the moons of Jupiter, the rings of Saturn, the phases
of Venus, sunspots and the rugged lunar surface. His flair for self-promotion
earned him powerful friends among Italy’s ruling elite and enemies among
the Catholic Church’s leaders. Galileo’s advocacy of a heliocentric universe
brought him before religious authorities in 1616 and again in 1633, when he
was forced to recant and placed under house arrest for the rest of his life.
3
5. ISAAC’S CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS SOCIETY…
Sir Isaac Newton’s contributions to the fields of physics, mathematics,
astronomy and chemistry helped usher in the Scientific Revolution. And
while the long-told tale of an apple dropping on his learned head is likely
apocryphal, his contributions changed the way we see and understand the
world around us. The Principa also contained some of Newton’s first
published works on the motion of the planets and gravity. According to a
popular legend, a young Newton was sitting beneath a tree on his family’s
farm when the falling of an apple inspired one of his most famous theories.
It’s impossible to know if this is true (and Newton himself only began telling
the story as an older man), but is a helpful story to explain the science behind
gravity. It also remained the basis of classical mechanics until Albert
Einstein’s theory of relativity. 5
6. Marie Curie
“A scientist in his laboratory is
not a mere technician: he is also
a child confronting natural
phenomena that impress him as
though they were fairy tales.”
-Marie Curie
6
7. MARIE’S CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS SOCIETY…
In 1898, after laboriously isolating various substances by successive chemical
reactions and crystallizations of the products, which they then tested for their
ability to ionize air, the Curies announced the discovery of polonium, and
then of radium salts weighing about 0.1 gram that had been derived from
tons of uranium ore. After Pierre’s death in 1906, when he was accidentally
struck by a horse-drawn wagon, Marie achieved their objective of producing
a pure specimen of radium.
Just before World War I radium institutes were established for her in France
and in Poland to pursue the scientific and medical uses of radioactivity.
During the war Curie organized a field system of portable X-ray machines to
help in treating wounded French soldiers. 7
8. Albert
Einstein
“There are only two ways to live
your life. One is as though
nothing is a miracle. The other
is as though everything is a
miracle.”
-Albert Einstein
8
9. ALBERT’S CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS SOCIETY…
As a physicist, Einstein had many discoveries, but he is perhaps best known for his
theory of relativity and the equation , which foreshadowed the development
of atomic power and the atomic bomb . Einstein first proposed a special theory of
relativity in 1905 in his paper, “On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies,” taking
physics in an electrifying new direction. By November 1915, Einstein completed
the general theory of relativity. Einstein considered this theory the culmination of
his life research. He was convinced of the merits of general relativity because it
allowed for a more accurate prediction of planetary orbits around the sun, which
fell short in Isaac Newton’s theory, and for a more expansive, nuanced explanation
of how gravitational forces worked. Einstein's assertions were affirmed via
observations and measurements by British astronomers Sir Frank Dyson and Sir
Arthur Eddington during the 1919 solar eclipse, and thus a global science icon was
born. 9
10. Werner
Heisenberg
“The first gulp from the glass of
natural sciences will turn you
into an atheist, but at the bottom
of the glass God is waiting for
you.”
-Werner Heisenberg
10
11. WERNER’S CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS SOCIETY…
Werner Heisenberg ranks alongside Niels Bohr, Paul Dirac and Richard Feynman as far as his
influence on contemporary physics is concerned. He was one of the most important figures in
the development of quantum mechanics, and its modern interpretation .Heisenberg formulated
the quantum theory of ferromagnetism, the neutron-proton model of the nucleus, the S-matrix
theory in particle scattering, and various other significant breakthroughs in quantum field theory
and high-energy particle physics are associated with him. As a prolific author, Heisenberg wrote
more than 600 original research papers, philosophical essays and explanations for general
audiences. His work is still available in the nine volumes of the “Gesammelte Werke”
(Collected Works).Heisenberg is synonymous with the so-called uncertainty, or indeterminacy,
principle of 1927, for one of the earliest breakthroughs to quantum mechanics in 1925, and for
his suggestion of a unified field theory, the so-called “world formula”. He won the Nobel Prize
for Physics in 1932 at the young age of 31.Heisenberg stayed firmly in Germany during the
worst years of the Hitler regime, heading Germany’s research effort on the applications of
nuclear fission during World War II. He also played a vital role in the reconstruction of West
German science after the war. Heisenberg’s role was crucial in the success of West Germany’s
nuclear and high-energy physics research programs.
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