This document discusses solid waste and its management. It defines solid waste and describes its various types including municipal solid waste, hazardous waste, and hospital waste. The sources of solid waste are identified as domestic, commercial, industrial, and agricultural wastes. Population growth, increased affluence, and technological advances have led to greater solid waste generation. Improper waste management can pose health hazards and environmental impacts through disease outbreaks and pollution. The document recommends following the 4Rs approach of reduce, reuse, recycle, and refuse to better manage solid waste.

1. SOLID WASTE
AND ITS
MANAGEMENT

2. WASTE
• It is defined as:
Waste (also known as rubbish, trash,
refuse, garbage, junk) is any unwanted or
useless materials.
OR
“Any materials unused and rejected as
worthless or unwanted” and “A useless or
profitless activity; using or expending or
consuming thoughtlessly or carelessly”

4. INTRODUCTION
• Since the beginning, Human kind has
been generating waste.
• It could be in the form of:
• Bones
• Other parts of animals they slaughter
• Wood
• With the progress of civilization the waste
generated became of a more complex
nature.

5. • At the end of 19ᵗʰ century (Industrial
revolution) there was rise in the world
of consumers.
• The increase in population and
urbanization was also largely
responsible for the increase in solid
waste

6. TYPES OF WASTE
• Solid Waste
• Liquid Waste
• Gaseous Wastes
• Animal by-products
• Biodegradable waste
• Biomedical waste
• Bulky waste
• Business waste

7. • Chemical waste
• Clinical waste
• Coffee wastewater
• Commercial waste
• Construction and demolition waste (C&D
waste)
• Controlled waste
• Consumable waste
• Composite

8. SOLID WASTE
• It is defined as:
“Non-liquid, non-soluble materials
ranging from municipal garbage to
industrial wastes that contain complex
and sometimes hazardous
substances”

9. • Solid wastes also include:
• Sewage sludge
• Agricultural refuse
• Demolition wastes
• Mining residues

10. • Broadly there are 3 types of waste which
are as follows:
• Household waste is generally classified
as Municipal waste
• Industrial waste as Hazardous waste
• Biomedical waste or Hospital waste as
Infectious waste

11. MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
• Municipal solid waste consists of:
• Household waste
• Construction and demolition debris
• Sanitation residue
• Waste from streets.

13. The type of litter we generate and the approximate
time it takes to degenerate
Type of litter
Approximate time it takes to
degenerate the litter
Organic waste such as vegetable and
fruit peels, leftover foodstuff, etc
A week or two.
Paper 10–30 days
Cotton cloth 2–5 months
Wood 10–15 years
Woolen items 1 year
Tin, aluminum, and other metal items
such as cans
100–500 years
Plastic bags one million years

14. HAZARDOUS WASTE
• Industrial and hospital waste is
considered hazardous as they may
contain toxic substances.
• Hazardous wastes could be highly toxic to
humans, animals, and plants. They are
• Corrosive
• Highly inflammable, or explosive
• React when exposed to certain things e.g.
gases

15. • Household wastes that can be
categorized as hazardous waste
include:
• old batteries
• shoe polish
• paint tins
• old medicines
• medicine bottles.

16. • Hospital waste contaminated by
chemicals used in hospitals is considered
hazardous.
• These chemicals include formaldehyde
and phenols, which are used as
disinfectants.

17. • In the industrial sector, the major
generators of hazardous waste are the
metal, chemical, paper, pesticide, dye,
refining, and rubber goods industries.
• Direct exposure to chemicals in
hazardous waste such as mercury and
cyanide can be fatal.
Made by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental
Science) International Islamic University,

18. HOSPITAL WASTE
• Hospital waste is generated during the diagnosis,
treatment, or immunization of human beings or
animals
• It may include wastes like
• Sharps
• Soiled waste
• Disposables
• Anatomical waste
• Cultures
• Discarded medicines
• Chemical wastes

19. • These are in the form of disposable syringes,
swabs, bandages, body fluids, human excreta,
etc.
• This waste is highly infectious and can be a
serious threat to human health if not managed in
a scientific and discriminate manner
• It has been roughly estimated that of the 4 kg of
waste generated in a hospital at least 1 kg would
be infected

20. SOURCES AND OTHER TYPES OF
WASTE
Source
Typical Waste
Generators
Types of solid wastes
1:Residential
Single and multifamily
dwellings
• Food wastes
• Paper
• Cardboard
• Plastics
• Textiles
• Leather
• Yard wastes
• Wood
• Glass
• Metals
• Ashes
• Special wastes
(e.g bulky items, consumer
electronics, white goods,
batteries, oil, tires), and
household hazardous

21. 2: Industrial
Light and heavy
manufacturing, fabrication,
construction sites, power
and chemical plants.
• Housekeeping wastes
• Packaging
• Food wastes
• Construction and
demolition materials
• Hazardous wastes
• Ashes
• Special wastes.
3:Commercial
Stores, hotels, restaurants,
markets, office buildings,
etc.
• Paper
• cardboard
• plastics
• wood
• food wastes
• glass
• metals
• special wastes
• hazardous wastes
4: Institutional
Schools, hospitals, prisons,
government centers.
Same as commercial.

22. 5:Construction and
demolition
New construction sites, road
repair, renovation sites,
demolition of buildings
• Wood
• steel
• concrete
• dirt etc.
6:Municipal services
Street cleaning,
landscaping, parks,
beaches, other recreational
areas, water and wastewater
treatment plants.
• Street sweepings
• landscape and tree
trimmings
• General wastes from
parks
• Beaches
• Recreational areas;
sludge.
7:Process (manufacturing
etc.)
Heavy and light
manufacturing, refineries,
chemical plants, power
plants, mineral extraction
and processing.
• Industrial process wastes
• Scrap materials
• Off-specification products.
Crops, orchards, vineyards,
• Spoiled food wastes
• Agricultural wastes

23. CAUSES OF SOLID WASTE
• The main sources for solid wastes are domestic,
commercial, industrial, municipal, and
agricultural wastes.
• The composition of a city waste is as follows:
• Paper, wood, cardboard 53 %
• Garbage 22 %
• Ceramics, glass, crockery 10 %
• Metals 8 %
• Rubber, plastics, discarded textiles 7 %

26. • The increase in the quantity of solid waste
is due to
• Overpopulation,
• Affluence (material comfort)
• Technological advancement

27. EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE
a) Health Hazard
• If solid wastes are not collected and allowed to
accumulate, they may create unsanitary
conditions.
• This may lead to epidemic outbreaks.
• Many diseases like cholera, diarrhea, dysentery,
plague, jaundice, or gastro-intestinal diseases
may spread and cause loss of human lives.
• In addition, improper handling of the solid
wastes is a health hazard for the workers who
come in direct contact with the waste

28. b) Environmental Impact
• If the solid wastes are not treated properly,
decomposition and putrefaction (decay) may
take place.
• The organic solid waste during decomposition
may generate obnoxious (intolerable) odors.

29. WASTE MANAGEMENT
4 R’s CONCEPT
• Four Rs (Refuse, Reuse, Recycle and
Reduce) to be followed for waste
management.